Opinion
No. 14-05-01222-CV
Memorandum Opinion of June 1, 2006. Memorandum Opinion Nunc Pro Tunc issued October 13, 2006.
Original Proceeding Writ of Mandamus.
Petition for Writ of Mandamus Conditionally Granted.
Panel consists of Justices HUDSON, FROST, and SEYMORE.
MEMORANDUM OPINION NUNC PRO TUNC
In this original proceeding, relator, Dawn Johnson Whatley, seeks a writ of mandamus ordering the respondent, Honorable Michael James Wood, to vacate all orders signed while the case was removed to federal court or while a motion to recuse was pending. We conditionally grant the writ.
This case arises from a guardianship proceeding in which Robert Daniel Whatley and Jeanie Anderson sought appointment of Jeanie Anderson as guardian of the person and estate of Perry Lee Whatley. Relator is Perry Whatley's wife. The case has been removed to federal court several times and remanded back to state court. Relator also has filed a number of recusal motions. On September 29, 2005, the trial judge appointed Mylus James Walker as the temporary guardian of the person and estate of Perry Whatley. On October 13, 2005, the trial judge entered an order, reaffirming the appointment of Walker as temporary guardian. On December 14, 2005, the trial judge signed an order appointing Walker as the permanent guardian of the estate of Perry Whatley and appointing Jeanie Anderson as the permanent guardian of the person of Perry Whatley.
This is the second original proceeding filed by relator concerning recusal motions. See In re Whatley, 2005 WL 3005730 (Tex.App.BHouston [14th Dist.] Nov. 10, 2005, orig. proceeding). Relator also has an appeal pending in this court, challenging the December 14, 2005, order appointing permanent guardians for Perry Whatley, as well as other rulings by the trial court.
In this original proceeding, relator raises several issues. Relator claims Judge Wood ignored a mandatory duty to refrain from signing orders while a motion to recuse was pending, ignored a mandatory duty to refrain from signing orders after a notice of removal had been filed; and failed to refer a motion to disqualify.
Mandamus relief is generally available if the trial court abuses its discretion, either in resolving factual issues or in determining legal principles when there is no other adequate remedy by law. See Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839-40 (Tex. 1992). A trial court abuses its discretion if "it reaches a decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to a clear and prejudicial error of law." Johnson v. Fourth Court of Appeals, 700 S.W.2d 916, 917 (Tex. 1985). In most cases, in determining whether the writ should issue, we must further determine whether the party has an adequate remedy by appeal. Id. However, when a judge continues to sit in violation of a constitutional proscription, mandamus is available to compel disqualification without a showing that relator lacks an adequate remedy by appeal because any orders rendered by a judge who is constitutionally disqualified are void and without effect. In re Union Pac. Res. Co., 969 S.W.2d 427, 428 (Tex. 1998).
On the other hand, denial of a motion to recuse is appealable upon final judgment. TEX. R. CIV. P. 18a(f). Furthermore, the supreme court has held that the erroneous denial of a motion to recuse does not void or nullify the judge's subsequent acts. See In re Union Pac. Resources Co., 969 S.W.2d 427, 428 (Tex. 1998). However, mandamus is available when a motion to recuse is filed and the judge refuses either to recuse himself or refer the motion to the presiding judge. Winfield v. Daggett, 846 S.W.2d 920, 922 (Tex.App.BHouston [1st Dist.] 1993, orig. proceeding) (found judge violated duty to recuse himself or refer the motion to recuse and that there was no adequate remedy by appeal because, by refusing to refer the motion, judge had precluded relator from developing a record for appeal). Mandamus relief is also available without the necessity of showing an adequate remedy by appeal where the trial court's order is void. See Dikeman v. Snell, 490 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex. 1973); In re Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Ry. Co., 12 S.W.3d 891, 894 (Tex.App.BHouston [14th Dist.] 2000, orig. proceeding [mand. denied]).
Disqualification
Relator complains that the respondent refused to refer the motion to disqualify. The record shows that a motion to disqualify, included in a motion to recuse, was filed on September 9, 2005, by Perry Lee Whatley and joined by relator. On September 9, 2005, Presiding Judge King referred the September 9th recusal motion to Judge Gladys Burwell. The record contains no ruling on this motion. A subsequent recusal motion, also raising disqualification grounds, was filed on September 12, 2005, by relator. Although the only options available to Judge Wood were either to recuse himself or refer the motion, Judge Wood signed an order denying the motion. However, the same day, Judge Wood also referred the motion to Presiding Judge King, who assigned it to Judge Burwell. On November 3, 2005, Judge Burwell signed an order expressly denying the September 12, 2005. The order does not mention the recusal motion filed on September 9, 2005.
Relator has filed a request that we take judicial notice of a document filed in federal court by Judge Wood in January 2006. The document purportedly filed by Judge Wood during removal to federal court is entitled, "DEFENDANT PROBATE JUDGE MIKE WOOD'S MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF HIS MOTION TO DISMISS OR IN THE ALTERNATIVE FOR A MORE DEFINITE STATEMENT." The motion purportedly seeks dismissal of In this document, Judge Wood asks the federal district court to dismiss Whatley's lawsuit against Mylus James Walker for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or in the alternative, for a more definite statement. Real party Mylus James Walker objects to our taking judicial notice of this filing. While relator primarily asks for judicial notice of the document because it contains statements about the number of recusal motions filed, and this is the basis for real party's objection, relator also asks that we consider it in our review regarding disqualification. Because this document did not exist when the motion for disqualification was filed, we cannot consider it. Thus, we deny relator's request that we take judicial notice of the motion to dismiss.
Although relator's argument is that the September 9th disqualification portion of the recusal motion was not referred, we find no merit to that argument. The September 9th motion was referred to the Presiding Judge and was assigned to Judge Burwell. Because this motion contained both recusal and disqualification grounds, and the motion was referred to the Presiding Judge, Judge Wood did not violate his mandatory duty to either recuse himself or refer the motion.
Relator does not challenge Judge Burwell's failure to rule on the September 9th motion. Thus, we do not address this issue or the grounds for recusal and disqualification asserted in this motion.
The September 12th motion, though entitled a motion to recuse, also contained disqualification grounds. Because Judge Wood referred this motion, which contained recusal and disqualification grounds, Judge Wood complied with the mandatory duty to either recuse himself or refer the motion to the presiding judge.
Recusal
Relator claims that Judge Wood improperly issued orders while recusal motions were pending and while the case was removed to federal court. State court has no jurisdiction to issue any rulings while a case is in federal court. Based on the record on file, we find that the September 9 and 12, 2005, recusal motions were filed after the case had been remanded back to state court. Likewise, Judge Wood denied and referred both motions while the case was in state court.
While these motions were pending before Judge Burwell, the case was removed to federal court on September 29, 2005, and remanded back to state court on October 6, 2005.
Real parties claim that the motions to recuse discussed in the petition are tertiary and thus, the trial court did not act inappropriately. Section 30.016 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code defines a "tertiary recusal motion" as "a third or subsequent motion for recusal or disqualification filed against a district court, statutory probate court, or statutory county court judge by the same party in a case." TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 30.016(a) (Vernon Supp. 2005). This statute provides that, a judge who declines to recuse himself after a tertiary recusal motion is filed, shall comply with the applicable rules of procedure for recusal and disqualification except that the judge shall continue to preside over the case, sign orders, and move the case to final disposition as though the tertiary motion had not been filed. Id. at § 30.016(b). Also, the denial of a tertiary recusal motion may be reviewed only on appeal from the final judgment. Id. at § 30.016(d).
The record shows that relator filed a number of recusal motions against Judge Wood. The first motion to recuse was filed by relator on August 3, 2005. The second recusal motion, filed by relator on August 8, 2005, is entitled, "Dawn Johnson Whatley's Amended Verified Motion to Recuse Hon. Mike Wood, Judge, Harris County Probate Court No. 2." On September 9, 2005, relator and Perry Lee Whatley filed a joint motion to disqualify or recuse Judge Wood. Finally, on September 12, 2005, relator filed a "First Verified" motion to recuse Judge Wood.
Real parties argue that this motion was filed on August 5, 2005. The file stamp is not clearly shown on this document; however, the date of August 8, 2005 is visible and appears to be part of the file stamp.
Because the August 8th motion was an amended version of the motion filed on August 3rd, we find that these two motions are not separate and distinct recusal motions under the statute. Thus, the August 8th amended motion constitutes the first recusal motion filed by relator. The September 9th recusal motion, as joined by relator, constitutes the second motion filed by relator. The September 12th motion, filed only by relator and raising slightly different arguments from the September 9th motion, constitutes the third recusal motion filed by relator. Thus, the September 12th motion fits the statutory description of "tertiary." Because the September 9th motion was not a tertiary motion, Judge Wood was prohibited from acting until that motion was disposed. The record contains no ruling on the September 9th motion. While the September 9th motion and the September 12th motion were referred to Judge Burwell, her order of November 3rd disposes of only one of these motions — the September 12th motion. Because the September 12th motion was a separate motion, not an amendment of the September 9th motion, Judge Burwell should have ruled on the September 9th motion. However, relator has not sought mandamus relief against Judge Burwell for the failure to rule on the September 9th motion.
Real party, Mylus James Walker, argues that another recusal motion filed on August 8th, an "Objection to and Motion to Recuse Judge Russell Austin," counts as one of the motions supporting a finding that the September 9th motion is a tertiary one. We disagree. This motion seeks recusal of a different judge, and though Judge Austin is sitting in the same court as Judge Wood in order to hear the recusal motions against Judge Wood, we construe the statute to require that in determining whether the motions are tertiary, we may count only the motions seeking recusal of the same judge. Because the August 8th motion and objection sought recusal of Judge Austin and not Judge Wood, we do not consider it in our determination of tertiary recusal motions.
Nonetheless, relator has asserted that Judge Wood signed orders while a recusal motion was pending. Because the record contains no ruling on the September 9th recusal motion, that recusal motion is pending. After the September 9th recusal motion was filed, Judge Wood signed several orders, including an order appointing Mylus Walker as temporary guardian for Perry Whatley, an order re-affirming the appointment of the temporary guardian, and an order appointing Walker as permanent guardian of the estate of Perry Whatley and appointing Jeanie Anderson as permanent guardian of the person of Perry Whatley.
Rule 18a(d) states that a judge shall take no further action and make no further orders after the filing of a recusal motion, except for good cause stated in the order. TEX. R. CIV. P. 18a(d). None of the orders signed by Judge Wood after September 9, 2005, states good cause for taking further action while the recusal motion was pending. Because the orders signed by Judge Wood after the filing of the September 9, 2005, recusal motion violated the Rule 18a(d) prohibition against further trial court action, these orders are void and of no effect. See Carson v. McAdams, 908 S.W.2d 228, 228-29 (Tex.App.BHouston [1st Dist.] 1993, orig. proceeding); In re M.E.H., 2004 WL 1471092, *2 (Tex.App.BFort Worth July 1, 2004, no pet.). Consequently, relator is entitled to mandamus relief.
Relator additionally claims that Judge Wood issued rulings while the case was removed to federal court. The record shows that Judge Wood issued an order on September 29, 2005, the date the case was removed to federal court. Realizing that this order was issued while the case was removed, Judge Wood subsequently issued another order on October 13, 2005, after the case was remanded back to state court, in which Judge Wood confirmed the ruling made in the September 29, 2005, order. We agree with relator that Judge Wood had no jurisdiction to enter the September 29, 2005, order because, at that time, the case was pending in federal court. Accordingly, the September 29, 2005, order is void for this additional reason. Our review of the record reveals no other orders issued by Judge Wood while the case was removed to federal court.
Conclusion
Because the recusal motion filed on September 9, 2005, remains pending, the orders signed by Judge Wood on September 29, 2005, October 13, 2005, and December 14, 2005, are void. Additionally, the September 29, 2005, order issued by Judge Wood is void because Judge Wood had no jurisdiction to enter it while the case was removed to federal court. We conditionally grant relator's petition for writ of mandamus in part. We are confident Judge Wood will comply with this opinion. The writ will issue only in the unlikely event he fails to do so.