OPINION

McADAMS, J.

In the published portion of this opinion, we explore the effect of the phrases "all previous Orders of the Court not inconsistent with today's Orders remain in full force and effect," "[a]ll prior orders not in conflict remain in effect," and "[a]ll prior orders not in conflict with today's orders to remain in full force and effect" in a juvenile court disposition order on the question of the appealability of a previous juvenile court order. We conclude that such language does not revive a previous order that has become final and is nonappealable. It does not turn an otherwise nonappealable order into an appealable order.

Appellant Shaun R., a minor, challenges the imposition of several conditions of probation, five of which are gang related, in two Welfare and Institutions Code section 602 proceedings. After a contested jurisdictional hearing, the court sustained the allegations of the prosecution's fourth petition involving the minor and found that the minor had committed the following offenses: attempted auto burglary (Pen. Code, §§ 664, 459, 460, subd. (b), a felony); misdemeanor vandalism (§ 594, subds. (a), (b)(1)); and misdemeanor exhibiting a deadly weapon (§ 417, subd. (a)(1)).

At a disposition hearing in 2009, the court ordered the minor to remain in custody at juvenile hall, pending an opening at a designated group home, and imposed numerous conditions of probation, including conditions that prohibit the use of drugs or alcohol, association with gang members, and other gang-related activity.

On appeal, the minor challenges the 2009 disposition order and disposition orders issued in 2008 in another case. He contends that certain conditions of his probation are vague and overbroad because they (1) fail to give fair notice of their inconsistencies with probation conditions imposed in previous orders of probation; (2) do not contain a knowledge requirement; (3) do not define the terms "gang" and "gang-related"; (4) infringe on his right of free expression; and (5) are otherwise overbroad or vague. The Attorney General agrees that some of the conditions in the 2009 order must be modified. However, he argues that some of the conditions that the minor has placed at issue, which were imposed as part of the 2008 disposition orders in a previous case, are not properly before this court. We conclude that we do not have jurisdiction to address the minor's arguments regarding the probation conditions imposed in 2008. With regard to the 2009 disposition order, we modify a number of the probation conditions, and, as so modified, affirm the judgment.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Prior Offenses and Petitions

Since the age of 10, the minor has appeared before the juvenile court on a variety of charges, most of which were handled informally.

In June 2008, at age 15, the minor was declared a ward of the court and placed on probation after admitting allegations in his third Welfare and Institutions Code section 602 petition (case No. 302JV25631C; hereafter Petition C), which charged the minor with carrying a concealed dirk or dagger (§ 12020, subd. (a)(4), a felony), resisting arrest (§ 148, subd. (a)(1), a misdemeanor), and exhibiting a deadly weapon (§ 417, subd. (a)(1), also a misdemeanor). When the minor was arrested on the charges in Petition C, he was under the influence of alcohol, was wearing gang clothing, had gang references on his cell phone, had two tattoos, and told the officers he had been "norte" for two years.

At the disposition hearing in 2008, the court returned the minor to the custody of his mother on probation under the supervision of the probation officer and imposed several conditions of probation. The probation conditions are documented in two written orders in which the court ordered that the minor (1) not possess or use drugs or alcohol (Condition 15/21); (2) not associate with probationers, parolees, or gang members (Condition 18/24); (3) not frequent areas of gang activity or participate in gang activity (Condition 19/25); (4) not possess, wear, or display gang clothing or gang paraphernalia (Condition 20/26); (5) not obtain any new gang-related tattoos (Condition 21/27); and (6) not use or possess dangerous or deadly weapons (Condition 22/28). We shall hereafter refer to the disposition orders on Petition C as the "2008 Orders." Although the minor did not appeal the 2008 Orders, he challenges some of the probation conditions imposed at that time in the instant appeal.

Current Case

In the current case, the minor's fourth Welfare and Institutions Code section 602 petition (case No. 302JV25631D; hereafter Petition D), the prosecution charged the minor with attempted auto burglary (§§ 664, 459, 460, subd. (b), a felony), vandalism of $400 or more (§ 594, subds. (a), (b)(1), a misdemeanor), and exhibiting a deadly weapon (§ 417, subd. (a)(1), a misdemeanor) arising from an incident on July 13, 2009. The minor was 16 years old at the time of the offenses. One of the victims saw the minor walking around the victims' car with a metal object similar to a "slim jim." The victims then heard the sound of breaking glass. A few minutes later, when one of the victims confronted the minor and his cohorts in the parking lot, the minor threatened him with a hammer. The victims discovered that the side view mirrors on their car were broken.

After a contested jurisdictional hearing, the court found the allegations of the petition true beyond a reasonable doubt.

The minor subsequently told his probation officer that he had been affiliated with the Norteño gang for seven years and that he "jumped in" at age nine. By July 2009, the minor had acquired additional tattoos: (1) a single dot on the index finger of his right hand and four dots on the fingers of his left hand, signifying the number 14, which is associated with the Norteño gang, and (2) a "`Northern Star'" on the right side of his neck. He admitted to his probation officer that he violated probation by wearing gang clothing, associating with gang members, violating curfew, drinking alcohol, and smoking marijuana.

At the disposition hearing in November 2009, the court ordered the minor to remain under the custody of the probation officer and reside in a group home until January 2010, at which time a family reunification plan would be reassessed.

The court imposed several conditions of probation, six of which are at issue on appeal. The court ordered that the minor (1) "not use, possess, or be under the influence of alcohol or any form of controlled or illegal substance without the legal right to do so and submit to drug and substance abuse testing as directed by the Probation Officer" (Condition 8); (2) "not knowingly associate with any person whom he knows, to be a probationer, parolee, or gang member" (Condition 14); (3) "not knowingly participate in any gang activity and/or visit any areas of gang-related activity that are known to him unless he has prior permission from his Probation Officer" (Condition 15); (4) "not knowingly possess, display or wear any insignia, clothing, logos, emblems, badges, or buttons or display any gang signs or gestures which he knows to be gang-related" (Condition 16); (5) "not obtain any new tattoos that he knows to be gang-related" (Condition 17); and (6) "not knowingly post, display, or transmit any symbols or information that the minor knows to be gang-related" (Condition 18). Unlike the 2008 Orders, the disposition order on Petition D did not contain a "no weapons" condition. The court also ordered that "All previous Orders of the Court not inconsistent with today's Orders remain in full force and effect." We shall hereafter refer to the disposition order on Petition D as the "2009 Order."

DISCUSSION

In this appeal from the judgment on Petition D, the minor challenges probation conditions imposed in the 2008 Orders on Petition C, as well as conditions imposed in the 2009 Order on Petition D. The Attorney General argues that the conditions imposed in the 2008 Orders are not properly challenged in this appeal, since the minor could have but did not appeal those orders in 2008. As we explain, we agree that the 2008 Orders are not properly before us.

With regard to the minor's challenges to the conditions imposed in the 2009 Order, the Attorney General agrees that some of the conditions must be modified. We will address each of the conditions that the minor has placed at issue from that order separately. We will also address the minor's contention that the 2009 Order is vague because it fails to inform the minor of the ways in which it conflicts with the 2008 Orders. We begin by discussing the appealability of the 2008 Orders.

I. Appealability of 2008 Orders on Petition C

The minor attacks the 2008 Orders on several specific grounds, arguing (1) that Conditions 15/21, 21/27, and 22/28 lack a knowledge requirement; (2) that Conditions 18/24, 19/25, 20/26, and 21/27 fail to define the terms "gang" and "gang-related"; (3) that the terms "frequent" and "areas" in Condition 19/25 are vague and overbroad; (4) that Conditions 20/26 and 21/27 violate his right of free expression; and (5) that Condition 22/28 (the no weapons condition) is vague. The minor also argues that the 2009 Order is vague and overboard because the wording of the 2009 Order conflicts with that of the 2008 Orders. He generally "disputes the validity of all the terms imposed on both dates, and requests that the juvenile court specify each condition that [he] must comply with."

The Attorney General argues that the conditions imposed in the 2008 Orders are not properly challenged in this appeal, since the minor could have, but did not appeal those orders in 2008. The minor responds that there has been no waiver.

We conclude that the 2008 Orders are not appealable for two reasons. First, the minor's appeal from the 2008 Orders is not timely. Second, the minor failed to specify the 2008 Orders in his notice of appeal. We also reject the minor's contention that by ordering that "all previous Orders of the Court not inconsistent with today's Orders remain in full force and effect," "[a]ll prior orders not in conflict remain in effect," and "[a]ll prior orders not in conflict with today's orders to remain in full force and effect" (hereafter the "all prior orders" provisions) in the 2009 Order, the court reimposed the conditions in the 2008 Orders that do not conflict with the 2009 Order and that those provisions are therefore appealable in this appeal from the 2009 Order.

A. Timeliness of Appeal

A minor may appeal a judgment in a Welfare and Institutions Code section 601 or 602 proceeding "in the same manner as any final judgment." (Welf. Inst. Code, § 800, subd. (a).) The juvenile court's jurisdictional findings are not immediately appealable and the appeal is taken from the order made after the disposition hearing. ( In re James J. (1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 1339 [ 232 Cal.Rptr. 456].) The minor may also appeal any subsequent order in such proceedings "as from an order after judgment." (Welf. Inst. Code, § 800, subd. (a).)

An appeal in a juvenile case must generally be filed "within 60 days after the rendition of the judgment or the making of the order being appealed." (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.406(a)(1) former rule 8.400(d).) "A timely notice of appeal, as a general matter, is `essential to appellate jurisdiction.'" ( People v. Mendez (1999) 19 Cal.4th 1084, 1094 [ 81 Cal.Rptr.2d 301, 969 P.2d 146].) "In general, an appealable order that is not appealed becomes final and binding and may not subsequently be attacked on an appeal from a later appealable order or judgment." ( People v. Ramirez (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 1412, 1421 [ 72 Cal.Rptr.3d 340].)

The court made the disposition orders on Petition C (the 2008 Orders) on June 20, 2008. The 60-day deadline for appealing those orders was August 19, 2008. The minor did not appeal from those orders. On July 15, 2009, the prosecution filed a new petition (Petition D) alleging new criminal offenses. The court made its disposition order on Petition D (the 2009 Order) on November 13, 2009. The minor filed a timely notice of appeal from that order on December 10, 2009. However, that notice of appeal was filed well beyond the 60-day deadline for noticing an appeal of the 2008 Orders. The minor's appeal of the 2008 Orders is therefore untimely.

B. Failure to Designate 2008 Orders in Notice of Appeal

In addition, deficiencies in the minor's notice of appeal preclude us from addressing issues related to the 2008 Orders. A notice of appeal is sufficient if it identifies the particular judgment or order being appealed. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.405(a)(3) former rule 8.400(c)(2).) The notice of appeal here lists only the separate case number for Petition D and states that the minor "appeals the judgment, after trial, entered . . . on or about November 13, 2009." It does not mention the 2008 Orders.

In In re Melvin J., the court held that a minor was precluded from raising certain contentions on appeal because he did not appeal from a disposition order entered in October 1998. ( In re Melvin J. (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 742 [ 96 Cal.Rptr.2d 917], disapproved of on another ground in John L. v. Superior Court (2004) 33 Cal.4th 158, 181, fn. 7 [ 14 Cal.Rptr.3d 261, 91 P.3d 205].) The court explained: "The notice of appeal filed in this case states that the minor appealed only from the order of November 18, 1998, and the hearing conducted on that day. . . . The notice of appeal does not purport to be from the order entered on October 23, 1998, and that order was separately appealable as a final disposition order. Since the minor never appealed the order of October 23, 1998, he is precluded from raising issues relating to that order." ( Melvin J., at p. 753.)

The notice of appeal in this case lists only the case number on Petition D and the 2009 Order; it does not state that the minor is appealing from the 2008 Orders. The minor is precluded from raising any issues related to the 2008 Orders in this appeal because he failed to list them in his notice of appeal.

C. Effect of "All Prior Orders" Provisions

At oral argument, the minor argued that the "all prior orders" provisions in the 2009 Order reimposed the probation conditions from the 2008 Orders that do not conflict with the 2009 Order and that those conditions are therefore properly before this court in this appeal. Of the conditions that the minor has placed at issue on appeal, the only condition from the 2008 Orders that does not have a counterpart in the 2009 Order is the weapons condition (Condition 22/28).

The minor did not appeal the 2008 Orders and they have become final. We do not agree that the routine continuation of a previous order without change revives the right to appeal the merits of a previous order that has become final. We note that in the context of dependency cases, courts have held that orders that have become final may not be reviewed in a later appeal from another appealable order. ( In re Meranda P. (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 1143, 1149-1150, 1156 [ 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 913]; In re Melvin A. (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 1243, 1250-1252 [ 98 Cal.Rptr.2d 844].) And the same is true of criminal appeals. ( People v. Ramirez, supra, 159 Cal.App.4th at p. 1421.)

In his concurring and dissenting opinion, Justice Mihara reasons that the 2009 Order " displaces" the 2008 Orders, that the "all prior orders" provisions in the 2009 Order " adopted and reimposed the 2008 weapons condition," and that the minor may therefore challenge the weapons condition in his appeal from the 2009 Order. (Conc. dis. opn., post, at p. 1147.) In our view, the "all prior orders" provisions did not reimpose the court's previous orders. They expressly instructed the minor that the court's prior orders that did not conflict with the 2009 Order "remain[ed] in effect" or in "full force and effect." We interpret that language to mean that the prior orders were not terminated or revoked by the new dispositional order. We agree with our colleague that every time a ward appears for disposition, the court may consider the minor's entire history and the order must be all encompassing. However, in our view that is separate and apart from the question of the appealability of a final order of the juvenile court.

The cases that Justice Mihara relies on in his separate opinion ( In re Michael B. (1980) 28 Cal.3d 548 [ 169 Cal.Rptr. 723, 620 P.2d 173] ( Michael B.); In re Ruben M. (1979) 96 Cal.App.3d 690, [ 158 Cal.Rptr. 197] ( Ruben M.), disapproved of on another ground in Michael B., at p. 554; In re Scott K. (1984) 156 Cal.App.3d 273 [ 203 Cal.Rptr. 268] ( Scott K.)) do not address the appealability question presented here or the meaning of the "all prior orders" provisions. In Michael B. and Ruben M., the appellate courts stated the general rule that after a new Welfare and Institutions Code section 602 petition is sustained, the juvenile court may consider all of the minor's prior record in determining the disposition in the new case. ( Michael B., at p. 553; Ruben M., at p. 696.)

We also disagree with our colleague's conclusions regarding the effect of our interpretation of the "all prior orders" provisions. He concludes that our decision precludes the juvenile court "from incorporating provisions of a prior dispositional order into a new dispositional order by means of an `all prior orders' provision in the new dispositional order" and that, as a result, "those prior orders would no longer be in force," which means that Shaun R. would no longer be subject to a weapons condition. (Conc. dis. opn., post, at p. 1148.) However, under our interpretation of the "all prior orders" provisions, the opposite is true. Since the weapons condition does not conflict with any of the conditions in the 2009 Order, it remains in full force and effect. Shaun is still subject to the weapons condition, he just cannot appeal from the order imposing it. Finally, if the juvenile court wishes to reimpose or incorporate a condition or term from a previous disposition order that has become final into a new disposition order, the court may do so by express reimposition or incorporation.

For all these reasons, we conclude that the "all prior orders" provisions in the 2009 Order did not create a right to appeal the 2008 Orders that were already final, that the appeal of the 2008 Orders is not properly before us, and that we are without jurisdiction to entertain the minor's arguments with regard to the 2008 Orders. Consequently, we shall not address those arguments further. We observe that the minor is not without a remedy because he may seek modification of the weapons condition in the juvenile court. (Welf. Inst. Code, §§ 775, 778; In re Luis F. (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 176, 192 [ 99 Cal.Rptr.3d 174] ( Luis F.); In re Brian K. (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 39, 44 1126 Cal.Rptr.2d 580].)

We conclude, however, that the minor's argument that the 2009 Order is vague and overbroad because it does not advise the minor which conditions from the 2008 Orders are in conflict with the 2009 Order is properly before us because it challenges the 2009 Order, not the 2008 Orders. We shall address this argument at the end of this opinion.

II. General Rules Governing Probation Conditions; Standard of Review

"The California Legislature has given trial courts broad discretion to devise appropriate conditions of probation, so long as they are intended to promote the `reformation and rehabilitation' of the probationer. (. . . § 1203.1, subd. (j).)" ( Luis E, supra, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 188.)

In cases involving juvenile offenders, Welfare and Institutions Code section 730, subdivision (b) provides that when a minor who is adjudged a ward of the court "is placed under the supervision of the probation officer the court may make any and all reasonable orders for the conduct of the ward. . . . The court may impose and require any and all reasonable conditions that it may determine fitting and proper to the end that justice may be done and the reformation and rehabilitation of the ward enhanced."

"Section 730 grants courts broad discretion in establishing conditions of probation in juvenile cases. [Citation.] `[T]he power of the juvenile court is even broader than that of a criminal court.'" ( In re Christopher M. (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 684, 692 [ 26 Cal.Rptr.3d 61].) As the court explained in In re Antonio R. (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 937, 941 [ 93 Cal.Rptr.2d 212], "juvenile [probation] conditions may be broader than those pertaining to adult offenders. This is because juveniles are deemed to be more in need of guidance and supervision than adults, and because a minor's constitutional rights are more circumscribed. The state, when it asserts jurisdiction over a minor, stands in the shoes of the parents. And a parent may `curtail a child's exercise of the constitutional rights . . . [because a] parent's own constitutionally protected "liberty" includes the right to "bring up children" [citation,] and to "direct the upbringing and education of children."'" Even conditions that infringe on constitutional rights may be valid if they are specifically tailored to fit the needs of the juvenile. ( Ibid.)

"In distinguishing between the permissible exercise of discretion in probationary sentencing by the juvenile court and that allowed in `adult' court, [our State Supreme Court has] advised that, `[a]lthough the goal of both types of probation is the rehabilitation of the offender, "[j]uvenile probation is not, as with an adult, an act of leniency in lieu of statutory punishment. . . ." [¶] In light of this difference, a condition of probation that would be unconstitutional or otherwise improper for an adult probationer may be permissible for a minor under the supervision of the juvenile court. . . . [¶] . . . [N]o choice is given to the youthful offender [to accept probation]. By contrast, an adult offender "has the right to refuse probation, for its conditions may appear to defendant more onerous than the sentence which might be imposed."'" ( In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 875, 889 [ 55 Cal.Rptr.3d 716, 153 P.3d 282] ( Sheena K.).)

"Of course, the juvenile court's discretion is not boundless. Sheena K., for example, involved a challenge to conditions of juvenile probation based on vagueness and overbreadth. [Citation.] Under the void for vagueness constitutional limitation, `[a]n order must be sufficiently precise for the probationer to know what is required of him, and for the court to determine whether the condition has been violated.' [Citations.] In addition, the overbreadth doctrine requires that conditions of probation that impinge on constitutional rights must be tailored carefully and reasonably related to the compelling state interest in reformation and rehabilitation. [Citations.] `If available alternative means exist which are less violative of the constitutional right and are narrowly drawn so as to correlate more closely with the purposes contemplated, those alternatives should be used.'" ( In re Luis R, supra, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 189, citing Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at pp. 889-890.)

Although the minor did not object to any of the conditions at issue when they were imposed in the juvenile court, we do not deem the issues forfeited on appeal, since the failure to object on the ground that a probation condition is unconstitutionally vague or overbroad is not forfeited on appeal. ( Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 889.) We apply the same rule to other constitutional challenges to a probation condition.

Generally, we review the court's imposition of a probation condition for an abuse of discretion. ( People v. Carbajal (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1114, 1121 [ 43 Cal.Rptr.2d 681, 899 P.2d 67]; accord, In re Christopher M., supra, 127 Cal.App.4th at p. 692.) However, we review constitutional challenges to a probation condition de novo. ( In re J.H. (2007) 158 Cal.App.4th 174, 183 [ 70 Cal.Rptr.3d 1].)

III. Condition 8 — Use of Alcohol or Controlled Substances

Condition 8 in the 2009 Order directs "[t]hat said minor not use, possess, or be under the influence of alcohol or any form of controlled or illegal substance without the legal right to do so and submit to drug and substance abuse testing as directed by the Probation Officer."

The minor argues that Condition 8 is unconstitutionally vague because it lacks a knowledge requirement. The Attorney General argues that the knowledge requirement is implicit in the wording of Condition 8, but does not "object to making it explicit by appropriate modification." Neither party proposes any specific language for modifying the condition.

The minor cites Sheena K. In Sheena K., our high court considered a challenge to a probation condition under which the juvenile offender was prohibited from "`associat[ing] with anyone disapproved of by probation.'" ( Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 878.) With respect to the association condition before it, the court concluded that in the absence of an express requirement of knowledge, the probation condition imposed upon the juvenile was unconstitutionally vague because it "did not notify [the juvenile] in advance with whom she might not associate through any reference to persons whom [she] knew to be disapproved of by her probation officer." ( Id. at pp. 891-892.) The court held that "modification to impose an explicit knowledge requirement was necessary to render the condition constitutional." ( Id. at p. 892.)

Similarly, we conclude that Condition No. 8 is constitutionally infirm because it fails to contain an express knowledge requirement. Such a condition of express knowledge is not one that should be left to implication. (See People v. O'Neil (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1351, 1357 ( O'Neil).) An appellate court is empowered to modify a probation condition in order to render it constitutional. ( Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 892.) Accordingly, we will order that Condition 8 be modified to read as follows (italicized language showing change): " The minor shall not knowingly use, possess, or be under the influence of alcohol or any form of controlled or illegal substance without the legal right to do so and the minor shall submit to drug and substance abuse testing as directed by the Probation Officer."

IV. Conditions 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 — Failure to Define "Gang" and "Gang-related"

The minor contends that the use of the terms "gang" and "gang-related" in Conditions 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the 2009 Order renders these conditions unconstitutionally vague. He argues that each of these conditions must be modified to reflect that the term "gang" refers to a "criminal street gang" as defined in section 186.22. The Attorney General agrees and suggests that we insert the following sentence at the end of each of these probations conditions: "`The words "gang" and "gang-related" refer to a "criminal street gang" as defined in . . . section 186.22, subdivisions (e) and (f).'"

We agree with the minor and the Attorney General that the terms "gang" and "gang-related" are unconstitutionally vague and that Conditions 14 through 18 should incorporate the definition of gang set forth in section 186.22, subdivision (f). (See, e.g., People v. Lopez (1998) 66 Cal.App.4th 615, 634 [solving similar vagueness problem by incorporating statute]; In re Vincent G. (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 238, 246 ( Vincent G.) [following Lopez]; see also In re Jorge G., supra, 117 Cal.App.4th at pp. 938-940 [applying definition of "gang" in section 186.22 to resolve vagueness challenge to section 186.30, a gang registration statute].) But it is not necessary to modify each of the gang conditions to accomplish this goal. "This definition need not be included in every gang condition for its meaning to be clear." ( In re Victor L. (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 902, 914 ( Victor L.) We have observed that many probation orders contain separate clauses that provide that the term "gang" means a "criminal street gang" as defined in section 186.22, subdivision (f). We shall modify the probation conditions in this case by adding a clause at the end that provides: "For the purposes of these probation conditions, the word `gang' means a `criminal street gang' as defined in . . . section 186.22, subdivision (f)."

V. Condition 15 — Visiting Areas of Gang Activity

The next condition that the minor challenges is Condition 15, which provides: "That said minor not knowingly participate in any gang activity and/or visit any areas of gang-related activity that are known to him unless he has prior permission from his Probation Officer."

Citing this court's decision in In re H.C. (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1067, the minor argues that the reference to "areas of gang-related activity" in Condition 15 is impermissibly vague and that the matter should be remanded to the trial court for appropriate modification as was done in H.C. Quoting H.C., the minor asserts that "areas of gang-related activity" might be "an entire district or town" and that it would be preferable for the probation officer "to name the actual geographic area that would be prohibited to the minor and then to except from that certain kinds of travel, that is, to school or to work." ( Id. at p. 1072.)

The Attorney General contends that Condition 15 is not vague because the word "areas" is modified by the phrase "that are known to him" and Condition 15 provides that the minor may seek permission from his probation officer to visit any areas about which the minor has doubts. The Attorney General argues that this "`safety valve saves the condition.'"

In our view, the very fact that the probation officer is entrusted with specifying the prohibited areas of "gang-related activity" prevents Condition 15 from being unconstitutionally vague and overbroad. In Victor L., supra, 182 Cal.App.4th 902, the First District Court of Appeal noted that the term "gang-related activity," as used in an analogous probation condition, may be problematic: "[E]ven with a knowledge requirement, the gang-related activities condition is impermissibly vague in that it does not provide notice of what areas [the minor] may not frequent or what types of activities he must shun." ( Victor L., supra, 182 Cal.App.4th at p. 914.) The Victor L. court found, however, that the probation condition could be saved by the addition of language authorizing the probation officer to notify the minor of the gang-related areas he must avoid. ( Id. at p. 918.) The court explained that "[s]uch specification, whether based on geographic or activity-based limits, not only reinforces the knowledge requirement, but also makes the condition of probation both clear enough to avoid a vagueness challenge and narrow enough to escape a claim of overbreadth." ( Ibid.) The court noted that the probation officer clause "allow[ed] specification of exact limits to be made by the probation officer on an individualized basis." ( Ibid.) The court observed that this delegation of authority was consistent with O'Neil, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th at pages 1358-1359, which held that "`[t]he court may leave to the discretion of the probation officer the specification of the many details that invariably are necessary to implement the terms of probation.'" ( Victor L., supra, 182 Cal.App.4th at p. 919 [quoting O'Neil].)

We concur with the court's reasoning in Victor L. As the court explained in O'Neil, "[t]here are many understandable considerations of efficiency and practicality that make it reasonable to leave to the probation department the amplification and refinement of a stay-away order." ( O'Neil, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th at p. 1358.) In the instant case, the juvenile court is dictating the general policy of avoiding areas of gang activity while leaving the specification of the details to the probation officer. (Cf. People v. Leon (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 943, 952 ( Leon) [amending unconstitutionally vague condition to include knowledge requirement with "the probation officer informs" language]; Vincent G., supra, 162 Cal.App.4th at pp. 247-248 [same].) The probation officer's authority to specify the restricted locations, in turn, prevents arbitrary and overbroad enforcement of the condition.

We do find, however, that additional modification of the condition would improve its clarity and serve to ensure that the probation officer's role is adequately circumscribed. In Leon, supra, 181 Cal.App.4th at page 952, this court considered whether a similar condition was unconstitutionally vague. Finding that it was, we modified the condition to read as follows: "You are not to visit or remain in any specific location which you know to be or which the probation officer informs you is an area of criminal-street-gang-related activity." ( Ibid., italics added.) This language makes it clear that passing through an area does not violate the condition; the minor must visit or remain in an area of gang-related activity. Moreover, by limiting the bar to "specific locations," the probation officer is precluded from designating entire towns or neighborhoods as areas of gang activity.

Accordingly, we will modify Condition 15 to read as follows: "The minor shall not participate in any gang activity and shall not visit or remain in any specific location known to him to be, or that the Probation Officer informs him to be, an area of gang-related activity."

VI. Conditions 16, 17, 18 — Gang Paraphernalia, Gestures, Transmissions and Tattoos

The minor challenges Conditions 16, 17, and 18 as vague and overbroad. He also asserts that they violate his constitutional right of free expression.

Condition 16 provides: "That said minor not knowingly possess, display or wear any insignia, clothing, logos, emblems, badges, or buttons or display any gang signs or gestures which he knows to be gang-related[.]" Condition 17 provides: "That said minor not obtain any new tattoos that he knows to be gang-related[.]" Condition 18 provides: "That said minor not knowingly post, display, or transmit any symbols or information that the minor knows to be gang-related."

The minor argues that restrictions such as these must provide specific definitions to be enforceable. He acknowledges that these conditions contain a knowledge requirement, but argues that they are defective because they do not contain a "safe-harbor provision enabling him to rely on directions from the probation officer." He asserts, further, that even with such a provision, the conditions would be defective because such modification does not eliminate the problem "that virtually every color or symbol has both a gang and a non-gang connotation." He complains that the conditions are "not limited to specifically-identified gangs amid the numerous gangs and sub-groups existing in [his] geographical area" and argues that "greater specification by the trial court is essential." The minor argues that a "valid term of probation should spell out the particular insignia, clothing, logos, emblems, badges, buttons, paraphernalia, symbols, information, tattoos, gang signs and gestures which are prohibited, as well as the particular gangs of concern," since these matters are known by courts, law enforcement, and school authorities.

The Attorney General argues that this places an unreasonable burden on the courts and that it is more reasonable to require the juvenile probationer to ask his probation officer whether a particular tattoo, item, transmission, or gesture is gang-related.

The United States Constitution protects the individual's freedom of speech and association and certain symbolic and expressive conduct. ( U.S. Const., 1st 14th Amends.; Gatto v. County of Sonoma (2002) 98 Cal.App.4th 744, 772 [recognizing liberty interest in personal dress and appearance].) Thus, any condition that limits these rights must be closely tailored to achieve a compelling state purpose; in this case, the reform and rehabilitation of the minor. ( In re Luis F., supra, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 189.)

We agree that the knowledge requirement and the delegation of authority to the probation officer to specify gang indicia aid in tailoring such probation conditions to the state's purpose. (See, e.g., Leon, supra, 181 Cal.App.4th at p. 951 [adding knowledge requirement, including probation officer language, to gang paraphernalia condition to avoid unconstitutional vagueness]; Lopez, supra, 66 Cal.App.4th at p. 629 [adding knowledge requirement to condition prohibiting display of gang indicia]; Victor L., supra, 182 Cal.App.4th at pp. 914-918 [delegation of authority to probation officer to specify areas of gang-related activity to cure vagueness and overbreadth problems in stay away order].) Although Conditions 16, 17, and 18 contain knowledge requirements, they do not contain language that delegates authority to the probation officer to amplify or refine the conditions.

For the reasons set forth in our discussion of Condition 15, we shall modify these conditions with language that delegates such authority to the probation officer. Accordingly, we will modify Condition 16 to read: "The minor shall not knowingly possess, display or wear any insignia, clothing, logos, emblems, badges, or buttons, or display any gang signs or gestures that he knows to be, or that the Probation Officer informs him to be, gang-related." Similarly, we modify Condition 17 to read: "The minor shall not obtain any new tattoos that he knows to be, or that the Probation Officer informs him to be, gang-related."

Condition 18, which prohibits the posting, display or transmission of any symbols or information known to be gang-related, plainly targets speech that is ordinarily protected by the First Amendment as it covers all forms of interpersonal communication. The transmission of information is broadly prohibited and there is no requirement that the transmission be between gang members or that the subject be criminal activity. "Transmit," for example, means simply "to send or convey from one person or place to another." (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dict. (10th ed. 1999) p. 1255.) The minor could violate the condition in any number of innocuous ways; e.g., waving to an acquaintance or relative who is a gang member, informing a friend of rumored gang actions, or discussing his past gang conduct for purposes of rehabilitation from his former gang ties. In short, the condition infringes on the minor's freedom of speech and is not carefully tailored to the state's purpose of reformation and rehabilitation. As such, the condition is overbroad.

The manifest purpose of Condition 18 is to prohibit the types of images with explicit gang content that were found on the minor's cell phone when he was arrested in 2008. The prohibition of such messages and photographs is indisputably closely tailored to the minor's reformation and rehabilitation. We believe the condition may be rendered constitutional by restricting it to gang-related information or symbols that are posted, displayed, or transmitted on or through the minor's cell phone, and we will modify Condition 18 to read: "The minor shall not post, display or transmit on or through his cell phone any symbols or information that the minor knows to be, or that the Probation Officer informs the minor to be, gang-related."

VII. Alleged Vagueness Resulting from Court's Failure to Specify Conflicts Between 2008 Orders and 2009 Order

The minor argues that the "all prior orders" provisions in the 2009 Order renders the probation conditions unconstitutionally vague because the court did not specify which orders it deemed to be inconsistent or in conflict with the 2009 Order. He argues, for example, that a condition in the 2009 Order that contains a knowledge requirement may conflict with an earlier condition addressing the same subject matter that does not contain such a requirement and that the court's "failure to specify where such conflicts are deemed to exist is itself an example of vagueness and overbreadth."

"[T]he underpinning of a vagueness challenge is the due process concept of `fair warning.' [Citation.] The rule of fair warning consists of `the due process concepts of preventing arbitrary law enforcement and providing adequate notice to potential offenders' [citation], protections that are `embodied in the due process clauses of the federal and California Constitutions.'" ( Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.) "In deciding the adequacy of any notice afforded those bound by a legal restriction, we are guided by the principles that `abstract legal commands must be applied in a specific context," and that, although not admitting of `mathematical certainty,' the language used must have `" reasonable specificity."'" ( Ibid.) "A probation condition `must be sufficiently precise for the probationer to know what is required of him, and for the court to determine whether the condition has been violated,' if it is to withstand a challenge on the ground of vagueness." ( Ibid.)

With regard to the probation conditions that the minor has placed at issue, a number of the conditions in the 2009 Order address the same topics as those in the 2008 Orders (i.e., clothing and paraphernalia, areas of gang activity, and tattoos). While the probation conditions in the 2008 Orders and the 2009 Order address the same topics, they differ because they lack a knowledge requirement, delegation of authority to the probation officer, or definition of the terms "gang" and "gang-related," and are thus inconsistent or in conflict with one another. The "all prior orders" provisions states that such prior inconsistent orders shall not remain in effect. We find no merit to the minor's contention that a 16 year old would not be able to determine that these probation conditions, which address the same topic, but are worded differently from one another, are in conflict with one another. To the extent that a new condition addresses the same subject matter as a condition that was previously imposed, the new condition controls.

The only condition that the minor has placed at issue that was imposed in 2008 but was not imposed in 2009 was the weapons condition. In our view, even a teenager is able to understand that a 2008 condition that has no counterpart in the 2009 Order is not inconsistent with the new order and therefore still applies.

Finally, the minor's suggestion that the court specify where the conflicts exist between the terms of a new disposition order and a previous order places too great a burden on the trial court.

For these reasons, we conclude the "all prior orders" provisions are not vague or overbroad.

DISPOSITION

We modify Condition 15 to read as follows: "The minor shall not participate in any gang activity and shall not visit or remain in any specific location known to him to be, or that the Probation Officer informs him to be, an area of gang-related activity."

We modify Condition 16 to read: "The minor shall not knowingly possess, display or wear any insignia, clothing, logos, emblems, badges, or buttons, or display any gang signs or gestures that he knows to be, or that the Probation Officer informs him to be, gang-related."

We modify Condition 17 to read: "The minor shall not obtain any new tattoos that he knows to be, or that the Probation Officer informs him to be, gang-related."

We modify Condition 18 to read: "The minor shall not post, display or transmit on or through his cell phone any symbols or information that the minor knows to be, or that the Probation Officer informs the minor to be, gang-related."

We modify the probation conditions in the 2009 Order to include the following definitional clause at the end: "For the purposes of these probation conditions, the words `gang' and `gang-related' mean a `criminal street gang' as defined in Penal Code section 186.22, subdivision (f)."

As so modified, the 2009 Order is affirmed.

Bamattre-Manoukian, Acting P. J., concurred.

186.22, subd. (e).)