Summary
In Doe v. Department of Public Welfare, 105 Pa. Commw. 482, 524 A.2d 1063 (1987), the plaintiff moved to quash the defendant's appeal of a trial court's decision that concluded certain documents sought in discovery were not privileged. The defendant claimed that the order was appealable under the collateral order exception to the rule that only final orders are appealable.
Summary of this case from Commonwealth v. Texas Eastern Transmission Corp.Opinion
Argued November 18, 1986
April 27, 1987.
Appeals — Interlocutory orders — Collateral orders — Production of documents — Confidentiality.
1. Interlocutory orders are unappealable ordinarily, but, under the collateral order doctrine, an order which does not finally dispose of litigation may be appealable if it is separable from and collateral to the main cause of action, it involves a right too important to escape review and the claimed right will be irretrievably lost if review is postponed until entry of final judgment. [484-5]
2. Although confidentiality of records involving mental patients is of great importance, an order to produce such documents is unappealable and not within the collateral order doctrine when the documents are directly related to issues of negligence and proximate cause which are materially connected to the heart of the action. [486-7]
Argued November 18, 1986, before President Judge CRUMLISH, JR., Judge COLINS, and Senior Judge BARBIERI, sitting as a panel of three.
Appeal, No. 2601 C.D. 1986, from the Order of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, in case of Jane Doe v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Public Welfare, Dr. Lillian Meyers and Dr. Duncan Campbell v. Kevin Cooper, No. GD 83-10470.
Complaint in Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County against Department of Public Welfare and certain doctors. Request filed for specific documents from state hospital. Documents ordered produced. FILKELHOR, J. Commonwealth, Department of Public Welfare and doctors appealed to the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania. Motion filed to quash appeal. Held: Motion granted.
Frank J. Micale, Sr. Deputy Attorney General, with him, Mark E. Garber, Chief, Tort Litigation Unit, John G. Knorr, III, Sr. Deputy Attorney General, and LeRoy S. Zimmerman, Attorney General, for appellants.
E.J. Strassburger, Strassburger, McKenna, Gutnick Potter, for appellee.
The Commonwealth, Department of Public Welfare (Department), Dr. Lillian Meyers and Dr. Duncan Campbell, appeal an Allegheny County Common Pleas Court order compelling the production of documents. Jane Doe has filed a motion to quash this appeal. The merits of the trial court order and the motion to quash are both before us at this time.
Doe brought a personal injury action against the Department and Drs. Meyers and Campbell of Mayview State Hospital (Mayview staff) after an escapee from Mayview abducted and raped her. In connection with her negligence complaint, Doe sought, inter alia, two documents: (1) a memorandum from Dr. Meyers to Mayview's superintendent outlining the psychological status and chronology leading to the inmate's escape, and (2) a document known as a "Task Force Report," containing a retrospective analysis from several departments on the inmate's admission, background and escape. The Department and Mayview staff refused to produce these documents, claiming that the documents were privileged and protected by Section 111 of the Mental Health Procedures Act and by the Peer Review Protection Act.
Act of July 9, 1976, P.L. 817, as amended, 50 P. S. § 7111.
Act of July 20, 1974, P.L. 564, as amended, 63 P. S. § 425.1-425.4.
The common pleas court, concluding the documents were not privileged, ordered production of these and other documents and directed in camera inspection to determine their relevancy.
Turning to the motion to quash, Doe asks this Court to dismiss the Department's appeal because the orders directing production of documents are interlocutory and non-appealable. Under Section 762(a)(1) of the Judicial Code, the Commonwealth Court has jurisdiction over appeals from final orders of the common pleas courts. 42 Pa. C. S. § 762(a)(1). It has been said that a final order ends the litigation or disposes of the entire case. Piltzer v. Independence Federal Savings and Loan Association, 456 Pa. 402, 319 A.2d 677 (1974). Furthermore, in this Commonwealth, orders to parties directing responses are interlocutory and non-appealable. See, e.g., Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission v. Jones Laughlin Steel Corp., 483 Pa. 35, 394 A.2d 525 (1978) (appeal of Commonwealth Court order enforcing a subpoena to testify quashed).
See also Young v. Bradford County Telephone Co., 346 Pa. 90, 29 A.2d 533 (1943) (order directing discovery of documents).
The Department and the Mayview staff concede this principle but argue that the order in this case falls into the "collateral order" exception to the rule that only final orders are appealable.
In Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541 (1949), the United States Supreme Court articulated the collateral order doctrine. To be appealable, an order, though not ending the litigation or disposing of the case, must be separable from and collateral to the main cause of action; it must involve a right too important to be denied review; and the question presented must be such that if review is postponed until final judgment in the case, the claimed right will be irretrievably lost. This doctrine was recognized by our own Supreme Court in Bell v. Beneficial Consumer Discount Co., 465 Pa. 225, 348 A.2d 734 (1975), and it has been held that each of the three Cohen factors must be satisfied. Fried v. Fried, 509 Pa. 89, 501 A.2d 211 (1985).
Other than Steel v, Weisberg, 347 Pa. Super. 106, 500 A.2d 428 (1985), where our Superior Court noted that an order compelling discovery of a person not party to the original complaint could arguably be appealed under the collateral order doctrine, the parties point to no authority — and our research reveals none — which has held that such orders fall within the collateral order exception to the rule of non-appealability. Indeed, in Gottschall v. Jones Laughlin Steel Corp., 333 Pa. Super. 493, 482 A.2d 979 (1984), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 845, 106 S.Ct. 134 (1985), our Superior Court held a protective order prohibiting discovery to be unappealable under the Cohen test.
Courts of federal jurisdiction have applied the Cohen doctrine and have arrived at different answers to the question of appealability. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Borden Co. v. Sylk, 410 F.2d 843 (3rd Cir. 1969), dismissed for lack of jurisdiction an order compelling disclosure of business information by a non-party witness. There the Court concluded that to allow appeals from discovery orders would be "to invite inundation of appellate dockets with what have heretofore been regarded as nonappealable matters" and "would constitute the federal courts of appeals as second-stage motion courts reviewing pretrial applications of all non-party witnesses alleging some damage because of the litigation." Id. at 846. We agree with this reasoning and conclude that, if discovery orders directed to non-party witnesses are not collateral, then such orders directed to parties cannot be any more collateral.
See, e.g., Covey Oil Co. v. Continental Oil Co., 340 F.2d 993 (10th Cir. 1965), cert. denied, 380 U.S. 964 (1965); IBM Corp. v. United States, 471 E2d 507 (1972), rev'd on other grounds, 480 F.2d 293 (2d Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 416 U.S. 980 (1974), and United States v. Schiavo, 504 F.2d 1 (3rd Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 1096 (1974).
In Grinnell Corp. v. Hackett, 519 F.2d 595 (1975), the First Circuit Court declined to hear the appeal of a party resisting answering interrogatories on the ground that the information sought was constitutionally protected. There the Court rejected the appellant's argument that the order was separable ( i.e., collateral) because its First Amendment rights would be compromised. Quoting with approval 4 J. Moore, Federal Practice ¶ 26.36[6] (Supp. 1973), the court stated:
Once the collateral order doctrine is applied to orders for disclosure by parties, it is difficult to suggest any limitation on the right to appeal such an order over a claim of privilege.
We believe this reasoning applies equally to the claim of statutorily created privileges the Department asserts. As in Grinnell, "the discovery order here is materially connected to the underlying . . . issue." Id. at 597.
Here, the documents relate to the actions undertaken by the staff and physicians at Mayview State Hospital, which actions Doe asserts, by their negligence, were the proximate cause of her injury. The information sought has the potential to determine the ultimate issues of liability or to dissuade the trier of fact from finding liability at all. When courts have applied the Cohen doctrine to discovery orders, they have held them to be "separable and collateral" only when they did not relate in any way to the merits of the action itself.
Moreover, this Court should not be compelled to find appealability solely because of the possible serious consequences asserted or the "importance" of the right which may be compromised if review is not immediately had. Every party resisting discovery rightly invokes a significant claim and every interlocutory order, as the Borden court said, "involves, to some degree, a potential loss." Id. at 846. The common pleas court, having original jurisdiction, is charged with disposing of those conflicting interests.
Notwithstanding the importance of the confidentiality provisions of the Peer Review Protection and Mental Health Procedures Acts, appealability under the Cohen doctrine will not lie unless, as we have said, all three factors are satisfied. Here, the first, "separability" test, has not been met.
Thus, having no jurisdiction to hear the Department's appeal, we grant Doe's motion to quash.
ORDER
The motion of appellee Jane Doe to quash the appeal in the above-captioned matter is granted, and the appeal of the order of the Allegheny County Common Pleas Court, No. GD 83-10470 dated July 21, 1986, is quashed.