Opinion
No. 36373.
June 2, 1947.
1. SEARCHES AND SEIZURES.
Search warrant which contained no date other than "the 12th day of Johnson, 194 —" was void.
2. SEARCHES AND SEIZURES.
Search warrant which contained no date other than "the 12th day of Johnson, 194 —" could not be amended by trial court to insert therein "the 12th day of June, 1946," since a defect which renders process void is not amendable (Code 1942, sec. 1873).
APPEAL from the circuit court of Lincoln county. HON. J.F. GUYNES, J.
Garth Cassedy, of Brookhaven and Hazlehurst, for appellant.
Section 23 of the Constitution of 1890 prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures, and the actions of these officers compelled the appellant to give evidence against himself in violation of Section 26 of the Constitution of 1890.
Constitution of 1890, Sec. 23.
Evidence procured unlawfully is inadmissable.
Tucker v. State, 128 Miss. 211, 90 So. 845; Williams v. State, 129 Miss. 469, 92 So. 584; Butler v. State, 129 Miss. 778, 93 So. 3; Owens v. State, 133 Miss. 753, 98 So. 233, 234. Search warrants must be returnable on a day certain.
Buckley v. State, 150 Miss. 808, 117 So. 115; Powell v. State, 146 Miss. 677, 111 So. 738; Code of 1942, Sec. 2614.
The search warrant could not be amended on the trial of the case.
See authorities above.
The search warrant must specifically designate the place to be searched.
Taylor v. State, 134 Miss. 110, 98 So. 459; Bradley v. State, 134 Miss. 20, 98 So. 458; Strangi v. State, 134 Miss. 31, 98 So. 340; Owens v. State, supra; Barnard v. State, 155 Miss. 390, 124 So. 479, 480; Constitution of 1890, Sec. 23.
Greek L. Rice, Attorney General, by Geo. H. Ethridge, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.
The serious question in this case is whether or not the search warrant was amendable after the search was made and after the indictment was returned and while the case was on trial. The trial judge stated in ruling that it was amendable under Section 1873 of the Code of 1942. I am not sure that the lower court was correct in its decision that the amendment was authorized by Section 1873 of the Code of 1942, and that it could cure defects in the search warrant by applying the dates and descriptions of the affidavit and of the officer's return on the search warrant. I therefore submit the matter to the Court for its decision of this matter.
See Powell v. State, 146 Miss. 677, 111 So. 738; Buckley v. State, 150 Miss. 808, 117 So. 115; City of Jackson v. Howard, 135 Miss. 102, 99 So. 497; Taylor v. State, 137 Miss. 217, 102 So. 267; Grizzard v. State, 149 Miss. 323, 115 So. 555; Burton v. Cramer, 123 Miss. 848, 86 So. 578; Sykes v. State, 157 Miss. 600, 128 So. 753; United States v. Fitz Maurice, 45 F.2d 133; Code of 1942, Sec. 1873; Constitution of 1890, Sec. 23; 56 C.J. 1156.
The description in the search warrant was sufficient as it directed the search of the house and premises of Wade Johnson, and while there may be some variations as to the description in the search warrant and affidavit as to the actual courses and distances shown by the proof, the place of the defendant was well known in the community and the variances in the courses and distances, if any, are not vital to the validity of the search warrant.
Matthews v. State, 134 Miss. 807, 100 So. 18; Loeb v. State, 133 Miss. 883, 98 So. 449.
Appellant was convicted upon evidence obtained in a search of his premises under a paper called a search warrant, no other sufficient evidence than that so obtained having been offered.
The paper, called a search warrant, after naming appellant as the person whose premises were to be searched, and setting forth a description of the premises, which we will assume without deciding was sufficient, and that intoxicating liquors, stills, and integal parts thereof were to be searched for and seized if there found, concluded as follows: —
"And if practicable, that you bring them before Geo. Assink, Justice of the Peace, District number 5 instanter, and also arrest the said Wade Johnson and all other persons as may be in possession or control thereof, and have then and there this writ, with your proceedings noted thereon.
"Witness my hand this the 12th day of Johnson, 194 —.
"Martin Walker, Justice of Peace."
There was no other date on the face of the paper, and the only words which would appear to attempt the statement of a date or dates are as above literally copied. As so stated it amounts to no more than the 12th day of blank, 194 blank, and thus was substantially undated, and being so, the warrant was returnable to a blank date and therefore was insufficient as a search warrant not only, but was void. Powell v. State, 146 Miss. 677, 111 So. 738, and Buckley v. State, 150 Miss. 808, 117 So. 115. In the latter case the Court expressly declared that a search warrant returnable to a blank date is void.
On the trial, the court permitted the warrant to be amended so as to insert therein "the 12th day of June, 1946," and it is said that the court acted under Section 1873, Code 1942, which in general terms permits the amendment of process. In Joiner v. Bank, 71 Miss. 382, 14 So. 464, it was held that this section does not permit an amendment of a process which is a nullity, — this in accord with the rule applicable to all amendments of any paper which is essential as the foundation of a challenged course of official conduct, and that rule is, that when such a paper is void, it may not be amended so as to make something out of nothing. "The primary test whether a particular defect in a process may be cured by amendment is whether the defect renders the process void or merely voidable, the latter being an amendable defect and the former not." 42 Am. Jur., Process, Sec. 21, p. 22; 50 C.J., Process, Sec. 343 (2), p. 600.
If undated search warrants were allowed to be placed in the hands of officers with no date fixed therein for the reasonably early execution and return thereof, and after execution the court were allowed to insert the essential date or dates by amendment, the door to the equivalent of the odious general warrant or writ of assistance which our forefathers had so earnestly sought to close by the searchers and seizures provisions in state and federal constitutions, would be open again.
Reversed, and appellant discharged.