Opinion
G023575
Filed January 11, 2000 Certified for Publication
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of California, County of Orange, No. J-168284C, Gregory W. Jones, Temporary Judge.
Pursuant to California, article VI., section 21.
Suzanne Rothlisberger, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Bill Lockyer, Attorney General, David P. Druliner, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Gary W. Schons, Senior Assistant Attorney General and Rhonda Cartwright-Ladendorf, Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
OPINION
The juvenile court found Robert E. committed perjury when he testified in his own defense in a previous trial. In this single issue appeal, he claims the court erred in admitting his confession to perjury because it was allegedly obtained in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel.
I
At a December 3, 1997 juvenile court hearing, Robert testified concerning charges of vandalism and assault with intent to cause great bodily harm (with an added gang enhancement). In his testimony Robert denied tagging a garage door with the moniker "FTTR Huero" on April 24, 1997, or writing anything on the garage door at all. He denied having "blue staining" on his hands when the police approached him that day and said the only "marker" in his possession was a ballpoint pen. Robert testified he did not have a gang nickname and was not even a member of a gang. He claimed all the officers who testified otherwise were lying. Nevertheless, the court found the allegations true and ordered Robert's detention in a juvenile facility for 180 days.
At Los Piños Juvenile Detention Camp, Robert was visited by Fullerton Police Officer John Siko and Detective Choceck on February 12, 1998, some 43 days after the dispositional hearing. After a Miranda warning, they interviewed him concerning his December 3 testimony. ( Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436.) The boy admitted testifying falsely at the jurisdictional hearing.
A subsequent petition alleging perjury was filed in the juvenile court on February 25. A defense motion to exclude Robert's confession on Sixth Amendment right to counsel grounds was denied, and Officer Siko testified concerning the Los Piños interview. The court found the perjury allegation true and sustained the petition.
II
Robert argues his Sixth Amendment right to counsel with respect to the assault and vandalism petition had not terminated when the officers interviewed him on February 12 and necessarily protected him from police questioning concerning the trial of those allegations. Thus, he claims, it was Massiah error for the court to admit his confession in the perjury hearing.
In Massiah v. United States (1964) 377 U.S. 201, the [ 84 S.Ct. 1199, 12 L.Ed.2d 246], the Supreme Court found a violation of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel when officers obtained incriminating statements from an accused by installing a radio transmitter in his car after he had pleaded not guilty and was released on bail.
The Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches when adversary proceedings are initiated ( McNeil v. Wisconsin (1991) 501 U.S. 171, 175 [ 111 S.Ct 2204, 2077, 115 L.Ed.2d 158]), but when precisely does it terminate? Robert argues the right to counsel extended at least through the 60-day time period to file an appeal (California Rules of Court, rule 31(d)) because trial counsel had a duty to at least explore the possibility of filing a notice of appeal. (See Pen. Code, § 1240.1, subd. (b); People v. Scott (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 550, 563-564 [ 75 Cal.Rptr.2d 315].) However, California case law is scarce on the subject.
We note that post-Proposition 8 evidence law (Cal. Const., art. I, § 28, subd. (d)) does not provide for the exclusion of evidence as a remedy for constitutional violations, "`except to the extent the exclusion remains federally compelled.'" ( People v. May (1988) 44 Cal.3d 309, 316, [ 243 Cal.Rptr 369, 748 P.2d 307] quoting In re Lance W. (1985) 37 Cal.3d 873, 886-887.) [ 210 Cal.Rptr 631, 694 P.2d 744].) May held that, in the wake of Proposition 8, statements obtained from the defendant in violation of Miranda were now admissible for impeachment purposes — directly contrary to the rule articulated in People v. Disbrow (1976) 16 Cal.3d 101. [ 127 Cal.Rptr. 360, 545 P.2d 272]. The Supreme Court found "section 28(d) abrogated the Disbrow rule and thereby left Harris v. New York (1971) 401 U.S. 222 to govern the case." ( May, supra, at p. 314.)
The longevity of a defendant's Fifth Amendment right to counsel has been more thoroughly examined in this state's jurisprudence. Generally, the Fifth Amendment right applies to post-conviction statements as long as a defendant's right to appeal has not expired. ( People v. Fonseca (1995) 36 Cal.App.4th 631, 635 [ 42 Cal.Rptr.2d 525]; In re Courtney S. (1982) 130 Cal.App.3d 567, 573 [ 181 Cal.Rptr. 843]; see also People v. Webster (1971) 14 Cal.App.3d 739 [ 93 Cal.Rptr. 260].) In Fonseca a codefendant, who had pleaded guilty, was permitted to assert his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination to avoid testifying in the defendant's trial. The court concluded, "the privilege expires when the time to file an appeal has passed with no notice of appeal filed." ( Fonseca, supra, at p. 637.)
We agree that where an attorney continues to have a duty to represent the interests of a defendant in continuing judicial proceedings the Sixth Amendment right to counsel is maintained as to that prosecution. As Cahill v. Rushen (E.D. Cal. 1980) 501 F. Supp. 1219 (affd. (9th Cir. 1982) 678 F.2d 791) explains, "The guarantee of counsel, in addition to assuring equality in trial-like adversary confrontations, prevents the accused from being misled by his lack of familiarity with the law. [Citations] Application of Massiah to post trial statements when an appeal is not final, will protect th[e] right to `counsel,' `assistance,' `advice,' and `shelter' [encompassed in the Sixth Amendment right to counsel]. Moreover, a refusal to apply Massiah to the present facts would also frustrate the goal of an appeal — a second trial uncontaminated by constitutional or other reversible error. Errors in the first trial would permit the introduction of evidence obtained in violation of the defendant's properly construed Sixth Amendment rights in a second trial." ( Cahill v. Rushen, supra, at p. 1223.) Thus, as the Attorney General concedes, in any retrial of the vandalism and assault charges the confession would be excluded, at least in the prosecution's case-in-chief.
In affirming the district court's decision in Cahill, the Ninth Circuit took a different view of the issue, finding the right to counsel did not extend from the first trial, but attached to the second. ( Cahill v. Rushen (9th Cir. 1982) 678 F.2d 791, 793 ["The question before us, then, is whether the interviewviolated Cahill's right to counsel with respect to the second trial. We therefore do not view the case in terms of an `extension' of the right to counsel after a first trial. Rather, we must focus on the need to preserve the protections of the sixth amendment in any trial in which conviction might result."].)
However, while we agree Robert's right to counsel had not necessarily terminated, we cannot agree that it carried over to the perjury charge. The Sixth Amendment right to counsel is "offense specific" and only prohibits government-initiated interrogation concerning the offense to which the right to counsel has attached. ( McNeil v. Wisconsin, supra, 501 U.S. at pp. 175-176 [ 111 S.Ct. at p. 2207]; People v. Clair (1992) 2 Cal.4th 629, 657-658.) [ 7 Cal.Rptr.2d 564, 828 P.2d 705].) An accused, represented by an attorney with respect to a particular offense, may be questioned by police regarding uncharged offenses; and "[i]ncriminating statements pertaining to those uncharged offenses, as to which the Sixth Amendment right has not yet attached, are admissible at a subsequent trial of those offenses." ( People v. Bradford (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1229, 1313.) [ 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 145, 939 P.2d 259].)
A narrow exception may apply, though, if the uncharged offense is so "inextricably intertwined" with the charged offense that the right to counsel "cannot constitutionally be isolated." ( United States v. Hines (9th Cir. 1992) 963 F.2d 255, 257.) Robert argues this exception should be applied because the perjury charge was based on the same set of facts as the assault and vandalism charges, his conduct on April 24, 1997.
As the Ninth Circuit points out, the United States Supreme Court has not expressly recognized the "inextricably intertwined" or "closely related" exception, but has "implicitly applied it in its Sixth Amendment decisions," Brewer v. Williams (1977) 430 U.S. 387 [ 97 S.Ct. 1232, 51 L.Ed.2d 424] and Maine v. Moulton (1985) 474 U.S. 159. [ 106 S.Ct. 477, 88 L.Ed.2d 481] (See discussion in United States v. Covarrubias (9th Cir. 1999) 179 F.3d 1219, 1224-1225.)
Every circuit has recognized this exception. (See, e.g., United States v. Melgar (4th Cir. 1998) 139 F.3d 1005, 1013, 1015; United States v. Doherty (6th Cir. 1997) 126 F.3d 769, 776; United States v. Arnold (3d Cir. 1997) 106 F.3d 37, 42; United States v. Kidd (4th Cir. 1993) 12 F.3d 30, 33; United States v. Mitcheltree (10th Cir. 1991) 940 F.2d 1329, 1342; United States v. Nocella (1st Cir. 1988) 849 F.2d 33, 37-38.)
The California Supreme Court cited the exception in People v. Wader (1993) 5 Cal.4th 610, 654, fn. 7, but noted, "it does not apply when the uncharged offenses are `logically distinct' from the charged offense." (See People v. Duren (1973) 9 Cal.3d 218, 243 (illegal possession of concealed firearm "completely unrelated charge" from murder prosecutions based on use of same weapon).)
A number of standards have been devised for determining when charges are "inextricably intertwined" or "closely related" in similar circumstances. Generally, courts examine the time, place, victims, and circumstances surrounding the offenses to determine whether a defendant is being pursued for essentially the same activities.
See United States v. Arnold, supra, 106 F.3d 37, 41 (similarities of time, place, person, and conduct); Whittlesey v. State (1992) 326 Md. 502 [ 606 A.2d 225] (identity of time, place, and conduct); United States v. Kidd, supra, 12 F.3d 30, 33 (must derive from the same "factual predicate" as the charged offense); People v. Spivey (1993) 245 Ill.App.3d 1018[186 Ill.Dec 48,] [ 615 N.E.2d 852] (similar criminal acts, occurring in same location but at different times with different victims were not "extremely closely related").
The exception does not logically apply here. Perjury may be committed in any sort of case, criminal or civil; and it seems cogent to reason that it should be considered logically distinct from the subject matter of any lawsuit on policy grounds alone. The perjury occurred after Robert was accused of the underlying charges and was not part of the same conduct.
Perjury could be, we suppose, part of an ongoing charged conspiracy. Fortunately, that difficult case is not the one before us.
The perjury charge does present a unique factual situation, though, because Robert's admission of lying in court amounted, essentially, to a confession of the original charges. The defendant in United States v. Walker (5th Cir. 1998) 148 F.3d 518 raised the same issue, arguing his post-conviction confession to suborning perjury was protected by the Sixth Amendment right to counsel that had attached to the original charges (possession of a firearm) because they involved the same evidence. The court was not impressed; it found the offenses were not "inextricably intertwined," but were "two distinct types of conduct" that "did not occur within a close temporal proximity." ( Id. at p. 529.) We agree.
We reject the defense suggestion that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel applies generally from arraignment through the appeal period. Such a rule would make it difficult to prosecute a defendant for any post-arraignment conduct somehow related to the pending charges. Massiah is not a license to intimidate witnesses, solicit the murder of witnesses, suborn or commit perjury, or attempt an escape.
True, the subject of Robert's perjured testimony was his conduct on April 24 — also the subject of the charges in the first hearing. But the perjury itself was committed during the December 3 hearing and involved an entirely different time, place, and activity. The act of vandalism is easily distinguishable from the act of lying about it in court. A confession to perjury cannot possibly influence the disposition of an appeal from the original charges, and the confession can simply be excluded from any retrial of those charges in compliance with Massiah.
Judgment affirmed.
We concur:
RYLAARSDAM, J. BEDSWORTH, J.