Opinion
No. C-1-93-571.
February 15, 1994.
Todd Matthew Powers, Schroeder Maundrell Barbiere Powers, Cincinnati, OH, for Morehead Marine Service Inc., as owner of the MV Ann Miller for Exoneration from or Limitation of Liability.
Ronald Richard Parry, Arnzen Parry Wentz PSG, Covington, KY, for Lou Anne Littell, Admtrx, Administratrix of the Estate of William M. Littell.
Ronald Richard Parry, Arnzen Parry Wentz PSG, Philip Taliaferro, III, Taliaferro Mann, Covington, KY, for Curtis Hall, Admtr, Executor of the Estate of Judy Hall.
Glen Edward Hazen, Jr., Morgan Hazen, Newport, KY, for Edward Bacon.
ORDER DENYING MOTIONS TO DISMISS
This matter is before the Court on the Plaintiffs' Motion For Leave to File Claim (doc. 9), the Defendant's Response (doc. 14), the Plaintiffs' Reply (doc. 22), the Defendant's Motion to Dismiss (doc. 11), the Plaintiffs' Response (doc. 19), the Defendant's Reply (doc. 25), the Defendant's Motion to Dismiss the Plaintiff Edward Bacon's Complaint (doc. 17), the Plaintiffs Response (doc. 21), the Defendant's Reply (doc. 27), the Defendant's Motion for Partial Dismissal of Plaintiff Hall's Complaint (doc. 16) the Plaintiffs Response (doc. 24), and the Defendant's Reply (doc. 27). A hearing was held on this matter on January 31, 1993. At the hearing the Court granted the Plaintiffs' Motion to File Claim out of Time (doc. 9). Furthermore, at the hearing, the Plaintiffs conceded that they are not entitled to a jury trial in this case.
BACKGROUND
This maritime action arose out of an alleged collision on the Ohio River between a tow pushed by the Defendant's ship, the MV Ann Miller, and a pleasure craft occupied by three non-seamen, two of whom died. The Plaintiffs in this action, the survivors of the non-seaman decedents, are seeking pecuniary and non-pecuniary damages including punitive damages, loss of society, future earnings and support.
The primary issue before the Court is whether under principles of general maritime law the Plaintiffs are entitled to recover nonpecuniary damages. According to the Defendant, this question has been answered in the negative by the United States Supreme Court in Miles v. Apex Corp., 498 U.S. 19, 111 S.Ct. 317, 112 L.Ed.2d 275 (1990), and by the Sixth Circuit in Miller v. American President Lines, Ltd., 989 F.2d 1450 (6th Cir. 1993).
On the contrary, the Plaintiffs claim that this issue has been resolved in their favor by an earlier Supreme Court case, Sea-land Services, Inc. v. Gaudet, 414 U.S. 573, 94 S.Ct. 806, 39 L.Ed.2d 9 (1974). For the following reasons we conclude that the limitation on recoverable damages set forth in Miles and Miller, does not apply to this case. Consequently, we hold that under general maritime law, the Plaintiffs are entitled to non-pecuniary damages including loss of society, punitive damages and lost future wages.
ANALYSIS I
In our analysis, we are guided by the principle that absent a relevant statute, general maritime law, as developed by the judiciary, applies in admiralty cases. East River S.S. Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval, 476 U.S. 858, 864, 106 S.Ct. 2295, 2298, 90 L.Ed.2d 865 (1986). Furthermore, it is undisputed that no statute addresses the death of a nonseaman killed on territorial waters. Consequently, we must turn to general principals of maritime law, as developed by the judiciary, to resolve the question before the Court.
II
As noted above, the Defendant argues that under principles of general maritime law, a plaintiff may not recover non-pecuniary damages in a wrongful death suit involving a non-seamen killed in territorial waters. In support of its argument the Defendant relies chiefly on the United States Supreme Court in Miles v. Apex Corp., 498 U.S. 19, 111 S.Ct. 317, 112 L.Ed.2d 275 (1990), and the Sixth Circuit in Miller v. American President Lines, Ltd., 989 F.2d 1450 (6th Cir. 1993). We find that these case do not control the outcome of the case at bar.
First, the issue before the Court in Miles was "the preclusive effect of the Jones Act [46 U.S.C.App. § 688] for deaths of true seamen." Miles 498 U.S. at 31-32, 111 S.Ct. at 325; Miller, 989 F.2d at 1455. Thus, Miles applies to "all actions for the wrongful death of a seaman, whether under DOHSA [the Death on the High Seas Act, 46 U.S.C.App. §§ 761, 762], the Jones Act, or General Maritime Law." Miles 498 U.S. at 33, 111 S.Ct. at 326; Miller, 989 F.2d at 1455. The court concluded that the Jones Act precluded the recovery of non-pecuniary damages for the deaths of seamen. Miles 498 U.S. at 33, 111 S.Ct. at 326.
Similarly, the Sixth Circuit in Miller "addressed the same general question . . ." before the Supreme Court in Miles, i.e. "the preclusive effect of the Jones Act for deaths of true seamen." Miller, 989 F.2d at 1455 (citing Miles). Thus, as the Sixth Circuit stated, "the question before us is whether the unavailability of punitive damages under the Jones Act precludes the recovery of punitive damages under a general maritime law unseaworthiness claim for the wrongful death of a seamen." Id. at 1455. Relying on Miles, the Sixth Circuit concluded that it did. Id. at 1459.
The court stated that "[o]ur analysis of this question must be guided by the reasoning of the Supreme Court in Miles." Miller 989 F.2d at 1455. "Under Miles, then, the goal of this court is to articulate a uniform rule regarding the availability of punitive damages in all actions for the wrongful death of a seaman." Id. at 1457.
Additionally, and perhaps most significantly, the holdings of Miles, Miller and another Supreme Court case, Mobile Oil Corp. v. Higginbotham, 436 U.S. 618, 98 S.Ct. 2010, 56 L.Ed.2d 581 (1978), were explicitly based on the reasoning that to allow the recovery of broader remedies under general maritime law than those permitted by Congress under, for example, the Jones Act or DOHSA, would be to "overstep the well-considered boundaries imposed by federal legislation." Miles 498 U.S. at 27, 111 S.Ct. at 322; Higginbotham, 436 U.S. at 626, 98 S.Ct. at 2015 ("we have no authority to substitute our views for those expressed by Congress in a duly enacted statute").
The Court in Higginbotham addressed whether DOHSA precluded recovery of non-pecuniary damages in a general maritime wrongful depth action for deaths occurring on the high seas. Although the DOHSA applies to "anyone" and not only to seamen, it is expressly limited to deaths occurring on the high seas. Furthermore, as discussed below, the crucial factor upon which the Higginbotham court relied, was that Congress had expressly addressed the issue of recoverable damages for deaths occurring on the high seas by enacting the DOHSA; Congress having chosen to address the issue, the court concluded that it was not free to go beyond those express congressional limits. Higginbotham, 436 U.S. at 623-26, 98 S.Ct. at 2013-15.
In examining the preclusive effect of the Jones Act on the recoverability of non-pecuniary damages in a general maritime wrongful death action, the Miles Court relied on the reasoning of Higginbotham. Discussing how the Court in Higginbotham had previously determined that non-pecuniary damages were not available for deaths occurring on the high seas, the Miles Court stated that "Congress made the decision for us." Miles 498 U.S. at 31, 111 S.Ct. at 325. The Court continued that the "DOHSA, by its specific terms, limits recoverable damages in wrongful death suits [for deaths occurring on the high seas] to ` pecuniary loss sustained by the persons for whose benefit the suit is brought.'" Id. (quoting DOHSA) (emphasis in original). The Court noted that "[t]his explicit limitation forecloses recovery for non-pecuniary loss, such as loss of society, in a general maritime action . . ." for deaths occurring on the high seas. Id. The Court reasoned that "Congress has spoken directly to the question of recoverable damages on the high seas, and "when it does speak directly to a question, the courts are not free to "supplement" Congress' answer[s]. . . .'" Id. (quoting Higginbotham, 436 U.S. at 625, 98 S.Ct. at 2015). "Congress, in the exercise of its legislative powers," the Court noted, "is free to say "this much and no more.' An admiralty court is not free to go beyond those limits." Id. 498 U.S. at 24, 111 S.Ct. at 321.
Thus, "in an area covered by statute, it would be no more appropriate to proscribe a different measure of damages than to proscribe a different statute of limitations, or a different class of beneficiaries." Id. at 31, 111 S.Ct. at 325 (emphasis added) (internal quotations omitted). The Miles Court found that "[i]t would be inconsistent with our place in the constitutional scheme were we to sanction more expansive remedies in a judicially created cause of action . . . than Congress has allowed. . . ." Id. at 32-33, 111 S.Ct. at 325-26. Under the Jones Act, the Court found, Congress had elected to limit the remedies available for injured or killed seamen to pecuniary damages only; the Supreme Court thus concluded that it was not free to supplement those remedies by allowing the recovery of nonpecuniary damages. Id. at 31-33, 111 S.Ct. at 325-26. Significantly, however, the Court observe that supplementation by the courts in an area left open by congress was "entirely appropriate." Id. at 31, 111 S.Ct. at 325.
The general maritime wrongful death action is a judicially created cause of action. Gaudet, 414 U.S. at 583, 94 S.Ct. at 814; see Moragne v. States Marine Lines, 398 U.S. 375, 90 S.Ct. 1772, 26 L.Ed.2d 339 (1970).
The Court noted that although the Jones Act does not explicitly limit damages to any particular form by its express language, the Jones Act incorporated "FELA [Federal Employers' Liability Act, 45 U.S.C. § 51-59] unaltered into the Jones Act, [and thus] Congress must have intended to incorporate the pecuniary limitations on damages as well." Miles, 498 U.S. at 32, 111 S.Ct. at 325.
As noted above, no statutory provision governs the death of a non-seaman killed on territorial waters. Here, there is no "explicit limitation foreclos[ing] recovery for nonpecuniary loss . . ." Miles, 498 U.S. at 31, 111 S.Ct. at 325, as there is with respect to cases falling within the scope of the Jones Act and DOHSA. Unlike in Miles, Higginbotham and Miller, Congress has not said "this much and no more." Therefore, as the Higginbotham, Miles and Miller courts expressly relied on the fact that Congress had specifically limited the remedies available under certain circumstances not present here, we are not bound by the logic and reasoning of those cases. See Garner v. Dravo Basic Materials Co., 768 F. Supp. 192, 194-95 (S.D.W.Va. 1991). Simply put, this type of case involves an area left open by Congress, and thus, supplementation by the courts is entirely appropriate. See Miles, 498 U.S. at 31, 111 S.Ct. at 325.
The district court for the Southern District of West Virginia, confronted with virtually the same issue that this court now faces, stated that
[b]asically [the defendant] asserts that whether the decedent is a seaman, longshoreman, harbor worker or recreational boater, a wrongful death action only provides damages governed by the general maritime law. That general maritime law is set forth in Miles to preclude the recovery for any decedent's lost future earnings. . . . [The defendant's] argument is appealing on its face but it fails to provide a sound basis for prohibiting recovery of future income of non-seamen. Miles involves the death of a seaman and the Supreme Court appropriately looked to the Jones Act, which limits recovery to losses suffered during the decedent's lifetime. . . . The Supreme Court refused to go beyond the Congressionally limited system of recovery for a seaman's injury and death. These considerations are not present.
[The decedent in this case], as a non-seaman who died on territorial waterways, is not covered by the Jones Act or the _________ It is inconsistent with federal maritime law to prohibit damages in the form of lost future income when there is no explicit statutory or federal common law prohibition on such damages.Garner, 768 F. Supp. at 194-95.
III
We conclude that this case is governed by the reasoning if not the actual holding, of Sea-Land Services, Inc. v. Gaudet, 414 U.S. 573, 94 S.Ct. 806, 39 L.Ed.2d 9 (1974). We recognize that the Gaudet decision was specifically limited to its facts by Miles. Miles, 498 U.S. at 31, 111 S.Ct. at 325; Miller 989 F.2d at 1459. Although its holding is not controlling, we do find that the underlying reasoning of the Gaudet opinion applies with the same force to the case at bar as it did to the facts of the Gaudet case itself.The United States Supreme Court held in Gaudet that a dependant plaintiff in a maritime wrongful death action could recover for the pecuniary losses of support, services, and funeral expenses as well as for non-pecuniary damages such as loss of society suffered as the result of the death of a longshoreman in territorial waters. Gaudet, 414 U.S. at 584-91, 94 S.Ct. at 814-18. The Court reasoned that "the policy underlying the [judicially created wrongful death] remedy is to insure compensation of the dependents for their losses resulting from the decedent's death. . . ." Id. at 583, 94 S.Ct. at 814 (emphasis in original). Thus, the Court stated, "our decision is compelled if we are to shape the remedy to comport with the humanitarian policy of the maritime law to show "special solicitude' for those who are injured within its jurisdiction." Id. at 588, 94 S.Ct. at 816; Complaint of Cambria Steamship Co., 505 F.2d 517, 522 (6th Cir. 1974); cert. denied, 420 U.S. 975, 95 S.Ct. 1399, 43 L.Ed.2d 655 (1975) (quoting Gaudet). Therefore, in determining the remedies available under the general maritime law, the courts must "be guided by the principle of maritime law that "certainly it better becomes the humane and liberal character of proceedings in admiralty to give than to withhold the remedy, when not required to withhold it by established and inflexible rules'. . . ." Gaudet, 414 U.S. at 583, 94 S.Ct. at 814 (quoting The Sea Gull 21 F.Cas. 909, 910 (No. 12, 578) (C.C.Md. 1865)); Moragne v. States Marine Lines, 398 U.S. 375, 387, 90 S.Ct. 1772, 1780, 26 L.Ed.2d 339 (1970); Daughenbaugh v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 891 F.2d 1199, 1204 (6th Cir. 1989) (quoting Moragne, quoting The Sea Gull); Garner v. Dravo Basic Materials Co., 768 F. Supp. 192, 195 (1991) (emphasis added).
In this case the decedents, like longshoremen at the time the Gaudet case was decided, are not protected or governed in any way by statute. Unlike in Miles, Higginbotham and Miller, Congress has not limited the type of recovery available here. Consequently, we hold that under general maritime law, as there exists no statutory provision to the contrary, the Plaintiffs in this case are entitled to non-pecuniary damages, including loss of society, lost future income and punitive damages. See Gaudet, 414 U.S. 573, 94 S.Ct. 806; Garner, 768 F. Supp. 195.
Punitive damages had song been recognized as an appropriate remedy under general maritime law. See Miller, 989 F.2d at 1455, 1458. We note that any limitations on the availability of punitive damages enunciated in Miller based on the Miles decision are inapplicable to this case, for the reasons discussed in Part II above.
CONCLUSION
In the Miles, Higginbotham and Miller cases, the Supreme Court and the Sixth Circuit were called upon to address issues already decided by Congress. Unwilling to over-step judicial authority in the area of general maritime law, the Courts adhered to specific limitations on recoverable damages imposed by Congress under certain circumstances. Unlike Miles, Higginbotham and Miller, however, Gaudet addressed the recoverability of non-pecuniary damages in an area of general maritime law not falling within the scope of any statute. In this case, like in Gaudet, no legislation limits recovery to non-pecuniary damages. We therefore hold that the Plaintiffs in this case may seek the recovery of non-pecuniary damages.Accordingly, for the forgoing reasons, we hereby GRANT the Plaintiffs' Motion for Leave to File Claim Out of Time, VACATE the Jury Demand, and DENY the Defendant's Motions to Dismiss.
SO ORDERED.