Opinion
01-22-2015
In the Matter of JAVAN W. and Others, Alleged to be Neglected Children. Columbia County Department of Social Services, Respondent; Aba W., Appellant.
Alexander W. Bloomstein, Hillsdale, for appellant. William J. Better, P.C., Kinderhook (N. Daniel Reeder of counsel), for respondent. Sheila M. Hurley, Malden–on–Hudson, attorney for the children.
Alexander W. Bloomstein, Hillsdale, for appellant.
William J. Better, P.C., Kinderhook (N. Daniel Reeder of counsel), for respondent.
Sheila M. Hurley, Malden–on–Hudson, attorney for the children.
Before: LAHTINEN, J.P., McCARTHY, EGAN JR. and DEVINE, JJ.
Opinion
McCARTHY, J.Appeal from an order of the Family Court of Columbia County (Nichols, J.), entered March 21, 2013, which granted petitioner's application, in a proceeding pursuant to Family Ct. Act article 10, to adjudicate respondent's children to be neglected.
Following two separate incidents requiring police intervention, petitioner commenced this proceeding alleging that respondent neglected four of her children (born in 1996, 1998, 2002 and 2008). After a hearing, Family Court found that respondent's actions during those two incidents constituted neglect of her children. The court continued the children in petitioner's care and placed respondent under a year-long order of supervision with specific services and conditions. Respondent appeals.
We reverse. To satisfy its burden on the neglect petition, petitioner had to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that respondent's failure “to exercise a minimum degree of care” in providing proper supervision or guardianship resulted in the children's “physical, mental or emotional condition” being impaired or placed “in imminent danger of becoming impaired” (Family Ct. Act § 1012[f][i] ; see Family Ct. Act § 1046[b][i] ; Nicholson v. Scoppetta, 3 N.Y.3d 357, 368, 787 N.Y.S.2d 196, 820 N.E.2d 840 [2004] ). There are two prongs: actual or imminent danger, and failure to exercise a minimum degree of care (see Nicholson v. Scoppetta, 3 N.Y.3d at 369–370, 787 N.Y.S.2d 196, 820 N.E.2d 840 ). The Legislature's requirement of actual or imminent danger of impairment prevents state intrusion into private family life in the absence of “serious harm or potential harm to the child, not just ... what might be deemed undesirable parental behavior” (id. at 369, 787 N.Y.S.2d 196, 820 N.E.2d 840 ). “Imminent danger, however, must be near or impending, not merely possible” (id. ).
Petitioner presented proof of two incidents. In July 2011, respondent had a verbal argument with her then 13–year–old daughter. Afterward, respondent was loudly explaining the situation to neighbors and cursing in the street. The police eventually attempted to arrest respondent and she resisted, cursing at the police. She was convicted of the violations of disorderly conduct and harassment in connection with this incident. The elder two of the four subject children were present for at least part of this incident.
In the second incident, in December 2011, respondent went out for the night without the children. While she and the 13–year–old child testified that respondent left a friend to babysit the three youngest children (the fourth was not living with respondent at the time), Family Court found this testimony incredible. Giving deference to that court's credibility determinations and factual findings (see Matter of Joseph MM. [Clifford MM.], 91 A.D.3d 1077, 1079, 937 N.Y.S.2d 377 [2012], lvs. denied 18 N.Y.3d 809, 944 N.Y.S.2d 480, 967 N.E.2d 705 [2012] ; Matter of Antonio NN., 28 A.D.3d 826, 828, 812 N.Y.S.2d 176 [2006] ), respondent left her 13–year–old daughter in charge of children who were nine and three, but also gave the 13–year–old child permission to sleep over at a friend's house that night. After an incident where someone fired shots into respondent's home, police went to the home and found the two youngest children there alone at approximately 3:00 a.m. The 13–year–old child returned shortly thereafter, but none of the children either could or would tell police or petitioner's employees where respondent was or provide a way to successfully contact her. A police officer initially on the scene testified that the two youngest children were visibly upset, but a caseworker who saw the three children approximately 40 minutes later testified that they were not upset. Respondent returned home at 9:30 a.m.
Regarding the first incident, although respondent's behavior was inappropriate and resulted in convictions of violations, the record does not indicate that her two children who were present were actually harmed or in any danger of impairment due to witnessing that behavior (compare Matter of Kaleb U. [Heather V.-Ryan U.], 77 A.D.3d 1097, 1099, 908 N.Y.S.2d 773 [2010] ). Similarly, the record does not indicate that petitioner established the first prong, that the three youngest children were in imminent danger of impairment, when respondent left them alone overnight. One police officer testified that the children were visibly upset when he first arrived at the house. That testimony is too vague to establish impairment of mental or emotional condition, and the record does not contain any expert opinion to that effect (see Matter of Susan B., 102 A.D.2d 938, 939, 477 N.Y.S.2d 759 [1984] ; see also Matter of John O., 42 A.D.3d 687, 688, 839 N.Y.S.2d 605 [2007] ; Matter of Anthony PP., 291 A.D.2d 687, 688–689, 737 N.Y.S.2d 430 [2002] ). Even if that testimony was sufficient to show some impairment, it is unclear if the children were upset because of respondent's actions in leaving them alone as opposed to the shooting that summoned the police or the police officers' entry into their home, which might have been accomplished by force (cf. Matter of Jennifer N., 173 A.D.2d 971, 973, 569 N.Y.S.2d 480 [1991] ). Leaving young children home alone overnight cannot be condoned, and such behavior satisfies the second prong of neglect in that respondent failed to exercise a minimum degree of care, did not provide proper supervision and her actions fell below what a reasonable and prudent parent would do in those circumstances. Nevertheless, one incident of this improper and irresponsible behavior does not qualify as neglect without a showing of imminent-rather than merely possible-danger of impairment to the children (see Matter of Coleen P., 148 A.D.2d 782, 784, 538 N.Y.S.2d 361 [1989] ; Matter of Susan B., 102 A.D.2d at 938, 477 N.Y.S.2d 759 ; see also Matter of Matthew WW. v. Johnson, 20 A.D.3d 669, 671, 799 N.Y.S.2d 594 [2005] ; Matter of Anthony PP., 291 A.D.2d at 688–689, 737 N.Y.S.2d 430 ; compare Matter of Stephen C. v. Johnson, 39 A.D.3d 932, 933–934, 834 N.Y.S.2d 346 [2007], lv. denied 9 N.Y.3d 804, 840 N.Y.S.2d 764, 872 N.E.2d 877 [2007] ; Matter of Antonio NN., 28 A.D.3d at 827–828, 812 N.Y.S.2d 176 ). Accordingly, due to petitioner's failure to present sufficient evidence of actual or imminent impairment, we must dismiss the petition (see Matter of John O., 42 A.D.3d at 688–689, 839 N.Y.S.2d 605 ; Matter of William EE., 157 A.D.2d 974, 976, 550 N.Y.S.2d 455 [1990] ).
LAHTINEN, J.P. and DEVINE, J., concur.
EGAN JR., J. (concurring).
I reluctantly concur. As found by Family Court and recognized by the majority, respondent exercised poor parental judgment in leaving her 13–year–old daughter in charge of her three- and nine-year-old siblings while simultaneously granting the daughter permission to sleep over at a friend's house that evening. The net effect of respondent's decision in this regard was to leave two young children alone in their home overnight—something that no responsible parent would do. There also, in my view, can be no serious question that the shots fired into respondent's residence later that night placed the children in imminent risk of, at the very least, physical harm—a proposition for which I do not believe expert testimony is required. That said, Family Ct. Act § 1012(f)(i) —as presently written—required petitioner to prove by a preponderance of the evidence (see Family Ct. Act § 1046[b] [i] ) that the children's physical condition was impaired, or was in imminent danger of becoming impaired, as a result of respondent's failure to exercise a minimum degree of care (see Nicholson v. Scoppetta, 3 N.Y.3d 357, 368–369, 787 N.Y.S.2d 196, 820 N.E.2d 840 [2004] ). As Family Court accurately found, the specific harm to which respondent's children were exposed, i.e., the gunfire, cannot on this record be attributed to any action or inaction on the part of respondent, and petitioner presented no other evidence of a generalized risk of impairment created by respondent's absence. Accordingly, I am constrained to agree that the two-prong test outlined in the statute and discussed in Nicholson has not been met here.
ORDERED that the order is reversed, on the law, without costs, and petition dismissed.