Opinion
Department Two
Hearing In Bank Denied.
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Trinity County and from an order denying a new trial. Edward Sweeny, Judge.
COUNSEL:
Defendants have no rights under section 2339 of the Revised Statutes of the United States for a right of way for a tailrace to convey debris from a mine. (Broder v. Natoma Water Co ., 50 Cal. 621; 101 U.S. 274; Osgood v. El Dorado Water etc. Co ., 56 Cal. 571; Farley v. Spring Valley etc. Co ., 58 Cal. 142; Jacob v. Lorenz , 49 Cal. 333; Frisbie v. Whitney, 9 Wall. 187; Western P. R. R. Co. v. Tevis , 41 Cal. 489; Hill v. Lenormand , 16 P. Rep. 268; Ellis v. Pomeroy Imp. Co ., 1 Wash. 572; Hart v. Plum , 14 Cal. 154; Merritt v. Judd , 14 Cal. 64; Collins v. Bartlett , 44 Cal. 371; Newton v. Thornton, 5 West Coast Rep. 135; Lee Doon v. Tesh , 68 Cal. 43; Jennison v. Kirk , 98 U.S. 453-60; People v. District Court , 17 P. Rep. 298; Lux v. Haggin , 69 Cal. 255; Dower v. Richards , 73 Cal. 477; Consolidated Channel Co. v. Central P. R. R. Co ., 51 Cal. 269; Amador Queen etc. Co. v. De Witt , 73 Cal. 482; Scholl v. Albany etc. Steel Co ., 101 N.Y. 602; Lorenz v. Jacob , 63 Cal. 73; Cummings v. Peters , 56 Cal. 593; Edgewood R. R. Co.'s Appeal , 79 Pa. St. 257; People v. Pittsburg R. R. Co ., 53 Cal. 694; Hammer v. Garfield Min. etc. Co ., 130 U.S. 291; Belk v. Meagher , 104 U.S. 360; Proctor v. Jennings, 6 Nev. 83; 3 Am. Rep. 240; Covington v. Becker, 5 Nev. 281; Crandall v. Woods , 8 Cal. 141.) The easement cannot be enlarged to the injury of the servient estate. (Gale on Easements, 3d ed., 495; Wood on Nuisances, secs. 705-19; Allen v. San Jose, etc. Co ., 92 Cal. 138; Gregory v. Nelson , 41 Cal. 278; Barrows v. Fox , 98 Cal. 63; Goldsmid v. Tunbridge, L. R. 1 Eq. Cas. 161; L. R. 1 Ch. App. 352; Ball v. Ray, 8 Ch. App. 467.) The plea of estoppel was properly set up and the court erred in striking it out, and also in excluding the judgment-roll. (Bliss on Code Pleading, sec. 364; Jackson v. Lodge , 36 Cal. 38; Gooding v. Underwood , 89 Mich. 187; Rail v. Bank , 22 S.W. 865 (Tex. Civ. App.); Cromwell v. County of Sac , 94 U.S. 351; Hamm v. Arnold , 23 Cal. 373; Caperton v. Schmidt , 26 Cal. 494; 85 Am. Dec. 187; Hager v. Shindler , 29 Cal. 57; Davis v. Brown , 94 U.S. 423; San Francisco v. Spring Valley W. W ., 39 Cal. 481; Clark v. Dunnam , 46 Cal. 206; Hooker v. Hubbard , 102 Mass. 239; Philadelphia etc. R. R. Co. v. Howard, 13 How. 307.)
John W. Turner, and Horace R. Given, for Appellants.
Cross, Ford, Kelly & Abbott, for Respondents.
Defendants, or their predecessors in interest, acquired a right of way for the ditch in question by virtue of section 2339 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, while the land through which the ditch was constructed was still part of the public domain. (Civ. Code, sec. 1425; Colman v. Clements , 23 Cal. 247; Jennison v. Kirk , 98 U.S. 453; Broder v. Natoma Water etc. Co ., 50 Cal. 621; 101 U.S. 274; Osgood v. Eldorado Water etc. Co ., 56 Cal. 571; Cox v. Clough , 70 Cal. 347; De Necochea v. Curtis , 80 Cal. 399; Ramelli v. Irish , 96 Cal. 214; Jacob v. Lorenz , 98 Cal. 334; Van Sickle v. Haines, 7 Nev. 249; Barnes v. Sabron, 10 Nev. 217; Shoemaker v. Hatch, 13 Nev. 261; Rivers v. Burbank, 13 Nev. 402; Denver v. Mullen, 7 Col. 345; Ellis v. Pomeroy Imp. Co ., 1 Wash. 572; Basey v. Gallagher, 20 Wall. 670; People v. Parks , 58 Cal. 639.) There has been no change in the character of the easement. (Allen v. San Jose etc. Water Co ., 92 Cal. 138.) A nonsuit is no bar to another action upon the same cause of action. (21 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 271, and cases cited; 2 Black on Judgments, sec. 699; Freeman on Judgments, sec. 261; Bigelow on Estoppel, 29; Wood v. Ramond , 42 Cal. 643; Greer v. Tripp , 56 Cal. 209; Fleming v. Hawley , 65 Cal. 492; Morgan v. Bliss , 2 Mass. 111; Marsh v. Hammond, 11 Allen, 483; Clapp v. Thomas, 5 Allen, 158; Haynes v. Jackson , 66 Me. 93; Jay v. Carthage , 48 Me. 353; Pendergrass v. York Mfg. Co ., 76 Me. 509; Coit v. Beard, 33 Barb. 357; Moreland v. Gordner , 109 Pa. St. 116; Vought v. Sober , 73 Pa. St. 49.)
JUDGES: Henshaw, J. McFarland, J., and Temple, J., concurred.
OPINION
HENSHAW, Judge
[44 P. 244] Appeals from the judgment and from the order denying a new trial.
The action was brought to abate an alleged nuisance maintained by defendants upon the lands of plaintiffs, for an injunction, and for damages.
The nuisance consisted of a tailrace, sluiceway, cut or ditch, by which the water, bearing detritus from defendants' hydraulic mine, was carried across the land of plaintiffs and discharged into the Trinity river.
This ditch had been used in connection with the working of the Bartlett and Evans mine for many years prior to and after the acquisition of a patent. That mine is the property of defendants, and a patent therefor had been obtained in 1869. The land of plaintiffs crossed by this ditch is now known as the Barthol Jacob Gold Placer mine. But at the time of the construction of the ditch, and for many years of its use thereafter, plaintiffs' land was open, unappropriated, public mineral land of the United States. Entry and payment for the Barthol Jacob mine were made in October, 1887. This action was commenced within five years from the date of the issuance of the patent.
Defendants rely upon title by prescription, which was pleaded, and, in this connection, proved continuous adverse use under claim of right for more than five years continuously after October, 1887. They also rely upon title under section 2339 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, asserting that their right is one embraced within the provisions of that section, and sanctioned by the mining custom of the district. This custom was not pleaded, but the claim is made that evidence thereof is admissible under the general issue.
The principal questions thus presented are: 1. Did defendants acquire a right of way for the ditch by virtue of the provisions of section 2339 of the Revised Statutes of the United States? 2. Did they acquire a right of way by prescription?
There are certain essentials to the practical conduct of all hydraulic mining operations. Water must be obtained in quantities, and carried to the mining ground under pressure sufficient to disintegrate and wash down the natural bank. For these purposes, in the mining districts of this state, reservoirs, ditches, flumes, and pipe-lines are indispensable. The soil and gravel thus eroded must be carried by gravity and the force of the refluent water through cuts, sluiceways, and flumes, where the gold, by reason of its greater specific gravity, is deposited, caught, and gathered. Lastly, by aid of the same beneficent agent, the resulting waste matter, soil, and gravel must be carried away through convenient channels so as not to impede further operations. The water itself does not lose its utility to the miner nor become an impediment to his work during any of these processes. Through them all it is not only of high utility, but an absolute necessity. It is, therefore, inaccurate to call it waste or superfluous water, or to describe the work which it does in carrying tailings as the drainage of a mine. To drain land is to rid it of its superfluous moisture. In the case of a quartz or drift mine, drainage is an appropriate term when applied to the means by which water which is in them, always superfluous and a hindrance to the work, is met and disposed of. But hydraulic mining is defined to be "mining by means of the application of water under pressure through a nozzle, against a natural bank." (Civ. Code, sec. 1425.) Water here is not superfluous; it is of the essence of the work. It does not become superfluous even when it has aided in the extraction of the last particle of gold, since it still must serve the necessary purpose of clearing the ground for further operations.
These facts are of such general knowledge and undisputed acceptance, so inherent in the character of hydraulic mining, that they scarcely need the evidence of local custom, or any evidence at all, for their establishment. But in this case they were established by abundant and uncontradicted evidence, including that of the plaintiff himself. It was proved that the mine was situated in the Red Hill District; that it was in a region where hydraulic mining was customarily carried on, and that all hydraulic mines have and must have a tunnel, flume, or ditch, such as this, to carry away and dispose of the detritus. The plaintiff himself testified that "you can't operate a mine unless you have some such means."
The objection to the introduction of this evidence is disposed of by the case of Colman v. Clements , 23 Cal. 240. In support of title, evidence of mining rules and customs may be given without averring such rules and customs.
We are thus brought to the consideration whether the ditch in connection with its use vested in defendants a right to its continued use and enjoyment under section 2339, of the Revised Statutes of the United States, or, in other words, did title to the Barthol Jacob mine pass from the government to plaintiffs subject to defendants' rights in the ditch? This question we think must be answered in the affirmative. Section 2338, it is true, excludes easements for working mines, drainage, etc., from the purview of the act, leaving these matters for state regulation. But by section 2339 are protected to the fullest [44 P. 245] extent all the rights and easements enumerated in that section and in section 2340. "Whenever. .. . rights to the use of water for mining. .. . purposes have vested and accrued, and the same are recognized and acknowledged by the local customs, laws, and decisions of the courts, the possessors and owners of such vested rights shall be maintained and protected in the same; and the right of way for the construction of ditches. .. . for the purposes herein specified is acknowledged and confirmed."
There is here a recognition of rights to the use of water for mining purposes, and of rights for the construction of ditches for such purposes. As has been said, the use of water for the purpose of carrying off the tailings, and the construction of the ditch to aid therein, are as essential to the successful conduct of hydraulic mining as is the first use to which the water is put in washing down the natural bank. Every use of water for purposes of legitimate mining, sanctioned by local custom and law, is recognized as a right and protected as such, and within the protection is embraced the ditch by which the use is made practicable. It does not defeat the conclusion to say that a flume might have been substituted for a ditch. For it is shown that a ditch is the usual and customary means employed. By section 2339 the right of way for the construction of ditches, by which water is used for mining purposes is recognized and confirmed. It must be apparent that the use of water in such a ditch is an essential feature of hydraulic mining, and for that reason should not be confounded with the discharge of superfluous water which is encountered in quartz and drift mines. The latter is always superfluous, always a hindrance. It never serves a useful purpose. It is an accident and detriment to the operation of the mine. It is disposed of by pumps and drainage tunnels, and that disposition frequently involves enormous expense and loss. Not infrequently such a mine cannot be kept free from water at a cost which will justify further operations, and the result is that the mine is shut down and abandoned. Thus water plays no part in the legitimate and ordinary working of such mines. Its appearance is both an accident and a misfortune. It is an easement for the accidental requirement of drainage of such a mine that is contemplated by section 2338. But, in the hydraulic mine, water must be present and must be used for the enumerated purposes, or work cannot proceed. And it can only follow that if Congress, in protecting and conferring rights to the use of water and rights of way for ditches for mining purposes, did not include such ditches as this, then hydraulic mining, as universally understood and conducted in this state, is without the purview of section 2339.
Nor has the question thus presented any features in common with the propositions determined in People v. Gold Run etc. Min. Co ., 66 Cal. 138, 56 Am. Rep. 80, and the North Bloomfield case, 9 Saw. 531. In People v. Gold Run etc. Min. Co., supra, the question determined was the right to dump hydraulic debris into the principal navigable river of the state, "to the endangerment of habitations and the cultivation of large tracts of country, upon which are cities, towns, and villages, and to the impairment of the navigation of the Sacramento river."
In the North Bloomfield case, supra, the same questions were presented as to the effect upon habitations, riparian lands, and the navigability of the Feather, Yuba, and Sacramento rivers.
But in the case at bar no question is raised as to the disposition of the debris. Plaintiffs do not complain of any deposit of debris upon their land, but object to the transportation of the debris by ditch across it.
The ditch and its use are a part of the recognized system by which hydraulic mining is and always has been conducted in this state, and, as is said by the supreme court of the United States in Jennison v. Kirk , 98 U.S. 453, by the act of which section 2339 is a part, Congress "proposed no new system, but sanctioned, regulated, and confirmed a system already established, to which the people were attached."
It is concluded upon this question that the title to the Barthol Jacob mine passed to plaintiffs under the patent subject to the easement of the right of way for this ditch under section 2339 of the Revised Statutes of the United States. Any consideration of title by prescription thus becomes unnecessary.
The court erred in striking from plaintiffs' complaint the plea of estoppel by judgment. Upon the face of the pleading an estoppel was set out, and, as plaintiffs relied upon that estoppel as one of the foundations for their claim of title, it was proper that they should plead it. But the error was without injury. Upon the trial plaintiffs offered in evidence the judgment-roll in the case. It appeared that when Jacob made application for his patent, Evans, the predecessor of defendants, commenced the action in question, opposing the application, so far as it affected a strip of land sixty feet in width, embracing the ditch in question. A motion for a nonsuit in that case was made and granted. The ground upon which it was granted does not appear. But among the grounds urged were, "that the evidence shows that the plaintiff merely has an easement over the lands of defendant," and, "that under sections 2339 and 2340 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, all rights of plaintiff, if he has any, are fully protected, and that he has not shown any right to purchase the fee of said lands from the United States." The judgment of nonsuit so granted could not raise an estoppel against defendants in this action, where they are asserting that very easement.
It is unquestionably the law that an easement must be used in such a manner as to impose as slight a burden and damage upon [44 P. 246] the servient tenement as practicable. It is but the application of the familiar maxim, sic utere tuo, ut alienum non laedas. In this case appellants claim a right to an injunction restraining defendants from an improper and injurious exercise of their easement. While defendants have a right to operate their ditch, they have no right so to operate it as to render it a nuisance to or destructive of the servient tenement. But the court found "that the running of tailings through said tailrace or sluice ditch in the ordinary course of mining caused a small portion of the Barthol Jacob Gold Placer mine, along the side of said tailrace or sluice ditch, to cave down and wash away, and said tailrace to cut down further into the bedrock, but no material or appreciable injury or damage was thereby caused or done to the plaintiffs, or either of them, or to any part of their said mining property; nor is any damage or injury threatened thereby."
Under the rule de minimis, there is here no showing which would entitle appellants to the injunction sought.
The judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.