Summary
In INA Insurance Co. v. Commonwealth Ins. Dept., 376 A.2d 670 (Pa.Cmwlth. 1977), the insurance company also argued that the causation problem was the main reason for these time limitations.
Summary of this case from Strickland v. Gulf Life Ins. Co.Opinion
Argued June 7, 1977
August 11, 1977.
Insurance — Approval of policy provisions — The Insurance Company Law of 1921, Act 1921, May 17, P.L. 682 — Equity — Administrative Agency Law, Act 1945, June 4, P.L. 1338 — Adequate legal remedy — Power of Insurance Commissioner — Commonwealth Documents Law, 45 Pa. C.S. § 1101 — Statement of policy — Accidental death rider — Double indemnity — Time of death limitations — Public policy.
1. The Administrative Agency Law, Act 1945, June 4, P.L. 1388, provides an adequate legal remedy to secure by appeal, the judicial review of an adjudication of the Insurance Commissioner under The Insurance Company Law of 1921, Act 1921, May 17, P.L. 682, denying approval of a proposed life insurance policy rider, and the court will not exercise equity jurisdiction where such legal remedy exists and has not been exhausted. [419-20]
2. The Insurance Commissioner charged with the duty of passing upon proposed insurance policy provisions may exercise independent judgment and is not bound by decisions and reasoning applied by a subordinate policy and rate examiner in his review preceding the decision of the Insurance Commissioner. [420]
3. A policy statement of the Insurance Commissioner, which does not represent an exercise of lawmaking power but is only interpretive of decisions of others binding upon the Insurance Commissioner, is not subject to the formal requirements for adoption established by the Commonwealth Documents Law, 45 Pa. C.S. § 1101 [420-1]
4. A life insurance double indemnity accidental death rider which provides that such benefit will not be paid unless death occurs within an arbitrary time period after the accident sustained is offensive to the basic concepts and objectives of life insurance and is contrary to public policy. [421-2-3]
5. Any time limitation in a life insurance policy, requiring death to occur within a specific period after an accident is sustained before payment of accidental death benefits will be made when the death results directly from the accidental injury independent of all other causes, is properly found by the Insurance Commissioner to be violative of public policy. [423-4]
Argued June 7, 1977, before President Judge BOWMAN and Judges CRUMLISH, JR., KRAMER, WILKINSON, JR., MENCER, ROGERS and BLATT. Judge KRAMER did not participate in the decision.
Appeal, No. 204 C.D. 1977, from the Order of the Insurance Commissioner in case of In the Matter of: INA Life Insurance Company Forms 76RL24, 76RL25 and 76RL28, Docket No. R76-6-2.
Proposed insurance policy riders rejected by Department of Insurance examiner. Decision submitted to Insurance Commissioner. Riders disapproved. Insurance company filed petition for review in the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania in the nature of a complaint in equity and in the nature of an appeal. Held: Petition seeking relief in equity dismissed. Order of Commissioner affirmed.
S. Walter Foulkrod, III, with him Pepper, Hamilton Scheetz, for petitioner.
Barbara Anne Brown, Assistant Attorney General, with her John H. Isom, Assistant Attorney General, Guy J. DePasquale, Assistant Attorney General, and Robert P. Kane, Attorney General, for respondents.
INA Life Insurance Company (INA) submitted for approval to the Insurance Department (Department) three policy forms offering double indemnity accidental death benefits that it planned to offer as riders to its standard life insurance policies. Included in the proposed riders was the following limitation or condition:
Section 354 of The Insurance Company Law of 1921 (Act), Act of May 17, 1921, P.L. 682, added by Act of June 23, 1931, P.L. 904, as amended, 40 P. S. § 477b, requires approval of the Insurance Commissioner prior to the marketing of such a rider and provides a right of appeal to this Court pursuant to the Administrative Agency Law, Act of June 4, 1945, P.L. 1388, as amended, 71 P. S. § 1710.1 et seq. See also Section 616 of the Act, 40 P. S. § 751.
INDEMNITY. If the Insured sustains an accidental bodily injury while insured under this policy which results, directly and independently of all other causes and within 365 days of the accident causing such injury, in the Insured's death, the Company agrees to pay . . . upon receipt at its Administrative Office of satisfactory proof of death, the amount of Accident Indemnity. (Emphasis added.)
Insignificant differences among the three forms are not indicated.
A Department rate and policy examiner rejected these riders on the ground, inter alia, that said 365 day limitation conflicted with a statement of policy issued by the Insurance Commissioner (Commissioner) in conjunction with proposed regulations appearing at 4 Pa. B. 1924 (September 7, 1974). Said statement of policy provided, in pertinent part:
The Pennsylvania Supreme Court, in Burne v. Franklin Life Insurance Company, 451 Pa. 218, 301 A.2d 799 (1973), held that a policy provision that accidental death benefits would be payable only if death occurred within 90 days from the date of the accident was contrary to public policy and unenforceable. The Court further held that such provision was not applicable where there was no dispute as to the cause of death. The Court's opinion also contained dicta against any time period limitation restricting recovery of accidental death benefits where death is caused by accident.
In response to the request of the Insurance Commissioner, the Attorney General issued an opinion on April 26, 1974, Pa. B. 962, May 11, 1974, [Atty. Gen. Op. No. 22] that the Insurance Commissioner may disapprove any policies 'which purport to cut off accidental death benefits by any arbitrary time limit'.
INA and the Department subsequently entered into a stipulation of facts and, INA having waived the hearing it had previously requested, the matter was submitted on briefs to a hearing officer. On December 30, 1976, the Commissioner entered an order and adjudication affirming the disapproval of the proposed riders upon the authority of Burne and Atty. Gen. Op. No. 22.
Thereafter, INA, by a petition for review, invoked our original jurisdiction in the nature of a complaint in equity under Section 401, Appellate Court Jurisdiction Act of 1970 (ACJA), Act of July 31, 1970, P.L. 673, as amended, 17 Pa.C.S.A. § 211.401, and sought judicial review of the adjudication of the Commissioner pursuant to Section 403, ACJA, 17 Pa.C.S.A. § 211.403. Preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer and questioning this Court's jurisdiction in equity were then filed, which, in our view, must be considered as directed solely to the ACJA Section 401 assertion of INA's petition for review. Centennial Bank v. Whitesell, 30 Pa. Commw. 445 n. 1, 375 A.2d 1333 n. 1 (1977).
A court of equity will not invoke its jurisdiction where there exists an adequate remedy at law which has not been exhausted. Friestad v. Travelers Indemnity Co., 452 Pa. 417, 306 A.2d 295 (1973); Pennsylvania Life Insurance Co. v. Pennsylvania National Life Insurance Co., 417 Pa. 168, 208 A.2d 780 (1965). The Administrative Agency Law, supra note 1, affords such a remedy, and the facts of this case are not such as to justify a departure from this sound limitation on equity's jurisdiction. We, therefore, sustain the preliminary objection to that portion of the petition for review in the nature of a complaint in equity invoking our original jurisdiction and, to that extent, the petition for review is dismissed.
We turn next to that portion of the petition for review framed as a Section 403 ACJA appeal from an adjudication of the Commissioner.
Section 2(a) of the Administrative Agency Law, 71 P. S. § 1710.2 (a).
INA argues first that it was denied due process of law because the proposed regulations accompanying the above quoted statement of policy were never, in fact, adopted, and because the Commissioner relied in his adjudication upon authority other than that relied upon by the Department's rate and policy examiner. This argument is patently without merit. Section 354 of the Act, 40 P. S. § 477b, requires approval by the Commissioner of proposed policies, riders, etc., and it is from an adjudication of the Commissioner that an appeal lies. There is no authority for the proposition that the Commissioner is bound in his adjudications by the decisions and reasoning of a subordinate. In the context of an appeal from an adjudication of the Commissioner the decision and reasoning of a rate examiner are of no moment.
We note only in passing that the Commissioner and the examiner did in fact rely upon identical authority and merely referenced them differently. A cursory reading of the record would reveal as much.
INA next argues that the provisions of 45 Pa. C.S. § 1101 et seq. (Commonwealth Documents Law) were violated because the Commissioner relied in his determination upon proposed regulations never formally processed and adopted. This too is without merit as the proposed regulations in question played no role in the Commissioner's determination. Rather, the Commissioner relied specifically upon Burne and Atty. Gen. Op. No. 22. The statement of policy, which INA also claims to have been erroneously relied upon, did no more than take cognizance of and interpret these decisions by which the Commissioner was bound, see Townsend Trust, 349 Pa. 162, 36 A.2d 438 (1944), and such a statement is specifically authorized by 45 Pa. C.S. § 1101(13). Being merely interpretive, and not an exercise in delegated lawmaking power, the statement of policy was, in any event, exempt from the procedural provisions of 45 Pa. C.S. § 1101 et seq. Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission v. Norristown Area School District, 20 Pa. Commw. 555, 342 A.2d 464 (1975).
The ultimate issue in these proceedings is whether the pronouncement of Burne represents an absolute ban upon provisions in accidental death insurance policies which require, as a prerequisite to payment of benefits, that the insured die within a given period of time following the accident, or whether it is to be narrowly construed as limited to its facts. In Burne, the insured was struck by an automobile and suffered fatal injuries. By heroic medical efforts, he was nevertheless kept alive for four and one-half years. The insured's accidental death policies contained a time limitation identical in all significant respects to the proposed riders in question here, except the time limitation in Burne required death within 90 days in lieu of 365 days.
Pointing out that there was no dispute as to the cause of death, the Court, through Justice ROBERTS, held that the 90 day limit was inapplicable and would not be enforced as "[i]t is well settled that if a provision in an insurance policy cannot reasonably be applied to a certain factual situation it should be disregarded." Burne, supra, 451 Pa. at 224, 301 A.2d at 802.
Accord, Karl v. New York Life Insurance Co., 139 N.J. Super. 318, 353 A.2d 564 (Law Div. 1976).
In Burne, the Court was not called upon to decide the inherent validity of a provision such as the one before us today. Rather, it was faced with a clearly delineated set of facts and with a dispute readily resolved by application of the legal principle quoted above. Such is not the situation in the case at bar as we are called upon to decide whether the inclusion in an accidental death policy of a provision requiring the death of the insured by a specific date as a prerequisite to the payment of benefits is in and of itself, regardless of subsequent application, void as against public policy.
In this light, it is significant that before reaching its narrow holding, the Supreme Court carefully and thoroughly analyzed those considerations of public policy offended by an insurance policy provision mandating death by a specific date. Having noted that the medical profession has advanced to the stage at which it may keep people alive for indeterminate periods through mechanical devices although death is inevitable, the Court went on to say that a contrary result would be
a gruesome paradox indeed — it would permit double indemnity recovery for the death of an accident victim who dies instantly or within ninety days of an accident, but would deny such recovery for the death of an accident victim who endures the agony of prolonged illness, suffers longer, and necessitates greater expense by his family in hopes of sustaining life even momentarily beyond the ninety day period. To predicate liability under a life insurance policy upon death occurring only on or prior to a specific date, while denying policy recovery if death occurs after that fixed date, offends the basic concepts and fundamental objectives of life insurance and is contrary to public policy . . . .
[A]nguish ought not to be aggravated in cases of this kind with concerns of whether the moment of death permits or defeats the double indemnity claim. So too, the decisions as to what medical treatment should be accorded an accident victim should be unhampered by considerations which might have a tendency to encourage something less than the maximum medical care on penalty of financial loss if such care succeeds in extending life beyond the 90th day. All such factors should, wherever possible, be removed from the antiseptic halls of the hospital. Rejection of the arbitrary ninety day provision does exactly that.
Burne, supra, 451 Pa. at 222-23, 301 A.2d at 801-02.
This reasoning extends well beyond the factual perimeters of Burne, is no less applicable to a 365 day limitation as to a 90 day limitation, and is controlling here.
INA's contention that such a time limit is necessary to protect it from having to pay benefits on doubtful claims ignores the fact that in all instances when a claim is filed, it is the claimant's burden to prove entitlement to benefits. If the passage of time obscures the cause of death, the claimant's burden becomes all the heavier.
However desirable it might be for an insurer, as a practical matter, to avoid this problem by denying benefits to those insureds who survive the time limitation attached to this type of coverage but who die as a direct result of accidental bodily injury independent of all other causes, we view any such time limitation as violative of public policy within the pronouncement of Burne. We shall not reverse the Commissioner. Insurance Department v. Ciervo, 24 Pa. Commw. 29, 353 A.2d 900 (1976); Insurance Department v. Equitable Beneficial Mutual Life Insurance Co., 20 Pa. Commw. 10, 339 A.2d 901 (1975).
Judge KRAMER did not participate in the decision in this case.
ORDER
NOW, August 11, 1977, it is hereby ordered as follows:
1. To the extent the petition for review invokes the original jurisdiction of this Court in equity, it is dismissed.
2. The order of the Insurance Commissioner is hereby affirmed.