Summary
In Ivy v. Rogers, 16 N.C. 58, the bill was filed before the passage of the act of 1826, reducing the time prescribed by the common law for raising the presumption of adjustment. TAYLOR, C. J., dates the beginning of the period to the time when the final administration account was rendered, because, as he explains, "the account thus stated enabled all parties concerned in interest to ascertain the sum acknowledged to be respectively due them; to enforce the payment if they were satisfied with the correctness of the accounts, or to reopen them if they were dissatisfied."
Summary of this case from Hodges v. CouncilOpinion
(June Term, 1827.)
1. Although lapse of time is no bar to an express trust, yet payment or other satisfaction may be presumed from it.
2. Where an administrator, two years after his qualification, made a return to the county court, admitting a balance against him, a bill filed twenty years afterwards by the next of kin, for that balance, without accounting for the delay, is too late.
3. It seems that the return alters the relation between the administrator and the next of kin, and divests the former of his character of trustee.
From WAKE. This was a bill filed in the court of equity, on 15 September, 1823, for an account and distribution of the estate of the defendant's intestate. The bill only set out the plaintiff's title, which was not disputed, and concluded with the usual prayer.
Devereux for plaintiff.
W. H. Haywood, contra.
The defendant, in his answer, stated that his intestate died, and administration was committed to him in 1800; that two years thereafter he had, pursuant to an order for that purpose, returned his account to the court, which exhibited the sum of $28.45 due each of the next of kin; averred that he had paid the plaintiff Polly the amount due her before her intermarriage with the plaintiff Nathan, and insisted upon the lapse of time as a protection.
There was some evidence taken and read at the hearing, but its recapitulation is not necessary to the elucidation of the case.
The equity of this case depends upon the question whether satisfaction of the sum demanded in the bill ought to be presumed, on the ordinary principles on which this Court proceeds. In 1802 the defendant settled his administration accounts, in (59) which he charged himself with a balance due the distributees. This settlement was made under the authority of the county court, in the customary mode; and if no higher effect can be ascribed to it, as an ex parte proceeding, it possessed, at least, this quality, of enabling all the parties concerned in interest to ascertain the sum acknowledged to be respectively due them; to enforce the payment, if they were satisfied with the correctness of the accounts, or to open them if they were dissatisfied.
In 1828, more than twenty years afterwards, this bill is filed, without showing any reasons for the delay, and containing only on that point the general and formal allegation that the defendant had failed to account, after being requested to do so.
Now, had a bond been executed to the complainants for their individual share, and no interest paid within the time, the presumption of payment would have arisen at law, and been effectual to prevent a recovery, unless it could be repelled by some of those circumstances which are usually relied upon for that purpose, such as insolvency or near relationship, or the absence of the party entitled to the money.
Though this case is purely of equitable jurisdiction, and not subject to any legal bar, by force of the statute of limitations, yet this Court has from an early period adopted rules as to barring an equity, drawn as nearly as possible from analogy to the rules of law. Thus a mortgagor coming to redeem after twenty years possession by the mortgagee, without showing some act in which it was treated as a mortgage within that period, is too late. The principles of all these decisions has been affirmed and sanctioned by an act of the last Legislature, by which the presumption arises within ten years. (Laws 1826, ch. 28.)
In a case marked with the circumstances presented here, the Court will presume satisfaction, and throw the onus probandi upon the (60) distributee, who ought to satisfy the Court that the presumption cannot take place; otherwise, the greatest mischief may be apprehended from parties being called on to account at a remote period, when, according to the course of human affairs, their vouchers may be lost or their witnesses may be dead.
The presumption of payment is materially strengthened when a sum of money is acknowledged to be due to a particular person, the payment of which may be enforced at his will; for as a man must be supposed to be always ready to enjoy what is his own, proceedings would have been sooner instituted had the money not been paid. Where the defendant can discharge himself only by a payment of the money into court, the presumption is impaired in its strength. Hercy v. Dinwiddy, 2 Ves., Jr., 90.
The only demand of this money proved in this case was made about the time of filing the bill; but I do not conceive it would have varied the principle of the decision if an earlier demand had been shown, for the mere demand of a debt without process, or any acknowledgment, is not sufficient to take a case out of the statute of limitations; nor, as I apprehend, would a demand without process repel the presumption from the lapse of time. Oswald v. Legh, 1 Term, 272.
With respect to the answer made to the loss of remedy by the lapse of time, that the defendant is a trustee, and therefore cannot avail himself of this defense, I deem it unnecessary to examine the doctrine relative to express and implied trust, because the settlement of account by the administrator presents a clear ground of decision, whatever the defendant's original character may have been. From that time the trust ceased to be open, and the defendant stood in a new relation to the complainant as his debtor. Could the complainant have sued at law, his cause of action would there have accrued, and the statute would (61) have begun to run from that time. Certainly, then, the defendant may rely upon the lapse of time in this Court.
This does not, however, appear to be a case wherein the defendant is entitled to costs, for though the bill should be dismissed upon the general presumption of payment, which is raised in these cases, where there are no means of creating beliefs or disbeliefs, yet the defendant's allegation of the fact is vague and unsatisfactory. He only states that he has long since paid the complainant, before her intermarriage. It is neither specific as to time, place, nor attending circumstances, which would render it impossible to be met by counter evidence. The rest of the answer as to the fact of payment is argumentative.
PER CURIAM. Bill dismissed.
Cited: Shearin v. Eaton, 37 N.C. 285; Hodges v. Council, 86 N.C. 184; Vaughan v. Hines, 87 N.C. 448; Grant v. Hughes, 94 N.C. 237; Woody v. Brooks, 102 N.C. 344; Self v. Shugart, 135 N.C. 198.