Opinion
Civil Action 00-913-A
May 21, 2001
David Glenn Barger, Kilpatrick Stockton, LLP, Reston, Virginia, for Plaintiff.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This matter comes before the Court on the report and recommendation of Magistrate Judge Poretz of April 17, 2001, after Plaintiff moved for a default judgment. The Defendant has not filed any objections to the report and recommendation. Based on a de novo review of the evidence in this case, the Court adopts the recommendation of the magistrate judge. However, the Court does so for somewhat different reasons than those stated in the magistrate judge's report and recommendation.
This is a civil action against two Internet domain names under the in rem provision of the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protect Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1 125 (d)(2). Plaintiff owns a trademark in "Jack in the Box" for use in several capacities. As found by the magistrate judge, it appears that the domain names jackinthebox.org andjackinthebox.net were registered by two individuals but never developed into websites. Plaintiff sued in rem to seek the transfer of those domain names.
The question presented here is whether the mere act of registering an Internet domain name is sufficient to invoke the protection of the in rem provision of the Anticybersquattmg Consumer Protection Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125 (d)(2). The plain terms of the statute clearly state that registration is sufficient for the in personam provision of the statute, provided the other requirements of the statute are met. See 15 U.S.C. § 1125 (d)(1)(A)(ii) ("registers"). The in rem provision, however, states that an in rem action is permitted if, in addition to other requirements, "the domain name violates any right of the owner of a mark registered in the Patent and Trademark Office, or protected under subsection (a) or (c) [of 15 U.S.C. § 1125]." 15 U.S.C. § 1 125 (d)(2)(A)(i). The question, then, is whether the act of registering an Internet domain name (which, as here, is nearly identical to Plaintiffs mark) violates any of the Plaintiffs trademark rights, see. e.g., 15 U.S.C. § 1114 (1), or otherwise violates federal trademark law through false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, false or misleading misrepresentation of fact, or dilution.
The magistrate judge concluded that the act of registering an Internet domain name does not, by itself, violate any of a mark owner's rights or otherwise violates federal trademark law. However, the magistrate judge borrowed from the language in 15 U.S.C. § 1125 (d)(1), the in personam provision of the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, and concluded that mere registration was nevertheless a basis for invoking the protection of the in rem prong of the statute. The magistrate judge held that the inclusion of the word "registers" in the in personam prong can be carried over into the in rem prong. This Court disagrees with that finding.
Any analysis involving statutory construction must begin with the plain terms of the statute itself. See Chris v. Tenet, 221 F.3d 648, 651-52 (4th Cir. 2000). The in rem provision of the statute is quite clear that the res, the domain name, must itself violate a right of a mark owner who has registered the mark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office or that is protected by 15 U.S.C. § 1125 (a) (false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false or misleading misrepresentation of fact) or 15 U.S.C. § 1125 (c) (dilution). The in rem provision makes no mention of registration per se and does not say that the in personam prong of the statute is incorporated by reference. Rather, it points to substantive trademark law as the standard. The magistrate judge concluded that the mere registration of an Internet domain name that is confusingly similar to a trademark does not, by itself; violate substantive trademark law because such an action is not "in commerce."
15 U.S.C. § 1114 (1)(a) holds liable any person who, without the consent of the mark owner, "use[s] in commerce any reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation of a registered mark in connection with the sale, offering for sale, distribution, or advertising of any goods or services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive." Since this civil action is in default, the facts as stated in the complaint are deemed admitted and true. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(d). There is no question, therefore, that the domain names in question were registered as such. Except for the ".org" and ".net" suffixes, the domain names are exact replicas of Plaintiffs marks. Based on this fact, and the facts as alleged (and deemed admitted) in the complaint, there is no question that the registration of the domain names in question would lead to confusion, mistake, or deception.
The act of registration was in connection with the sale of the right to use the domain name, arguably either a good or service. This sale (from the domain name registrar to the unknown registrants) constituted "use in commerce." A domain name registrant need not actually develop a working website for the illegal use of the mark to constitute commercial use. The act of registering a domain name is a commercial act because it involves a sale between the registrant and the registrar. The infringing domain name is used in this commercial act because it itself becomes the good or service that is sold. It thus meets the definition of "use in commerce" under 15 U.S.C. § 1127, 15 U.S.C. § 11 14(1)(a), and 15 U.S.C. § 1125.
The Court would also apply the same analysis to 15 U.S.C. § 1125 (a) (false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false or misleading misrepresentation of fact) and 15 U.S.C. § 1125 (c) (dilution) and find that the registrant's actions violated those provisions as well.
Because the act of registering the domain names in question violated Plaintiffs rights to its mark, Plaintiff is entitled to relief under 15 U.S.C. § 1125 (d)(2), the in rem provision of the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act. There is no need for the Court to address the "bad faith" factors in the in personam provision of the statute because this action is one in rem. This is for the same reason why the term "registers" cannot be "borrowed" into the in rem prong from the in personam prong. The plain terms of the statute clearly state that the "bad faith" analysis applies only to 15 U.S.C. § 1 125 (d)(1), the in personam prong, not 15 U.S.C. § 1125 (d)(2), the in rem prong.
An appropriate order shall issue.
ORDER
This matter comes before the Court on the report and recommendation of Magistrate Judge Poretz of April 17, 2001. For the reasons stated in the accompanying memorandum opinion, it is hereby,
ORDERED that default judgment is entered for Plaintiff and the domain names jackinthebox.org and jackinthebox.net shall be transferred to Plaintiff.