Summary
holding that mandamus proceeding was not mooted by filing of amended petition
Summary of this case from In re Indusoft, Inc.Opinion
No. 09-08-191 CV.
Submitted June 24, 2008.
Decided August 14, 2008.
Jennifer Bruch Hogan, Richard P. Hogan, Jr., Hogan Hogan, L.L.P., Andrew L. Strong, Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP, Reagan W. Simpson, Reginald R. Smith, R. Bruce Hurley, C. Brannon Robertson, Tara K. Kelly, King Spalding LLP, Houston, Michael K. Eaves, Calvert Eaves Clarke Stelly, L.L.P., Beaumont, for relators.
Thomas J. Pearson, Jason B. Keith, Cimron Campbell, Pearson Campbell, P.C., Beaumont, for real parties in interest.
Before McKEITHEN, C.J., GAULTNEY and KREGER, JJ.
OPINION
Relators Premcor Refining Group, Inc. and Motiva Enterprises, L.L.C. seek a writ of mandamus to compel the trial court to vacate its orders denying relators' motion for summary judgment, denying relators' motion to strike the expert witnesses of the real parties in interest, and denying relators' motion to dismiss the plaintiffs' personal injury claims. We conditionally grant the petition for writ of mandamus.
BACKGROUND
The underlying proceeding began when numerous plaintiffs sued relators and other defendants for alleged injuries sustained as a result of exposures to allegedly dangerous emissions from relators' facilities. The real parties in interest are plaintiffs Michelle Kyles as next friend of Kevin Thomas, Jr. and Kym'Ijah Thomas, minors; Gene and Shauna Winston as next friend of Larry Oliver, Jr., Jade Winston, and Corbin Winston, minors; and Constantine Bailey and Hattie Bailey as next friends of William Bailey, a minor. When the relators filed this petition for writ of mandamus, the plaintiffs' live petition (the third amended petition) asserted causes of action for negligence per se, negligence, fraud, temporary nuisance, trespass, and assault. In a prior mandamus proceeding, in which the claims asserted by the plaintiffs in the underlying suit included permanent nuisance, we held that because the plaintiffs lacked standing to assert claims for permanent nuisance, the trial court abused its discretion by denying relators' motion to dismiss those claims. In re Premcor Ref. Group, Inc., 233 S.W.3d 904, 908-09 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2007, orig. proceeding). After our opinion in that proceeding issued, the plaintiffs filed a third amended petition, in which they deleted their claims for permanent nuisance and added claims for personal injury and temporary nuisance.
The first lawsuit, into which many of the subsequent lawsuits were consolidated, was filed on October 6, 2004.
After relators filed the instant mandamus proceeding and this Court requested a response, the plaintiffs again amended their petition. In their response to the petition for writ of mandamus, the plaintiffs provided the following explanation for amending their petition:
After further investigation [following the filing of the third amended petition], Plaintiffs realized that they could not meet the stringent requirements for the personal injury claims. Plaintiffs filed a Fourth Amended Petition in which they abandoned their personal injury claims, asserting instead that Relators "caused, among other things, Plaintiffs to suffer physical discomfort, inconvenience and annoyance, mental anguish, and loss of use and enjoyment of their property."
Plaintiffs' fourth amended petition alleges that Premcor's emissions created "severe nuisance conditions which were `new and different' at the properties occupied by Plaintiffs and throughout the neighborhood" on July 28, 2007, and August 5, 2007. Plaintiffs now assert before this Court that their claims are for physical discomfort, and that such claims are properly characterized as claims for property damage rather than personal injury claims.
Despite plaintiffs' assertions that they are not attempting to prove personal injuries, their fourth amended petition states that they seek damages for "physical impairment experienced on July 28 and August 5, 2007 and on other dates the evidence proves physical impairment occurring during the relevant time."
On October 3, 2007, the trial court entered a case management order, which required that within sixty days, the plaintiffs must obtain affidavits from their doctors or medical experts attesting to the following:
1. The nature, duration and amount of exposures or doses each Plaintiff had to any chemical contamination, when and where such exposures occurred, and the nature and extent of each Plaintiffs personal injury;
2. The methodology used to calculate the amount of exposures or doses each Plaintiff had to any chemical contaminants from each Defendant's facilities;
3. The physician's or other expert's opinion, based upon a reasonable degree of medical probability, that the particular Plaintiff has suffered particular injuries as a result of exposure to specific chemicals at or from each Defendant's facilities, specifically and separately identifying each Plaintiffs alleged injury and each facility's alleged emission;
4. Any and every injury, illness or condition suffered by each Plaintiff that, in the opinion of the physician, was caused by the alleged exposures or doses; and
5. The chemical or chemicals that, in the opinion of the physician, caused each and every specific injury, illness and condition listed;
6. The physician's opinion, based on a reasonable degree of medical probability, that the exposure or dose suffered by each Plaintiff was a substantial factor in causing each Plaintiffs injury, illness or condition; and
7. The absence of alternate or other causes of the specific injury, illness or condition alleged by each Plaintiff.
The case management order stayed all discovery against relators until plaintiffs complied with the order, and it further provided that "[i]n the event the Plaintiffs do not provide the information required by this order within sixty (60) days of the date this Order is entered, the Plaintiffs' personal injury claims shall be DISMISSED with prejudice to the re-filing of same."
Relators subsequently filed a motion to dismiss, in which they asserted that the trial court must dismiss the plaintiffs' claims because the plaintiffs failed to comply with the dictates of the trial court's case management order. After determining that the plaintiffs failed to comply with the case management order, the trial court entered an order dismissing plaintiffs' "personal injury claims" with prejudice; however, after plaintiffs filed a "Motion for New Trial, Or in the Alternative Motion to Reconsider Prior Order," the trial court vacated its prior order, denied relators' motion to dismiss, and permitted plaintiffs "to take three (3) additional depositions from Defendants Motiva and Premcor in this matter irrespective of any discovery stay previously Ordered by this Court." The plaintiffs' motion for reconsideration did not include any additional evidence of medical causation.
Relators also filed a motion for no-evidence summary judgment, in which they asserted that plaintiffs lacked "reliable evidence of specific causation, which is an essential element of the Plaintiffs' personal injury claims." The trial court denied the motion for summary judgment. In addition, relators moved to strike the affidavits containing the opinions of plaintiffs' experts, Thomas Dydek, Ph.D. and Bobbie Colbert, M.D., on the grounds that the affidavits "fall far short of scientific rigor required by the well-known Robinson/Havner standard." The trial court entered an order denying the motion to strike.
Relators subsequently filed a second petition for writ of mandamus, in which they ask this Court to compel the trial court to vacate its orders denying relators' motion for summary judgment, denying relators' motion to strike the expert witnesses of the real parties in interest, and denying relators' motion to dismiss the plaintiffs' personal injury claims.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Mandamus will issue to correct a clear abuse of discretion for which the remedy by appeal is inadequate. In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135-36 (Tex. 2004). With respect to whether an appellate remedy is adequate, "adequate" "has no comprehensive definition; it is simply a proxy for the careful balance of jurisprudential considerations that determine when appellate courts will use original mandamus proceedings to review the actions of lower courts." Id. at 136. A trial court has no discretion in determining what the law is or in applying the law to the facts, and a clear failure to analyze or apply the law correctly constitutes an abuse of discretion. Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 840 (Tex. 1992).
THE QUESTION OF MOOTNESS
In their response to the petition for writ of mandamus, plaintiffs assert that this proceeding is moot because after relators filed their mandamus petition, the plaintiffs filed their fourth amended petition to exclude claims for personal injury. Plaintiffs assert that they are currently simply seeking to recover claims for "physical discomfort, inconvenience and annoyance, mental anguish, and loss of use and enjoyment of their property[,]" and they characterize those claims as short-term health effects rather than personal injury claims. We disagree that this proceeding is moot.
We find that this situation is analogous to that which confronted the Supreme Court in In re Allied Chemical Corporation, 221 S.W.3d 652 (Tex. 2007). In Allied Chemical, the dissent argued that because the plaintiffs moved to deconsolidate their cases after the relators filed a petition for writ of mandamus, the petition for writ of mandamus was moot. Id. at 664 (Jefferson, C.J., dissenting). In response to the mootness issue raised by the dissent, the Allied Chemical majority noted that the plaintiffs had refused to provide assurance that they would not seek future consolidated trials, and that fact made the situation capable of repetition, yet evading review. Id. at 655. The Supreme Court explained that the situation was
fully capable of repetition, and if review can be evaded by the modification of orders pending mandamus proceedings, the defendants would be put to the repeated expense of seeking review only to have it denied by last-minute changes in the trial court's orders. An appellate court's jurisdiction cannot be manipulated in this way.
Id.
In addition, as discussed above, this Court has already directed the trial court to dismiss plaintiffs' nuisance claims, which we determined constituted claims of permanent nuisance; however, the trial court did not do so, and instead plaintiffs amended their petition. See In re Premcor Ref. Group, Inc., 233 S.W.3d 904, 909-10 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2007, orig. proceeding). Moreover, although the plaintiffs have removed the words "personal injury" or "personal injuries" from their fourth amended petition, they continue to seek damages for "physical impairment experienced on July 28 and August 5, 2007 and on other dates the evidence proves physical impairment occurring during the relevant time." The plaintiffs also continue to claim that they suffer from physical discomfort and mental anguish. Such claims, regardless of the words plaintiffs choose to use in describing them, are personal injury claims. Furthermore, plaintiffs provide no credible assurance that they will not subsequently amend their petition to reassert personal injury claims. In fact, their conduct to date indicates the opposite. Therefore, we find that this proceeding is not moot.
THE MOTION TO DISMISS AND OUR PRIOR OPINION
"It has long been the rule in Texas that plaintiffs bear the burden of pleading and proving how they were injured and by whom." In re Allied Chem. Corp., 227 S.W.3d at 659 (citing Gaulding v. Celotex Corp., 772 S.W.2d 66, 68 (Tex. 1989)). These lawsuits have been pending for almost four years. Despite the trial court's entry of a case management order that required the plaintiffs to produce medical evidence that the defendants' products caused their alleged injuries, and which stated that the trial court would dismiss the plaintiffs' claims with prejudice if they failed to comply, the trial court has refused to put the plaintiffs to their proof by enforcing the order.
The plaintiffs concede that they are unable to "meet the stringent requirements for personal injury claims." As the Supreme Court explained in Allied Chemical, "the problem here is the same as that in Able Supply [Co. v. Moye, 898 S.W.2d 766, 770 (Tex. 1995)]: too little time . . . for the defendants to have a fair chance to mount a defense." In re Allied Chem., 227 S.W.3d at 657-58. As in Able Supply, the relators' position in this case is straightforward: they contend they are entitled to know which plaintiffs are claiming that they have been injured by which defendant's product. See Able Supply Co., 898 S.W.2d at 769. Each defendant is entitled to evidence showing whether "there has been a medical determination that an illness has been caused by that defendant's product." Id. at 770. The plaintiffs do not dispute the relators' assertion that the trial court intends to set the case for trial in October or November of 2008. Therefore, the medical causation evidence required by the trial court's case management order is essential to enable the relators to properly prepare a defense. See In re Allied Chem., 227 S.W.3d at 657.
With respect to plaintiffs' claims for temporary nuisance, we hold that those claims fall within the purview of our previous mandamus opinion, in which we held that the trial court must dismiss the minor plaintiffs' claims for injury to real property. See In re Premcor Ref. Group, Inc., 233 S.W.3d 904, 907-10. After determining that plaintiffs' claims sounded in permanent nuisance rather than temporary nuisance because the plaintiffs were not complaining of "any recent industrial accident or that any other `irregular occurrence' has created nuisance conditions `so different in character and potential injury that it must be treated as a temporary nuisance . . .,'" we held that the plaintiffs lacked standing to pursue those claims because they did not own the properties when the nuisance began. Id. As we previously explained, a cause of action for injury to real property is a personal right that belongs to the person who owns the property at the time of the injury, and there was no indication in the record that the minor plaintiffs owned the property at the time of the new and different emissions plaintiffs allege occurred on July 28, 2007, and August 5, 2007. See id. at 908. The minor plaintiffs have no standing to assert a claim for damages to real property. Therefore, for the same reasons set forth in our prior opinion with respect to the permanent nuisance claims, the trial court must dismiss the temporary nuisance property damage claims asserted by the minor plaintiffs. See id. at 907-10; see also generally Curtis v. Nobles, 588 S.W.2d 687, 688 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 1979, orig. proceeding) (When a court of appeals has mandated the trial court to enter a particular judgment, jurisdiction remains in the appellate court until the trial court enters that judgment).
In plaintiffs' fourth amended petition, the adult plaintiffs assert claims both individually and as next friends of the minor plaintiffs. We make no determination regarding the adult plaintiffs' claims for temporary nuisance.
CONCLUSION
Under the law as set forth in Allied Chemical and Able Supply Co., the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to dismiss plaintiffs' claims for failure to timely produce proper evidence of medical causation, particularly when plaintiffs concede that they are simply unable to provide such evidence. Accordingly, we conditionally grant the petition for writ of mandamus and direct the trial court to vacate its order denying Premcor Refining Group, Inc.'s and Motiva Enterprises, L.L.C.'s motion to dismiss. Furthermore, as discussed above, we trust that the trial court will follow the principles set forth in our previous opinion and dismiss the minor plaintiffs' property damage claims for temporary nuisance. See In re Premcor, 233 S.W.3d at 907-10. Because relators' remaining grounds for mandamus would not result in further relief, we need not address them. See TEX.R.APP. P. 47.1. We are confident the trial court will follow this opinion. The writ will issue only if the court fails to comply.
WRIT CONDITIONALLY GRANTED.