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considering first "whether the [bargaining agreement] contains language vesting retiree medical benefits" and then "whether other contractual provisions—such as a reservation of rights clause—defeat vesting"
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Docket Nos. 17-675(L) 17-2075(CON) August Term, 2018
08-07-2019
David KELLY, Richard Norko, Annette Dobbs, and Peter Dellolio, for themselves and others similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL, INC., Defendant-Appellant.
BRIAN T. ORTELERE, Morgan Lewis & Bockius LLP (Donald L. Havermann, Sean M. McMahan, Abbey M. Glenn, on the brief), Philadelphia, PA, for Defendant-Appellant. WILLIAM WERTHEIMER, Bingham Farms, MI, for Plaintiffs-Appellees. Thomas Meiklejohn, Livingston, Adler, Pulda, Meiklejohn & Kelly, PC (on the brief), Hartford, CT, for Plaintiffs-Appellees.
BRIAN T. ORTELERE, Morgan Lewis & Bockius LLP (Donald L. Havermann, Sean M. McMahan, Abbey M. Glenn, on the brief), Philadelphia, PA, for Defendant-Appellant.
WILLIAM WERTHEIMER, Bingham Farms, MI, for Plaintiffs-Appellees.
Thomas Meiklejohn, Livingston, Adler, Pulda, Meiklejohn & Kelly, PC (on the brief), Hartford, CT, for Plaintiffs-Appellees.
Before: CABRANES, POOLER, and DRONEY, Circuit Judges.
POOLER, Circuit Judge: Defendant-Appellant Honeywell International, Inc. ("Honeywell") appeals from the February 28, 2017, judgment and order of the District Court for the District of Connecticut (Vanessa L. Bryant, J. ) granting summary judgment to union retirees who retired before June 6, 1997, and their surviving spouses and permanently enjoining Honeywell from terminating their medical benefits. Honeywell also appeals from the June 27, 2017, order of the same court preliminarily enjoining Honeywell from terminating medical benefits to union retirees who retired after June 6, 1997, and their surviving spouses.
The parties contest two issues in these consolidated appeals: (1) whether an effects bargaining agreement ("EBA") requires Honeywell to provide lifetime medical coverage to union retirees and their surviving spouses and (2) if so, whether union retirees who retired after that EBA expired (i.e., after June 6, 1997) and their surviving spouses are also entitled to lifetime medical coverage. As to the first issue, we AFFIRM the judgment and order of the district court and hold that, where a collective bargaining agreement contains unambiguous language vesting welfare benefits, the agreement’s general durational clause does not prevent those benefits from vesting. As to the second issue, we AFFIRM the order of the district court preliminarily enjoining Honeywell from terminating medical coverage for union retirees who retired after the EBA expired and their surviving spouses because there is a sufficiently serious question as to whether an ambiguous term in the agreement entitles such retirees and their surviving spouses to lifetime medical coverage.
BACKGROUND
This case concerns the medical benefits of workers who retired after October 28, 1994, from an army plant in Stratford, Connecticut, and the medical benefits of their surviving spouses. The retirees in these consolidated appeals were members of the United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America ("UAW" or "Union"), Local 1010 and Local 376. These local chapters entered into several agreements regarding employee and retiree benefits with Textron Corporation ("Textron"), the owner and operator of the Stratford plant between 1984 and 1994.
For ease of reference, henceforth wherever we refer to "retirees," we also refer to their surviving spouses.
In the waning months of 1993, Textron began negotiating a sale of the Stratford plant to AlliedSignal, Inc. ("AlliedSignal"). AlliedSignal conditioned its purchase of the Stratford plant on Textron reaching a satisfactory collective bargaining agreement with the local UAW to replace the parties’ expiring agreements. Accordingly, Textron and the local UAW negotiated a new collective bargaining agreement while Textron was in talks to sell the plant to AlliedSignal.
I. The Collective Bargaining Agreements
Textron and the UAW ultimately negotiated—and AlliedSignal approved—three agreements: a Collective Bargaining Agreement ("CBA"), a supplemental Group Insurance Agreement ("Supplemental Agreement"), and an EBA, which specifically concerns "the financial and economic impact and effects of a potential sale of assets" to AlliedSignal, App’x at 344, 374. The substance of the three agreements and their durational clauses are of particular relevance to this appeal.
Textron actually entered three separate agreements with UAW Local 1010 and three separate agreements with UAW Local 376, for a total of six agreements. Textron’s agreements with the two locals are identical in the aspects material to the questions presented, and the forthcoming analysis therefore applies equally to both sets of agreements.
A. The EBA
The parties negotiated an EBA in part due to the UAW’s concern that AlliedSignal would close the Stratford plant upon purchase and transfer operations to a different plant. The EBA therefore covers such topics as pensions, severance packages, transition bonuses, and other considerations for employees who might be laid off as a consequence of AlliedSignal’s acquisition of the plant. Of particular importance here, the EBA outlines medical benefits for union retirees as follows:
All past and future retired employees and surviving spouses shall continue to receive ... full medical coverage as provided in the ... Group Insurance Agreement, as now in effect or as hereafter modified by the parties for the life of the retiree or surviving spouse.
App’x at 345, 375. The parties agreed that the EBA was "effective as of May 30, 1994, and [would] remain in effect until midnight on June 6, 1997, but not thereafter unless renewed or extended in writing by the parties." App’x at 359, 391.
B. The CBA
The parties explicitly incorporated the EBA as a supplemental agreement to the CBA. The CBA concerns, inter alia, medical insurance benefits for union members. The CBA, like the EBA, also contains a durational clause:
Except as otherwise provided herein, this Agreement shall become effective as of May 30, 1994 and shall remain in effect up to and including June 6, 1997 and shall automatically renew itself from year to year thereafter unless written notice to terminate or amend the Agreement is given by either party to the other at least sixty (60) days prior to its expiration or any annual renewal thereof.
App’x at 309, 318 (alterations omitted).
C. The Supplemental Agreement
The CBA incorporates the Supplemental Agreement in order to provide a description of "[t]he details and levels of the Group Insurance benefits" specified in the CBA. App’x at 306, 316. The Supplemental Agreement describes the medical benefits and plan options available to eligible employees and retirees and conditions the benefits provided for therein on the continued existence of the CBA. App’x at 329, 339 ("If the Collective Bargaining Agreement is canceled in whole or in part benefits hereunder will immediately cease."). The Agreement also contains a durational clause that is nearly identical to the CBA’s durational clause. II. Asset Sale
In July 1994, AlliedSignal agreed to assume the 1994 collective bargaining agreements and Textron’s obligations thereunder as of the date it acquired the Stratford plant (ultimately in October 1994). AlliedSignal subsequently terminated the agreements at the earliest permissible opportunity, June 6, 1997. Nonetheless, the company continued to provide union retirees with medical benefits without interruption.
On September 30, 1998, AlliedSignal closed production at the Stratford plant and moved operations to a nonunionized plant in Phoenix, Arizona, and a plant in South Carolina. Shortly thereafter, in 1999, AlliedSignal acquired Honeywell, and the company assumed the Honeywell name.
Now doing business as Honeywell, the company continued to provide medical coverage to union retirees until years later, when, in December 2015, Honeywell undertook a review of its collective bargaining agreements in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in M&G Polymers USA, LLC v. Tackett , 574 U.S. 427, 135 S. Ct. 926, 190 L.Ed.2d 809 (2015). Following the review, Honeywell announced that it intended to terminate retiree medical coverage on December 31, 2016. Nevertheless, as of this writing, and pursuant to injunctive orders from the district court, Honeywell has continued to provide medical coverage to the retirees.
Honeywell briefly stopped providing medical coverage for retirees who retired after the EBA expired. The district court subsequently ordered Honeywell to restore medical coverage to these retirees.
III. Procedural History
The retirees brought suit over Honeywell’s decision to terminate their medical coverage, claiming they were entitled to medical coverage for their lifetimes. Taking a complex path to the disposition of these claims, the district court ultimately (1) awarded summary judgment and a permanent injunction to retirees who retired before the EBA expired ("Pre-Expiration Plaintiffs") and (2) preliminarily enjoined Honeywell from terminating medical benefits for retirees who retired after the EBA expired ("Post-Expiration Plaintiffs").
DISCUSSION
Honeywell now appeals from the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the Pre-Expiration Plaintiffs, which required Honeywell to provide medical coverage to the Pre-Expiration Plaintiffs for their lifetimes, and the district court’s order preliminarily enjoining Honeywell from terminating medical coverage to the Post-Expiration Plaintiffs.
I. Standard of Review
The appealed-from injunctive orders turn on the interpretation of a contract, which presents "a legal question ... reviewed de novo." Capital Ventures Int’l v. Republic of Argentina , 552 F.3d 289, 293 (2d Cir. 2009). We review the district court’s "ultimate decision" to issue an injunction for abuse of discretion. Goldman, Sachs & Co. v. Golden Empire Schs. Fin. Auth. , 764 F.3d 210, 214 (2d Cir. 2014).
II. The Pre-Expiration Plaintiffs Are Entitled to Lifetime Medical Coverage
Honeywell primarily offers two reasons that the EBA’s promise that "[a]ll past and future retired employees and surviving spouses shall continue to receive ... full medical coverage ... for the life of the retiree or surviving spouse," App’x at 345, 375, does not vest retiree medical coverage. First, Honeywell argues that the general durational clauses in the EBA and CBA and a cancellation provision in the Supplemental Agreement prevent retiree medical benefits from vesting. Second, Honeywell contends that a cancellation provision in the Supplemental Agreement operated as the functional equivalent of a reservation of rights clause, enabling Honeywell to unilaterally terminate medical benefits when it terminated the CBA. The retirees counter that Honeywell’s contractual promise to provide medical coverage "for the life of the retiree or surviving spouse," App’x at 345, 375, is affirmative lifetime language that can only be interpreted to vest medical coverage for retirees and is thus unaffected by the durational language in the EBA or Supplemental Agreement. The retirees also point to extrinsic evidence and Honeywell’s performance of the contract as support for their interpretation.
Because we base our decision on principles of general contract interpretation, we do not reach Honeywell’s arguments that the district court erred by finding retiree medical benefits vested because they were tied to pension benefits.
A. Legal Framework
It is "the general rule ... that an employee welfare benefit plan is not vested and that an employer has the right to terminate or unilaterally to amend the plan at any time." Joyce v. Curtiss-Wright Corp. , 171 F.3d 130, 133 (2d Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted). The employer may, however, "contract[ ] to vest employee welfare benefits." Schonholz v. Long Island Jewish Med. Ctr. , 87 F.3d 72, 77 (2d Cir. 1996). "[I]f an employer promises vested benefits, that promise will be enforced." Am. Fed. of Grain Millers, AFL-CIO v. Int’l Multifoods Corp. , 116 F.3d 976, 980 (2d Cir. 1997). We therefore look to Honeywell’s contracts with the Union—the EBA, CBA, and Supplemental Agreement—to determine if Honeywell intended to vest medical benefits. Schonholz , 87 F.3d at 78 ; see also Joyce , 171 F.3d at 134.
"We interpret collective-bargaining agreements, including those establishing ERISA plans, according to ordinary principles of contract law, at least when those principles are not inconsistent with federal labor policy." M&G Polymers USA, LLC v. Tackett , 574 U.S. 427, 135 S. Ct. 926, 933, 190 L.Ed.2d 809 (2015). While the Supreme Court has embraced "the traditional principle that contractual obligations will cease, in the ordinary course, upon termination of [a] bargaining agreement," it has emphasized that "[t]hat principle does not preclude the conclusion that the parties intended to vest lifetime benefits for retirees." Id. at 937 (internal quotation marks omitted). The parties are therefore free to include "explicit terms that certain benefits continue after the agreement’s expiration" without violating this principle. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted); see also CNH Indus. N.V. v. Reese , ––– U.S. ––––, 138 S. Ct. 761, 766, 200 L.Ed.2d 1 (2018) ("If the parties meant to vest health care benefits for life, they easily could ... sa[y] so in the text.").
Applying this basic framework, we first consider whether the EBA contains language vesting retiree medical benefits. E.g. , Abbruscato v. Empire Blue Cross & Blue Shield , 274 F.3d 90, 97-98 (2d Cir. 2001). If so, we consider whether other contractual provisions—such as a reservation of rights clause—defeat vesting. E.g. , id.
B. Lifetime Language
For the retirees to be entitled to summary judgment on their claim that their welfare benefits vested, they must identify specific written language that promises lifetime benefits. See Int’l Multifoods , 116 F.3d at 980 ("[I]f a document unambiguously indicates whether retiree medical benefits are vested, the unambiguous language should be enforced."); cf. Devlin v. Empire Blue Cross & Blue Shield , 274 F.3d 76, 84 (2d Cir. 2001) (requiring plaintiffs to "first identify specific written language that is reasonably susceptible to interpretation as a promise" in order to oppose a motion for summary judgment (internal quotation marks omitted)). The written language must tie the benefits that a recipient will receive to that recipient’s lifetime or to an indefinite duration. For example, contractual language stating that retirees’ life insurance benefits will remain at a stated level "for the remainder of their lives" can reasonably be interpreted to "creat[e] a promise to vest lifetime life insurance benefits." Devlin , 274 F.3d at 85 (emphasis omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). Such language constitutes affirmative lifetime language because it measures the duration of a retiree’s benefits by the retiree’s lifetime. Id. ; see also Diehl v. Twin Disc, Inc. , 102 F.3d 301, 306 (7th Cir. 1996) (finding provision that retired employees would receive benefits "for the lifetime of the pensioner" constituted "explicit and seemingly unambiguous" lifetime language).
The Devlin Court also concluded that language stating "that ‘retired employees, after completion of twenty years of full-time permanent service and at least age 55 will be insured ’ " could reasonably be interpreted as affirmative lifetime language based on unilateral contract principles. Devlin , 274 F.3d at 84.
We have little trouble concluding that the language in the EBA constitutes affirmative lifetime language. The EBA declares that "[a]ll past and future retired employees and surviving spouses shall continue to receive ... full medical coverage ... as now in effect or as hereafter modified by the parties for the life of the retiree or surviving spouse." App’x at 345, 375 (emphasis added). The plain text of the EBA therefore manifests the parties’ intent to secure medical coverage for qualifying retirees’ lifetimes.
C. Effect of Durational Language on Benefit Vesting
Because we conclude that the EBA contains language vesting retiree medical benefits, we must now consider whether the durational clauses of the agreements between Honeywell and the UAW prevent the above-quoted language from vesting retiree medical benefits. We first address Honeywell’s argument that the Supplemental Agreement contains a cancellation clause that is the functional equivalent of a reservation of rights clause and then consider the effect of the EBA’s and CBA’s general durational clauses.
1. The "Cancellation" Clause in the Supplemental Agreement
Honeywell argues that the Supplemental Agreement contains a provision under which Honeywell can cancel medical benefits, and therefore retiree medical benefits in the EBA cannot vest. Specifically, Honeywell points to a clause in the Supplemental Agreement that states: "If the Collective Bargaining Agreement is canceled in whole or in part benefits hereunder will immediately cease." App’x at 329, 339 (alterations omitted). According to Honeywell, this provision of the Supplemental Agreement is a benefit-specific cancellation clause that prevents the retirees’ medical benefits from vesting and is the functional equivalent of a reservation of rights clause. We do not agree that the clause permits Honeywell to cancel retiree medical benefits for three reasons.
First, the EBA expressly prohibits Honeywell from unilaterally cancelling retiree medical benefits, as Honeywell now claims the Supplemental Agreement allows. The EBA promises retirees lifetime medical coverage "as provided in the Pension Plan and Group Insurance Agreement, as now in effect or as hereafter modified by the parties ." App’x at 345, 375 (emphasis added). In order to modify retiree benefits, both parties must agree. This provision thereby prohibits Honeywell from unilaterally cancelling retiree medical benefits. We therefore decline to read the "cancellation" clause as explicitly limiting the duration of benefits.
Second, the Supplemental Agreement does not clearly reserve Honeywell’s rights to amend retirees’ medical benefits because the "cancellation" clause primarily functions to tie the Supplemental Agreement to the CBA. This interpretation of the "cancellation" clause is unavoidable when one considers the relationship between the CBA and the Supplemental Agreement. The CBA states, "The details and levels of the Group Insurance benefits ... specified are more fully described and incorporated in the Supplemental Agreement covering Insurance." App’x at 306, 316. This clause signals that the Supplemental Agreement cannot function as a standalone agreement—that is, without the CBA. The cancellation clause in the Supplemental Agreement, then, merely articulates that if the CBA were cancelled, the Supplemental Agreement would not continue; it does not provide an alternative means to terminate benefits.
In addition, the Supplemental Agreement’s "cancellation" clause bears little resemblance to cancellation language that this Court has previously found reserves a company’s right to amend benefits. Those clauses are explicit in stating the employer’s right to cancel or amend benefits. For example, in Abbruscato v. Empire Blue Cross & Blue Shield , this Court considered a summary plan description stating, "The company expects and intends to continue the Plans in your Benefits Program indefinitely, but reserves its right to end each of the Plans, if necessary. The company also reserves its right to amend each of the Plans at any time." 274 F.3d at 98 (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis omitted). We held that this language prevented benefits from vesting because the language "clearly informed employees that ... benefits were subject to modification." Id. at 99. Similarly, in International Multifoods Corp. , we held that a collective bargaining agreement stating, "During the term of this Agreement there shall be no reduction in the schedule of benefits," precluded medical benefits from vesting because it clearly suggested that after the term of the agreement, the company could reduce benefits. 116 F.3d at 981 (emphasis omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). These clauses unmistakably manifested the parties’ intent to allow the employer to unilaterally modify benefits and communicated that possibility to plan participants.
In contrast, the clause Honeywell relies on to defeat the EBA’s lifetime language merely identifies a scenario in which the Supplemental Agreement will no longer be effective—it does not permit Honeywell to unilaterally amend the retirees’ benefits. The clause is best understood as a recognition that the Supplemental Agreement was not an independent source of obligations, and we will not construe that clause to defeat the parties’ clear intent to vest retiree medical benefits.
Third and finally, we note that, despite Honeywell’s attempt to present out-of-circuit authority to support its interpretation, no court of appeals has considered a conditional clause like that in the Supplemental Agreement to be a cancellation clause. In the cases on which Honeywell relies, the courts determined that the contracts at issue did not contain any affirmative lifetime language, and the courts therefore relied on general durational provisions to set the lifespan of welfare benefits. See Barton v. Constellium Rolled Prods.-Ravenswood, LLC , 856 F.3d 348, 352-53 (4th Cir. 2017) (declining to find lifetime language where contract "state[d] that the retiree health benefits ‘shall remain in effect for the term of this ... Labor Agreement’ "); Cole v. Meritor, Inc. , 855 F.3d 695, 700 (6th Cir. 2017) (finding " ‘shall be continued’ language ... not sufficient to vest the retirees with healthcare benefits for life"). Because these cases concern the application of durational clauses in contracts without affirmative lifetime language, they do not shed light on the interaction of affirmative lifetime language and provisions that could be construed to temporally limit benefits.
The EBA prohibits unilateral modification of retiree benefits and the "cancellation" clause in the Supplemental Agreement is not a reservation of Honeywell’s right to terminate or amend those benefits. We thus conclude that the disputed clause in the Supplemental Agreement does not prevent retiree benefits from vesting.
2. The EBA and CBA Durational Clauses
We also reject Honeywell’s arguments that the general durational clauses in the EBA and CBA prevent retiree medical benefits from vesting primarily for two reasons. First, the Supreme Court has specifically noted that when an agreement provides for lifetime benefits, the expiration of that agreement does not prevent welfare benefits from vesting. Second, if any more reason were necessary, reading the durational clauses in the EBA and CBA to prevent vesting would violate ordinary contract principles by rendering the lifetime language in the EBA superfluous.
The Supreme Court has concluded that, while "contractual obligations will cease, in the ordinary course, upon termination of [a] bargaining agreement," there are exceptions to this general rule. Litton Fin. Printing Div., a Div. of Litton Bus. Sys., Inc. v. NLRB , 501 U.S. 190, 207, 111 S.Ct. 2215, 115 L.Ed.2d 177 (1991). The Court explicitly reserved one such exception: "[r]ights which accrued or vested under the agreement will, as a general rule, survive termination of the agreement." Id . Decades later in Tackett , the Supreme Court reiterated that, although obligations typically cease when a contract terminates, "[t]hat principle does not preclude the conclusion that the parties intended to vest lifetime benefits for retirees." Tackett , 135 S. Ct. at 937. Indeed, in considering the effect of durational clauses on welfare benefits, the Supreme Court has instructed that, "when an agreement does not specify a duration for health care benefits in particular," courts "simply apply the general durational clause." Reese , 138 S. Ct. at 766 (emphasis added). The necessary implication is that where an agreement does specify a duration—e.g., a retiree’s lifetime—for a particular benefit, that durational language applies to that benefit despite a general durational clause.
The EBA contains affirmative language stating that retiree medical benefits will continue "for the life of the retiree or surviving spouse." App’x at 345, 375. The contract provides a specific duration for retiree medical benefits that, for retirees who survived the agreement’s expiration, exceeded the duration of the agreement. As such, the durational clause did not prevent medical benefits from vesting, and Honeywell has an obligation to provide medical coverage to the union retirees for their lifetimes.
This interpretation is the only plausible interpretation that "gives a reasonable, lawful, and effective meaning to all the terms." Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 203. Under this well-settled principle, "[w]e must avoid an interpretation of an agreement that renders one of its provisions superfluous." United States v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen & Helpers of Am., AFL-CIO , 970 F.2d 1132, 1136 (2d Cir. 1992). We therefore will adopt a reasonable interpretation of a contract that gives independent meaning to each term.
Honeywell’s suggestion that the phrase "for the life of the retiree or surviving spouse," App’x at 345, 375, actually means "for the life of the retiree or surviving spouse while the EBA, CBA, and Supplemental Agreement are effective" would render the lifetime language surplusage. By way of example, if we were to delete "for the life of the retiree or surviving spouse" from the disputed provision, it would then read, "All past and future retired employees and surviving spouses shall continue to receive ... full medical coverage as provided in the ... Group Insurance Agreement, as now in effect or as hereafter modified by the parties." See App’x 345, 375. In such a scenario, the agreement’s durational clause would fill in how long the retired employees would "continue to receive" medical coverage, see App’x 345, 375—that is, for the duration of the EBA, so long, of course, as they remained alive during that time. If Honeywell’s interpretation of the contract were correct, then the language "for the life of the retiree or surviving spouse" would add no meaning to the clause. Such an interpretation runs afoul of traditional contract principles, and we instead interpret the language "for the life of the retiree or surviving spouse" to assign a specific duration to retirees’ medical coverage that extends beyond the duration of the contracts.
We therefore conclude that the EBA contains unambiguous language promising eligible retirees lifetime medical coverage. Because the EBA contains plain, affirmative language tying benefits to the lifetime of the recipient, the contracts’ general durational clauses do not prevent those benefits from vesting. Accordingly, the district court properly granted summary judgment to the Pre-Expiration Plaintiffs and permanently enjoined Honeywell from terminating the Pre-Expiration Plaintiffs’ medical benefits.
III. The Post-Expiration Plaintiffs Are Entitled to a Preliminary Injunction
We must next consider whether the EBA also entitles the Post-Expiration Plaintiffs to lifetime medical benefits. This question requires us to determine whether the term "[a]ll ... future retired employees and surviving spouses," App’x at 345, 375 (emphasis added), refers to (1) employees who retired while the EBA was in effect or (2) employees who retired at any point, including after the EBA was no longer in effect. In support of the first interpretation, Honeywell argues that once the EBA was terminated, the agreement could not engender new obligations to new retirees. The Post-Expiration Plaintiffs argue that under basic principles of contract interpretation, the term "future" unambiguously refers to all eligible employees who subsequently retired from the plant, so long as they were employed at the time the EBA was in effect. The Post-Expiration Plaintiffs also present extrinsic evidence supporting their interpretation of the term.
For a preliminary injunction to issue, the movant must establish "(1) either (a) a likelihood of success on the merits or (b) sufficiently serious questions going to the merits to make them a fair ground for litigation and a balance of hardships tipping decidedly in the movant’s favor, and (2) irreparable harm in the absence of the injunction." Faiveley Transp. Malmo AB v. Wabtec Corp. , 559 F.3d 110, 116 (2d Cir. 2009) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). The parties do not dispute that the balance of hardships tips decidedly in the Post-Expiration Plaintiffs’ favor. Nor do they dispute that "the threatened termination of benefits such as medical coverage ... obviously raise[s] the spectre of irreparable injury," Whelan v. Colgan , 602 F.2d 1060, 1062 (2d Cir. 1979). We concur that the balance of hardships tips in favor of the Post-Expiration Plaintiffs and that the Post-Expiration Plaintiffs would face irreparable harm absent a preliminary injunction; therefore, we consider below only whether these Plaintiffs have presented a sufficiently serious question going to the merits.
A. The Meaning of the Term "Future Retired Employees"
We start from the premise that absent language suggesting otherwise, the EBA should not be interpreted to generate new obligations after its expiration. Tackett , 135 S. Ct. at 937. Pursuant to this principle, Honeywell’s interpretation of the term "future retired employees," App’x at 345, 375, to refer to retirees who retired after the EBA came into effect but before the EBA expired is plausible.
However, the EBA’s unqualified use of the term "future" prevents the straightforward application of this principle. As the Supreme Court has noted, "constraints upon the employer after the expiration date of a collective-bargaining agreement ... may arise ... from the express or implied terms of the expired agreement itself." Litton Fin. Printing Div. , 501 U.S. at 203, 111 S.Ct. 2215 ; see also Tackett , 135 S. Ct. at 938 (Ginsburg, J. , concurring). Thus, the parties can contract around the general principle that a contract’s obligations end when the contract expires, and the use of the term "future retired employees" could reasonably reflect the parties’ intent to do so here. App’x at 345, 375.
Interpreting the term "future" as calling for an indefinite duration that exceeds the duration of the EBA is particularly plausible in light of the anticipatory purpose of the EBA. As the EBA explicitly states, the parties entered into this agreement to resolve "the financial and economic impact and effects of a potential sale of assets." App’x at 344, 374 (emphasis added). Thus, the drafting parties were keenly aware of the EBA’s forward-looking nature, and they drafted the EBA to offset future loss of employment and benefits. Viewing the agreement in context and given the lack of qualifying language, we find it plausible that the parties used the term "future" to refer to all future retirees who were at least employed, if not retired, while the EBA was in effect. As such, the Post-Expiration Plaintiffs have presented a second plausible interpretation of the contract provision.
Because both parties have proffered conflicting, reasonable interpretations of the term "future retired employees," App’x at 345, 375, we conclude that the EBA is ambiguous as to the Post-Expiration Plaintiffs. See Collins v. Harrison-Bode , 303 F.3d 429, 433 (2d Cir. 2002) ("Contract language is ambiguous if it is capable of more than one meaning when viewed objectively by a reasonably intelligent person who has examined the context of the entire integrated agreement." (internal quotation marks omitted)). We therefore turn to the parties’ proffered extrinsic evidence to determine whether the evidence can definitively resolve the ambiguity. See Sayers v. Rochester Tel. Corp. Supplemental Mgmt. Pension Plan , 7 F.3d 1091, 1095 (2d Cir. 1993) ("[I]f ambiguity exists, then extrinsic evidence of the parties’ intent may be looked to as an aid to construing the contractual language.").
B. The Extrinsic Evidence
The extrinsic evidence does not provide a clear indication of the parties’ intent because it also supports conflicting interpretations. The evidence simultaneously (and unexpectedly) suggests that Honeywell interpreted the EBA to provide medical coverage for employees who retired after the EBA expired and that the Union interpreted the EBA to provide medical coverage for only employees who retired while the EBA was in effect. The conflicting evidence cannot be harmonized without further fact development.
There is compelling extrinsic evidence that, from 1997 to 2015, Honeywell interpreted the EBA to require it to provide medical coverage for retirees who retired after the EBA expired. First and foremost, until 2015, Honeywell provided medical coverage without interruption for Stratford plant retirees who retired after the EBA expired. Second, Honeywell’s correspondence with named plaintiff David Kelly—who retired from the Stratford plant in 1998, after the EBA expired—is illustrative of Honeywell’s previous interpretation of the EBA. On June 9, 1998, Honeywell’s predecessor sent a letter to Kelly stating that "he and his spouse [we]re eligible for lifetime retiree medical coverage." App’x at 127. When, several years later, Honeywell sent another letter to UAW retirees, including Kelly, that claimed to reserve the company’s rights to amend retiree medical benefits, Kelly objected that Honeywell had not reserved its right to amend his medical benefits. Honeywell subsequently sent a correction letter to UAW retirees, informing them that Honeywell had not "reserve[d] the right to modify, change, or terminate ... medical benefits negotiated by a collective bargaining unit." App’x at 150 (emphasis omitted). This is powerful evidence that Honeywell understood the EBA to confer lifetime medical benefits to retirees who retired after the EBA expired.
However, the extrinsic evidence in the record also contains documentary evidence that conflicts with Honeywell’s performance and statements to retirees. The district court considered a summary that the former Union president (coincidentally, Kelly) drafted to convey details of the EBA to UAW members. That summary stated, "The following benefits will be provided to all Local 1010 employees and retirees who are laid-off or retire during this agreement ." Local 1010 UAW Decision & Effects Agreement Summary at 1, Kelly v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc ., No. 3:16-cv-543-VLB (D. Conn. July 8, 2016) (emphasis added). This contemporaneous summary suggests that the UAW previously understood that the EBA did not vest lifetime benefits for retirees who retired after the agreement terminated.
The union summary contradicts Honeywell’s past performance, and, because it is not the province of this court to weigh competing evidence, see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. , 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986), at this juncture we cannot resolve which evidence supports the correct interpretation. We therefore conclude that the extrinsic evidence does not clearly resolve the parties’ intent as to the meaning of the term "future retired employees," App’x at 345, 375. Despite this ambiguity, the Post-Expiration Plaintiffs have raised "sufficiently serious questions going to the merits to make them a fair ground for litigation." Faiveley Transp. , 559 F.3d at 116 (internal quotation marks omitted). The equities tip decidedly in the Post-Expiration Plaintiffs’ favor, and the Post-Expiration Plaintiffs would be irreparably harmed absent a preliminary injunction, see Whelan , 602 F.2d at 1062. We therefore affirm the order of the district court preliminarily enjoining Honeywell from terminating the Post-Expiration Plaintiffs’ medical benefits.
CONCLUSION
The EBA unambiguously vested medical coverage for retirees who retired prior to the expiration of the EBA. We AFFIRM the district court’s judgment in favor of union retirees who retired prior to the expiration of the EBA and their surviving spouses and its order permanently enjoining Honeywell from terminating medical coverage for those union retirees and their surviving spouses. The EBA is ambiguous as to whether medical coverage for union retirees who retired after the EBA expired and their surviving spouses vested. Nonetheless, the Post-Expiration Plaintiffs have presented a sufficiently serious question as to the merits and satisfied the remaining requirements for a preliminary injunction to issue. We therefore AFFIRM the district court’s order preliminarily enjoining Honeywell from terminating the Post-Expiration Plaintiffs’ medical benefits and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.