Summary
In Jamestown Business College Association v. Allen (172 N.Y. 291), upon which authority plaintiff relies to sustain the judgment, it is said. (p. 296): "Had the parties agreed that the note should not be regarded as completely delivered until the defendant should take such instructions, or until she could sell her scholarship, it would not have become operative until either of these events had transpired.
Summary of this case from Novak v. MelnykOpinion
Argued May 29, 1902
Decided October 21, 1902
Alfred L. Furlow for appellant.
George J. Dikeman for respondent.
Under the unanimous affirmance by the Appellate Division of the judgment entered upon the verdict of the jury herein, the only question presented by this record that survives to reach this court is the single exception taken by the plaintiff to the admission of parol evidence, given by the defendant, in contradiction of the written instrument upon which the action is founded. I think that the exception referred to was well taken. The action is upon a promissory note. The complaint is in the usual form in such actions. The answer alleges want of consideration and an agreement that the note was not to be paid if the defendant did not take the course of instruction at plaintiff's school, for which the note was given. Upon the trial, under these pleadings, the plaintiff introduced the note in evidence and rested its case. Thereupon the defendant, under the direction of the court, assumed the affirmative of the issue and introduced evidence in support of the allegations of her answer. Despite plaintiff's objection to any oral testimony tending to vary or contradict the written instrument, the defendant was permitted to testify that the note in suit was not to be paid if she should decide not to attend plaintiff's school and could not sell her scholarship. I think this ruling of the trial court was erroneous, and that the exception thereto requires a reversal of this judgment.
The general rule, that evidence of what was said between the parties to a valid instrument in writing, either prior to or at the time of its execution, cannot be received to contradict or vary its terms, applies to promissory notes and bills of exchange. ( Thompson v. Ketcham, 8 Johns. 190; Norton v. Coons, 6 N.Y. 33; Read v. Bank of Attica, 124 N.Y. 671.)
As stated in Thomas v. Scutt ( 127 N.Y. 133) and Stowell v. Greenwich Ins. Co. ( 163 N.Y. 305), there are two classes of exceptions to this general rule of evidence. The first class includes those cases in which parol evidence is received to show that a written instrument which purports to be a contract is in fact no contract at all. The other class "embraces those cases which recognize the instrument as existing and valid, but regard it as incomplete, either obviously or at least possibly, and admit parol evidence, not to contradict or vary, but to complete the entire agreement of which the writing was only a part. Receipts, bills of parcels and writings that evidently express only some parts of the agreement are examples of this class which leaves the written contract unchanged, but treats it as part of an entire oral agreement, the remainder of which was not reduced to writing. Two things, however, are essential to bring a case within this class: 1. The writing must not appear upon inspection to be a complete contract, embracing all the particulars necessary to make a perfect agreement and designed to express the whole arrangement between the parties, for in such a case it is conclusively presumed to embrace the entire contract. 2. The parol evidence must be consistent with and not contradictory of the written instrument."
I think the case at bar does not fall within either of these exceptions. In form, the instrument sued upon is a complete contract. This is equally true as regards the note alone, or the note and the certificate of scholarship together considered as parts of the same contract. If it is a contract at all, it is a complete contract. The oral evidence received over plaintiff's objection did not serve to amplify or complete the writing; it was radically contradictory thereof. The mere statement of this fact is the only argument necessary to show that the case is not in the class of cases in which oral testimony is received to complete contracts which are only partly reduced to writing. Does the oral testimony received over plaintiff's objection tend to show that the written instrument, which was a complete contract in form, was in fact no contract? This question suggests the distinction between this case and the cases upon which the defendant relies. According to the testimony of the defendant the delivery of the note in suit was not conditional upon the happening of some event before it was to become a binding obligation; on the contrary, it is said to have been complete and unconditional. The defendant says, in substance, that the note became effective at once and was to be binding upon her unless she should decide not to take instructions at plaintiff's school and could not sell her scholarship, in which event it was to be canceled and she was not to be called upon to pay it. Had the parties agreed that the note should not be regarded as completely delivered until the defendant should take such instructions, or until she could sell her scholarship, it would not have become operative until either of these events had transpired. The agreement which the parties did make was just the reverse of that. The note is stated to have been actually and unconditionally delivered, and was to be and remain a note until the defendant should decide either to sell the scholarship, if that were possible, or to abandon the projected course of instruction. As the note was not payable until a year after its date, and the course of instruction was not to begin until the note became due, the defendant's claim is, in reality, an assertion that the note was to be regarded as a valid and binding obligation until it became due, when it was to be optional with the defendant to decide whether it should then be payable or not. This was not a conditional delivery which held the consummation of the contract in abeyance, but an absolute delivery which, as the defendant supposed, could be annulled in a certain contingency at her option. It is obvious, therefore, that there is a radical distinction between a conditional delivery, which is not to become complete and effective until the happening of some condition precedent, and a complete delivery, like the one at bar, which is sought to be defeated by subsequent contingencies that may or may not arise. In the one case there is no contract until the condition has been complied with; in the other there is a binding contract, notwithstanding the happening of the contingency relied upon to defeat it. For the foregoing reasons the cases of Seymour v. Cowing (1 Keyes, 532); Reynolds v. Robinson ( 110 N.Y. 654); Blewitt v. Boorum ( 142 N.Y. 357); Higgins v. Ridgway ( 153 N.Y. 130), and kindred cases, holding that conditions limiting and circumscribing the delivery of written instruments may be shown by parol, are not applicable to the case at bar.
This case seems to fall directly within the principle "that parol evidence of an oral agreement made at the time of the drawing, making or indorsing of a bill or note, cannot be permitted to vary, qualify or contradict, to add or to subtract from the absolute terms of the written contract." ( Specht v. Howard, 16 Wall. 564; Forsyth v. Kimball, 91 U.S. 291; Brown v. Wiley, 61 U.S. 442; Brown v. Spafford, 95 U.S. 474; Read v. Bank of Attica, 124 N.Y. 671.)
For these reasons I think the parol evidence above referred to was erroneously admitted, and, therefore, the judgment herein should be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event.
This action was upon a promissory note, as follows:
"$90.00 JAMESTOWN, N.Y., Aug. 17, 1897.
"August 1, 1898, after date, I promise to pay to the order of The Jamestown Business College Ass'n., L't'd, Ninety Dollars, at the Jamestown National Bank. Value received.
"ELVA J. ALLEN."
The answer admitted the making of the note, but alleged that it was without consideration, and that it was delivered to the plaintiff upon the express condition that in case the defendant did not attend its college the note was to be surrendered up by the plaintiff and canceled and that nothing should become due thereon.
The plaintiff is a domestic corporation managing a business college located in Jametown, N.Y. The defendant, at the time the note in question was executed, was a young lady just past twenty-one years of age, and resided with her parents on a farm near the village of Cattaraugus. This note was given for what was denominated a "single scholarship" in the plaintiff's college, and was as follows:
"SINGLE SCHOLARSHIP.
"JAMESTOWN BUSINESS COLLEGE ASSOCIATION, LIMITED.
"H.E.V. PORTER, President.
"No. ____ JAMESTOWN, N.Y., Aug. 17, 1897. "$90.00
"I, Elva Allen of P.O. Box 186, Cattaraugus, N.Y., have this day purchased a two year's scholarship in business, shorthand and English department of Jamestown Business College, Jamestown, N Y, for the sum of $ Ninety, to be used by myself, who will enter upon the course of study about August 1, 1898, for which we, or either of us, promise to pay to the order of JAMESTOWN BUSINESS COLLEGE ASSOCIATION, LIMITED, $ Ninety as follows:
"August 1, 1898. "Name, ELVA J. ALLEN. "Witness, JULIA BYRNE.
"Scholarship transferable upon the following conditions: 1st. The above contract shall be paid in full and certified by the treasurer. 2nd. In case ________ has received instruction in his scholarship it is understood and agreed that he shall pay for such time at the regular advertised rates of tuition, whereupon the party to whom this may have been transferred shall be entitled to instruction according to the terms of this agreement.
"H.E.V. PORTER, " President."
The proof disclosed that Miss Byrne, the plaintiff's agent, at the time the note was given, represented to the defendant that she had met the defendant's father; that he was anxious for her to attend a business college, and had asked her to see the defendant as he would like her to attend the plaintiff's school. It also disclosed that he made no such statement, but, on the contrary, informed such agent that his girls could not attend that institution, having already taken schools at home to teach, and that his wife's health was so poor that he could not spare them to go away. The defendant also proved that before the note was given and the paper designated as "Single Scholarship" was delivered, it was agreed between the plaintiff's agent and the defendant that if the latter did not attend the school nor sell the scholarship, it might be returned and the note would be surrendered to the defendant who would not have to pay it unless she could attend the school or sell the scholarship. The defendant testified that one thing which induced her to enter into the arrangement with the plaintiff was the statement that her father was anxious for her to attend its school and had asked the agent to see her about it. The plaintiff's agent stated to the defendant that the price for such a scholarship was one hundred and fifty dollars, but she would furnish her one at ninety dollars, and the defendant was induced to make and deliver the note in suit by that representation coupled with the representations that her father wanted her to attend such school and that if she did not go or sell the scholarship the note would be returned. The proof justified the jury in finding that the delivery of the note in suit was made upon the express condition that if the defendant did not attend the school or sell the scholarship, the note should be returned. It also appeared that when the defendant asked the plaintiff's agent if the paper in suit was a note, she in substance said, Well, it shows how much you get your scholarships for and that you will not have to pay the one hundred and fifty dollars. It was before the note was signed that the plaintiff's agent told her that if she did not attend the school or sell the scholarship the note would be surrendered. There was also proof to the effect that the defendant made an attempt to sell the scholarship, was unable to do so, did not attend the school, and that she offered to return the scholarship and demanded her note, which the plaintiff refused to surrender.
Upon the issue presented by the defendant's answer there was a conflict in the evidence, and the court submitted it to the jury in a charge to which no exception was taken. The jury found for the defendant, and upon appeal to the Appellate Division the judgment entered upon the verdict was unanimously affirmed. The unanimous affirmance forecloses this court from an examination of the question whether the evidence was sufficient to justify the verdict, and the only questions that can be examined are those which relate to the reception or rejection of evidence. The defendant introduced evidence to show that the note was delivered upon the conditions and under the circumstances alleged in her answer and proved by her on the trial. If the note was without consideration, or if it was delivered upon the condition that it was to be payable only in the event of the defendant's attending the plaintiff's college or selling the scholarship, we think it would constitute a defense to this action, and evidence to prove those facts was admissible. The only consideration for the note claimed by the plaintiff was the delivery to the defendant of the scholarship mentioned. An examination of that paper shows that there was no express agreement by the plaintiff to furnish the defendant with any instruction whatever. It contained, first, a statement by the defendant that she had purchased a two years' scholarship to be used by herself, and that she would enter upon the course of study about August, 1898, for which she promised to pay ninety dollars. That contract was signed only by the defendant and a subscribing witness. Then followed the conditions upon which the scholarship might be transferred. That was signed by the plaintiff. But we find nowhere in that paper any express promise by the plaintiff to furnish the instruction mentioned in the certificate. Although in the portion of the contract relating to a transfer it is provided that the transferee should be entitled to instruction according to the terms of this agreement if the conditions therein were complied with, yet, when the agreement referred to is examined no terms requiring the plaintiff to give the defendant instruction are found. As the only consideration which the plaintiff pretends there was for the defendant's note was this agreement, it is difficult to see how such an agreement, which contained no promise to furnish the defendant instruction, could be a consideration for the note in suit. While it is true that mutual promises may form a consideration, each for the other, still, to form a consideration, promises must be mutual and not merely unilateral. This action was brought by the payee of the note, so that no question as to a bona fide holder is involved. Hence the fact that there was no consideration for it was a defense to this action. It is true that if the defendant had received the instruction mentioned, she would have been liable upon the ground that that was a sufficient consideration, still, not having received any instruction and there being no promise on the part of the plaintiff to furnish it, there was no consideration for the note. ( Sawyer v. Chambers, 43 Barb. 622; Miller v. McKenzie, 95 N.Y. 575; Peck v. Burwell, 48 Hun, 471; Bookstaver v. Jayne, 60 N.Y. 146; Keuka College v. Ray, 167 N.Y. 96, 101.)
If the defendant's note had been paid, it may be that the law would have implied a promise by the plaintiff to furnish instruction to the defendant, but that alone was insufficient to furnish consideration for the note. An express promise on one side and only an implied promise upon the other, do not present a case of mutual promises where one is a consideration for the other. "Where the promise of one party is the consideration of the promise of the other, the promises must be concurrent and obligatory on both parties at the same time." ( Tucker v. Woods, 12 Johns. 190; Keep and Hale v. Goodrich, Id. 397; De Beerski v. Paige, 47 Barb. 172; affirmed, 36 N.Y. 537. See, also, 1 Parsons on Contracts and note [5th ed.], p. 448, citing Lees v. Whitcomb, 2 Mo. P. 86; S.C., 5 Bing. 34; Sykes v. Dixon, 9 A. E. 693; S.C., 1 Per. D. 463.)
The only remaining question is whether the defendant was properly permitted to prove that the note in question was delivered to the plaintiff's agent upon the express condition that if the defendant did not attend the plaintiff's school or sell the scholarship the plaintiff would surrender the note and the defendant would not be liable thereon. We think it was competent for her to show the terms upon which the note was delivered, to restrict and limit her liability thereby, and to protect herself against liability, unless she actually received the instruction, which was the only contemplated consideration for her note.
"Instruments not under seal may be delivered to the one to whom upon their face they are made payable, * * * upon conditions, the observance of which is essential to their validity. And the annexing of such conditions to the delivery is not an oral contradiction of the written obligation, though negotiable as between the parties to it, or others having notice. It needs a delivery to make the obligation operative at all, and the effect of the delivery and the extent of the operation of the instrument may be limited by the conditions with which delivery is made. And so, also, as between the original parties and others having notice, the want of consideration may be shown." ( Benton v. Martin, 52 N.Y. 570, 574; Bookstaver v. Jayne, 60 N.Y. 146; Juilliard v. Chaffee, 92 N.Y. 529, 534; Garfield Nat. Bk. v. Colwell, 57 Hun, 169; Seymour v. Cowing, 1 Keyes, 532; Reynolds v. Robinson, 110 N.Y. 654; Baird v. Baird, 145 N.Y. 659, 664; Blewitt v. Boorum, 142 N.Y. 357; Schmittler v. Simon, 114 N.Y. 176; Higgins v. Ridgway, 153 N.Y. 130.)
In Juilliard v. Chaffee the rule which excludes parol evidence when offered to contradict or vary the legal import of a written instrument was considered, and it was said that that rule "is not to be questioned or disturbed. In this state it has been thought to be so well settled in reason, policy and authority as not to be a proper subject of discussion. It has full application, however, within very narrow limits. In the first place it applies only in controversies between parties to the instrument ( Overseers, etc., of New Berlin v. Overseers, etc., of Norwich, 10 Johns. 229), and between them is subject to exceptions, upon allegations of fraud, mistake, surprise, or part performance of the verbal agreement. Nor does it deny the party in whose favor that agreement was made the right of proving its existence by way of defense in an action upon the written instrument, under circumstances which would make the use of it for any purpose inconsistent with that agreement, dishonest, or fraudulent. * * * A party, sued by his promisee, is always permitted to show a want or failure of consideration for the promise relied upon, and so he may prove by parol that the instrument itself was delivered even to the payee to take effect only on the happening of some future event * * * or that its design and object were different from what its language, if alone considered, would indicate." Seymour v. Cowing is to the effect that instruments not under seal may be delivered to the party to whom, upon their face, they are made payable, or who, by their terms, is entitled to some interest or benefit under them, upon a condition, the performance of which is necessary in order to perfect the title of the holder to enforce the contract. In Reynolds v. Robinson it was held that parol evidence is admissible to show that a writing, which is, in form, a complete contract, of which there has been a manual tradition, was not to become a binding contract until the performance of some condition precedent resting in parol. In Baird v. Baird (p. 663) the court said: "The rule which excludes evidence of parol negotiations or conditions, when offered to contradict or substantially vary the legal import of a written agreement, does not prevent a party to the agreement, in an action between the parties, from showing, by way of defense, the existence of a contemporaneous oral agreement, made at the time the writing was executed and delivered, which would render the use of the written instrument, for any purpose contrary to or inconsistent with the oral stipulation, dishonest or fraudulent. * * * The consideration of a written instrument is always open to inquiry, and a party may show that the design and object of the agreement was different from what the language, if alone considered, would indicate. * * * Parol evidence may also be given to show that a writing, purporting to be a contract or obligation, was not in fact intended or delivered as such by the parties." In Blewitt v. Boorum it was held that even in an action upon a contract under seal, which did not require a seal for its validity, it is competent for the defendant to show that the instrument was executed upon condition that it was not to operate until the performance of some prescribed act, and that that may be shown by oral evidence. In Schmittler v. Simon the defendant offered to show that when the draft in suit was drawn, it was understood between the drawer and payee and the plaintiff that it was to be paid out of the drawer's interest in his mother's estate. The defendant then stated in their presence that he would not accept or become personally liable, and it was agreed that he should accept in his capacity as executor, to be paid out of the drawer's interest in the estate. This evidence was objected to and excluded. Held, error; that the testimony was competent as bearing upon the understanding of the relation and character of the liability of the defendant assumed by his acceptance. In Higgins v. Ridgway we held that as between the original parties to a promissory note, a conditional delivery, as well as want of consideration, may be shown, and that parol evidence that the delivery was conditional and of the terms of the condition is not open to the objection of varying or contradicting the written contract.
When we test the rulings of the trial court in admitting parol evidence to show the want of consideration and that the note in suit was delivered to the plaintiff upon the express agreement that if the defendant did not attend the plaintiff's school or sell the scholarship, the plaintiff would surrender the note, and the defendant would not be liable thereon, it is manifest that these rulings were correct and constituted no error for which this judgment can be properly reversed. As those are the only questions which this court has jurisdiction to determine, it follows that the judgment appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.
PARKER, Ch. J., GRAY, VANN and CULLEN, JJ., concur with WERNER, J.; HAIGHT, J., dissents; MARTIN, J., not sitting.
Judgment reversed, etc.