Summary
In John Doe v. Simmers, 207 Va. 956 (154 S.E.2d 146), the evidence on the issue whether the plaintiff's damages were caused by an unknown motorist was held sufficient to support a verdict for the plaintiff.
Summary of this case from State Farm c. Ins. Co. v. GodfreyOpinion
41948 Record No. 6389.
April 24, 1967
Present, All the Justices.
(1) Uninsured Motorist Law — Insured Forced Off Road by Unknown Vehicle — Judgment Against Insurer Upheld.
(2) and (3) Uninsured Motorist Law — No Error in Instructions.
(4) Evidence — Nature of Coverage in Automobile Liability Policy — Admissible to Show Bias of Adjuster Who Was Witness.
(5 Uninsured Motorist Law — John Doe Action — Insured Not Contributorily Negligent.
1. Pursuant to Code 1950, section 38.1-381(e), Mrs. Simmers brought a John Doe action, serving process on her insurer Allstate, to recover for injuries sustained when she allegedly was forced off the road by an unidentified red truck driven by a person unknown to her. Defense was made that the vehicle in fact was owned by a local company, and there was testimony that plaintiff had identified it as such, a fact she denied. The evidence at trial failed to identify the truck or the driver and the jury returned a verdict for $12,000 against Allstate. On appeal the judgment was held supported by the evidence.
2. No error was committed in refusing an instruction, argumentative in form, which placed on plaintiff the burden to show that she was unable to identify the owner or operator of the vehicle which forced her off the road. The issue was whether the owner or operator was unknown to her; which issue was correctly stated in another instruction offered by Allstate and granted by the court.
3. Having offered this latter instruction, Allstate could not on appeal complain that it did not clearly state the burden of proof.
4. There being a direct conflict in the testimony of plaintiff and of one of Allstate's adjusters, plaintiff was properly allowed to cross-examine him as to the nature of the coverage afforded by Allstate's policy, for the purpose of showing his bias and thus attacking his credibility.
5. Allstate also contended that plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law since according to her own testimony her speed at the time of the accident was only fifteen miles an hour and she therefore had ample time to stop her car before striking the culvert against which she ran after traveling some 150 feet. This was held a jury issue, however, and the jury's decision of it against Allstate was accepted.
Error to a judgment of the Circuit Court of Montgomery county. Hon. William S. Jordan, judge presiding.
Affirmed.
The opinion states the case.
John D. Spiers, Jr. (Spiers Spiers, on brief), for the plaintiffs in error.
C. B. Andrews (Dillow Andrews, on brief), for the defendant in error.
Pursuant to Code, 38.1-381(e) [1964 Cum. Supp.], Clara Lyons Simmers filed her motion for judgment against John Doe, an alleged unknown defendant, to recover damages for injuries received by her when the unknown defendant, as the operator of an unknown vehicle, negligently caused her to lose control of her car and run off the road and into a tree. Allstate Insurance Company, which carried the liability insurance on the car which the plaintiff was driving, was served with a copy of the motion for judgment. Answers filed on behalf of John Doe and Allstate denied that the accident was caused by an unknown vehicle and that an unknown motorist negligently caused the accident. The answers further alleged that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence. There was a trial before a jury which resulted in a verdict of $12,000 in favor of the plaintiff against John Doe, upon which the trial court entered judgment. John Doe and Allstate have appealed.
Code, Sec. 38.1-381(e), as amended by Acts of 1964, ch. 477, p. 752, provides that: "If the owner or operator of any vehicle causing injury or damages be unknown, an action may be instituted against the unknown defendant as 'John Doe' * * *." It further provides for service of process upon the insurance company issuing the policy covering the vehicle operated by the plaintiff by the delivery to it of a copy of the motion for judgment or other pleading.
The principal contention urged on behalf of John Doe and Allstate in the present case is that the verdict is contrary to the law and the evidence in that it fails to show that the "owner or operator" of the vehicle which is alleged to have caused the accident and the plaintiff's injuries was "unknown," and that on the contrary it shows that the vehicle was owned by Concrete Products Company, a local concern, against whom the plaintiff's claim should have been asserted. That issue was settled in favor of the plaintiff by the jury's verdict and we find the evidence sufficient to support it.
The plaintiff testified that on April 2, 1965 she left her home in the Ellett community of Montgomery county sometime around noon in her husband's automobile and was proceeding westwardly along Route 723, at a speed of about 15 miles per hour, when she met two trucks proceeding in the opposite direction. When the leading truck was alongside of the plaintiff's car, the following vehicle which she described as a "red truck" undertook to pass the leading truck and in doing so came over into her lane of travel; that in the effort to avoid a collision with this truck she immediately applied her brakes, turned her car to the right and ran onto the dirt shoulder; that because the shoulder was wet she was unable to stop her car which continued along the shoulder and struck a culvert and a tree in the ditch on the right-hand side of the road. The plaintiff further testified that she was unable to identify either of the trucks or the drivers.
L. E. Noland, truck driver for the State Highway Department, was the first person to arrive at the scene after the impact. He testified that Mrs. Simmers was at first principally concerned with the damage to the car and repeatedly exclaimed, "[M]y husband will kill me for wrecking this car!" Finally, she told Noland that the accident had been caused by a "red truck" which crowded her off the road, but that she was unable to get its license number and did not know who the driver was.
A state trooper, K. L. Phipps, arrived at the scene shortly after the accident. He testified that the road there is straight and level, paved to a width of 16 feet, with a dirt shoulder on each side. He found marks which indicated that the plaintiff's car had left the pavement and run a distance of about 150 feet along the shoulder until it went into the ditch and struck the tree. There were no skid marks from the car along the shoulder.
Phipps talked to Mrs. Simmers at the hospital on the day of the accident. He said that she told him that the vehicle which had crowded her car off the road was a red truck with the large letters "CP" painted on the front. However, she said that she was unable to identify its driver. Phipps made an investigation to determine what trucks had been operating in the vicinity at about the time of the accident. He found that a tractor-trailer truck owned by Concrete Products Company of Christiansburg, marked with the letters "CP" had been operating in the vicinity that morning. Mrs. Simmers denied having told the trooper that the offending vehicle carried the identifying letters "CP".
Felix J. Ward, an adjuster for Allstate, testified that he talked to Mrs. Simmers four days after the accident and she told him that "a big, red-faced trailer-tractor, dump-type vehicle with a 'CP' on its front forced her off the road" and that the vehicle was owned by Concrete Products Company. Mrs. Simmers categorically denied that she had told Ward this. Ward further testified that neither he nor his company was able to identify the truck or its owner or the driver of the vehicle which had been involved in the accident.
Jack Via, the general manager of Concrete Products Company, testified that after the plaintiff's husband had complained to him that her car had been "forced off the road" by one of Concrete's vehicles, he had inquired into the matter and found no information to indicate that one of Concrete's trucks had been responsible for the accident.
Alfred J. Collins, who was operating one of Concrete's trucks in the vicinity on the day of the accident, testified that while he saw the disabled Simmers vehicle he was not involved in the accident.
The employees of the Montgomery Limestone Corporation, a local concern, which was operating a rock quarry from which several trucks had been carrying crushed stone on the day of the accident, were unable to identify the vehicle or its driver which was involved in the accident.
Thus, we see that accepting the evidence on behalf of the plaintiff, as the jury have done, it is quite sufficient to support the finding that no truck owned and operated by Concrete Products Company was involved in the accident and that the "owner or operator" of the vehicle so involved was "unknown" to the plaintiff.
Complaint is made of the refusal of the trial court to grant Instruction B-1, which reads:
"The court tells the jury that this action is brought under a special Virginia statute which allows a motorist to sue an unknown person, and, as a first indispensable element of her case in which there was no contact between vehicles, prove by a preponderance of the evidence that there was in fact another vehicle involved which directly caused the accident and that she was unable to identify the owner or operator of vehicle so involved.
"If, therefore, the plaintiff does not establish either one or both of these facts by a preponderance of the evidence, or if on the whole evidence it is just as probable that there was not another vehicle involved as that there was, or if it is just as probable that Mrs. Simmers was able to identify the owner or operator of the vehicle as that she was unable to do so, then your verdict must be for the defendant."
After that instruction had been refused, at the request of the defendants the court granted Instruction B, which reads:
"The court tells the jury that this action is brought under a Virginia statute which allows a motorist to sue an unknown person, and you must believe from the evidence that there was in fact another vehicle involved which directly caused the accident and that the owner or operator was unknown to Mrs. Simmers.
"If, therefore, on the whole evidence it is just as probable that there was not another vehicle involved as that there was, or if it is just as probable that Mrs. Simmers knew the owner or operator of the vehicle as that she did not, then your verdict must be for the defendant."
We think that Instruction B-1 was properly refused. It is argumentative in form and does not properly inform the jury of the issues involved. Under the statute the issue was not whether the plaintiff was unable to identify the owner or operator" of the other vehicle involved, as phrased in the instruction, but whether the "owner or operator" was "unknown" to her.
It may be, as the defendants argue, that Instruction B does not clearly tell the jury that the burden was on the plaintiff to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that another vehicle was involved in the accident and that the owner or operator of such vehicle was unknown to her. But the defendants are in no position to complain of that omission in Instruction B offered by them. They should have asked for a proper instruction embodying the correct burden of proof.
The appellant defendants complain of the ruling of the trial court in permitting the plaintiff in the cross-examination of the insurance adjuster, Ward, to show the nature of the coverage in the policy which Allstate had issued on the Simmers car. As has been said, Ward testified that the plaintiff told him that the truck involved in the accident was owned by Concrete Products Company. The plaintiff denied having told him this. Under such circumstances the testimony of this employee of the Insurance Company as to the nature of its coverage under the policy was admissible to show his bias or interest in the outcome of the case and bore upon his credibility as a witness for the defendants. Highway Express Lines v. Fleming, 185 Va. 666, 672, 40 S.E.2d 294, 298.
The final contention of the defendants is that the plaintiff's own testimony coupled with the physical facts show that she was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law. Here the substance of the defendants' contention is that the plaintiff testified that her car was proceeding at about 15 miles per hour when it ran off the paved portion of the road onto the shoulder; that the physical marks showed that it then proceeded 150 feet along the shoulder before running into the ditch and striking the tree, and that under such circumstances she had ample time, in the exercise of ordinary care, to have brought her car to a stop and avoided the impact. But the plaintiff further testified that because of the wet condition of the shoulder she was unable to stop the car before the impact. The jury have accepted her statement and resolved the issue of contributory negligence in her favor. We cannot say as a matter of law that that finding is incorrect.
We find no error in the proceedings and the judgment is
Affirmed.