Opinion
No. 5112.
July 16, 1928.
APPEAL from the District Court of the Eighth Judicial District, for Benewah County. Hon. Chas. L. Heitman, Judge.
Action for damages for breach of contract. Judgment for plaintiffs. Affirmed.
Robert H. Elder, for Appellant.
The court took away from the jury defendant's first affirmative defense. In this defense the defendant alleges that the logs which were driven out of Cranberry Creek by Everett and Kelso were driven in consideration of the right to construct and maintain a dam on land belonging to the defendant company. Therefore the defendant contends that there was no consideration for the alleged contract which plaintiffs are attempting to maintain. The court refused to submit this issue to the jury, and, under instructions given to the jury, took the defense away from the jury. ( Independent School Dist. No. 6 v. Mittry, 39 Idaho 282, 226 P. 1076; 1 Williston on Contracts, secs. 130, 130A; 1 Page on Contracts, sec. 589.)
Defendant claims that this action was tried in a case instituted in Kootenai county by Edward Rutledge Timber Company against Charles E. Kelso and Andy W. Everett, and that said Charles E. Kelso and Andy W. Everett in that action set up as a defense the cause of action which they are prosecuting in this case, and that in said action judgment was in favor of Edward Rutledge Timber Company and the company pleads said judgment as a bar to this action. The court, by Instruction No. 5, took this defense of the defendant from the consideration of the jury and refused to allow the defendant during the course of the trial to introduce any evidence in support of this defense. ( Shields v. Johnson, 12 Idaho 329, 85 P. 972; Joyce v. Murphy Land etc. Co., 35 Idaho 549, 208 P. 241; Lilly v. Menke, 143 Mo. 137, 44 S.W. 730; Barton v. Dyer, 38 Idaho 1, 220 Pac. 488.)
The defendant, by assignments Nos. 1 and 2, contends that the court erred in permitting the witness Andy W. Everett to testify orally as to the book accounts of the items of cost when he stated that he was referring to the books for the purpose of giving the evidence. ( Marchand v. Bonaghan, 9 Idaho 95, 72 P. 731.)
Ezra R. Whitla and W.D. Keeton, for Respondents.
No res adjudicata in this case, as the issues involved were never tried and determined and defendant raising that issue failed to prove that they were and the record conclusively shows the contrary. ( Marshall v. Underwood, 38 Idaho 464, 221 P. 1105; Mason v. Ruby, 35 Idaho 156, 204 Pac. 1071; Jersen v. Berry, 37 Idaho 394, 216 P. 1033; Lower v. Fraelick, 151 Minn. 552, 185 N. W 940; Clark v. Scoville, 198 N.Y. 279, 91 N.E. 800; Horton v. Goodnough, 184 Cal. 451, 194 P. 34; Russell v. Place, 94 U.S. 606, 24 L. ed. 214; McPherson v. Swift, 22 S.D. 165, 133 Am. St. 907, 116 N.W. 76; 34 C. J. 1074.)
Everett's testimony regarding accounts was from memory and personal knowledge but had books showing the same. This evidence is admissible and the books were secondary thereto. (22 C. J., p. 985; Cowdery v. McChesney, 124 Cal. 363, 57 Pac. 221; Schurtz v. Kerkow, 85 Cal. 277, 24 P. 609; Christman v. Pearson, 100 Iowa, 634, 69 N.W. 1055; Hyde v. Shank, 93 Mich. 535, 53 N.W. 787; Finseth v. Scherer, 138 Minn. 355, 165 N.W. 124.)
This is an action in damages for alleged breach of contract. In the spring of 1924 respondent-plaintiffs and the defendant, Edward Rutledge Timber Company, each had independently certain logs in both Cranberry and Bussel Creeks, small tributaries of Marble Creek, through which latter stream they expected to transport such logs to the St. Joe River and thence to market. Plaintiffs plead that they and defendant entered into an oral agreement that plaintiffs should during the season of 1924 make the drive of Cranberry Creek, taking out all the logs of both parties therein, and that the defendant should drive all the logs in Bussel Creek, including those of plaintiffs'; that plaintiffs duly performed their part of said agreement but that defendant refused to do its part, compelling plaintiffs to drive their own logs down Bussel Creek as well as defendant's down Cranberry Creek, to their damage in the sum of $1,173.95, for which sum they prayed judgment. Defendant answered, denying all liability, and stated that it had agreed to drive all logs which plaintiffs might have placed in Bussel Creek "prior to the time" defendant should make its rear drive out of Bussel into Marble Creek. It was further alleged that on or about April 1, 1922, plaintiffs and defendant entered into an agreement whereby plaintiffs, in consideration of the right to construct a dam on defendant's land, agreed to drive, free of charge to defendant, all logs belonging to defendant out of Cranberry Creek into Marble Creek during the time plaintiffs were operating said dam; that plaintiffs operated said dam in 1924 and that all of defendant's logs driven by plaintiffs that year out of Cranberry Creek were handled in pursuance of said agreement. As a final defense, and as res adjudicata, defendant plead that theretofore, in an action brought by defendant against the plaintiffs for moneys due in the district court of Kootenai county, plaintiffs filed a counterclaim and cross-complaint which defendant, then plaintiff, duly answered; that judgment was thereafter entered upon a verdict rendered in this defendant's favor, from which plaintiffs appealed but later satisfied; that plaintiffs' cause of action in the instant case, having been set out in the said counterclaim and cross-complaint, was fully litigated and decided against plaintiffs in such former action, and that such proceedings and judgment are a bar to the prosecution of this suit. The cause was tried, resulting in a verdict against defendant, which has appealed from the consequent judgment.
Plaintiff, Everett, was permitted, over defendant's objection, to answer the question: "What did it cost you to drive your logs out and down Bussel Creek from where they were put in in the year 1924?" This is charged as error as calling for a conclusion of a witness incompetent to testify. The witness had testified that he employed a crew and got the logs out; his knowledge was gained first hand, and his answer based on such knowledge was not a conclusion. Later, while detailing the number of men employed, time consumed and wages paid, the witness was asked by defendant's counsel what he was testifying from. He answered that, as to the amount of time the men worked, he was testifying from books. Objection was immediately made that the books were the best evidence. Whereupon, witness produced the time-book kept, as he testified, by himself. Plaintiffs' counsel suggested that it be examined by defendant's counsel, the witness in the meantime saying that he could testify from memory. The objection was overruled, and the witness, without reference to any record, proceeded to testify with such certainty and particularity as convinces us that the court did not err in admitting his evidence.
In support of its plea of res adjudicata, defendant offered Exhibits 2 and 3, being the original files and reporter's transcript of testimony in the former case. The court sustained an objection to their admission upon the ground that the records offered did not show that the issue contended to have been litigated in that case was in fact actually submitted or decided. This ruling is assigned as error along with the court's admission, over objection, of Plaintiffs' Exhibits "A" and "B," to wit, the former trial court's order and instruction withdrawing from the jury the issue aforementioned. There was no error in these rulings. The trial court in the former action held that the matter set up in the cross-complaint could not be litigated except in a separate action, and so instructed the jury, directing it to return a verdict for plaintiff's claim, irrespective of the cross-complaint. The instruction concluded with the unequivocal statement: "The court simply holding that this other matter cannot be litigated in this action." It is clear from the record that the issue was never submitted to or passed upon by the jury; and the judgment makes no mention of it. While it was said in Joyce v. Murphy Land etc. Co., 35 Idaho 549, 208 P. 241, that "a former adjudication concludes parties and privies not only as to every matter offered and received to sustain or defeat the claim but also as to every matter which might and should have been litigated in the first suit," there can be no such adjudication where an issue is stripped from the cause and the party deprived of an opportunity to litigate it. In Joyce v. Murphy Land etc. Co., supra, the parties had full opportunity to present their issues; and only their inadvertence or carelessness penalized them. That the former defendants did not prosecute their appeal could not fictitiously adjudicate an issue which they had never been permitted to submit to the jury for determination. A determination by court or jury was absolutely pre-essential. ( Marshall v. Underwood, 38 Idaho 464, 221 P. 1105; Mason v. Ruby, 35 Idaho 157, 204 P. 1071.) In consequence of this principle, the trial court in the instant case properly withdrew from the jury's consideration defendant's plea of res adjudicata.
Defendant complains that the court erred in failing to submit to the jury the alleged agreement of 1922 and defendant's proffered instructions incident thereto. The court apparently considered that defendant had failed to establish the 1922 contract as alleged. This is evident, not only from the notation, "Not at issue," indorsed on defendant's requested and refused Instruction No. 5, but from the court's direct announcement during the trial:
"The sole issue from your pleadings is whether or not the defendant failed and refused to drive Bussel creek; that's simple enough."
Defendant had plead that in 1922 the plaintiffs, in consideration of their right to build a dam on defendant's land, had agreed to drive all defendant's logs down Cranberry Creek, as long as they should operate and maintain said dam, and that the 1924 logs were driven in compliance with this agreement. The only evidence we have been able to find in the record touching this alleged agreement is the undisputed testimony of defendant's witnesses, Gaffney and Stevens. The former had testified that in 1922 plaintiff, Kelso, told him he would drive out "the logs that we put in Cranberry Creek for the right of putting the dam on there." In response to the question: "What logs were they that you had reference to at the time?" he answered: "At that time we were logging burned timber. We had had a big fire, and we were logging burned timber."
Stevens admitted that at the former trial he had testified concerning this matter as follows: "Ed told him it would be all right for a dam; he says, 'You want to remember, Charlie, we have burned timber to take out in the creek.' " There was no testimony as to any other kind of timber or logs to be moved that year nor as to any logs to be moved in the succeeding years, 1923 and 1924. If the agreement extended to the two latter years, it is remarkable that defendant in 1924 should have agreed for no consideration whatever to drive plaintiffs' logs out of Bussel Creek. Peculiarly arresting is the statement of defendant's witness, Gaffney, relating a 1924 conversation with plaintiff, Everett:
"In one of our conversations Andy Everett complained about the rollways being hard to break in Cranberry Creek. I says, 'That's all right, Andy, you go ahead, break those rollways and get our logs into Marble Creek by the time the rear of our drive comes down there, and we will take your logs out of Bussel Creek if you get your rear in there when we go down.' "
At most, the alleged original agreement required only the driving of defendant's logs; there was no provision that defendant's rollways should be broken by plaintiffs, or that plaintiffs should place defendant's logs in Cranberry Creek. Here were entirely new obligations, the undertaking of which by plaintiffs constituted sufficient consideration to support defendant's promise to drive Bussel Creek. We think the court was correct in his view that the case wholly rested upon the terms of this 1924 agreement. He carefully submitted to the jury the contentions of the parties regarding it; and upon directly conflicting evidence the jury sustained plaintiff's version.
The remaining specifications disclose no prejudicial error.
Judgment affirmed. Costs to respondents.
Wm. E. Lee, C.J., and Budge, Givens and Taylor, JJ., concur.