MELVIN, J.

Both petitioners are held, one under commitment after preliminary examination, and the other after such commitment and the filing of an information. Each is charged with an offense sought to be defined by section 288a of the Penal Code by the use of the word "fellatio." The sole question involved in each petition is whether or not the section is constitutional; therefore, we shall examine and consider both petitions together.

It is contended on behalf of both petitioners that the statute is unconstitutional because it is not in the English language, and because it is so indefinite and uncertain and unintelligible that it fails to inform a person charged thereunder with reasonable precision what acts are intended to be denounced by it and, therefore, denies "due process of law" to anyone prosecuted for its supposed violation.

The constitutionality of the same statute was considered by this court in a proceeding entitled "In the Matter of the Application of William R. Soady for a Writ of Habeas Corpus," a bare majority of the justices holding it to be constitutional. (56 Cal. Dec. 247.) Subsequently, the court of its own motion granted a rehearing, but as the petitioner had meanwhile been tried and acquitted the proceeding became of merely academic interest, and was, therefore, very properly dismissed. In that proceeding the author of this opinion was a dissenter from the views held originally by a majority of the court, and wrote an opinion in which he attempted to set forth his views. As no one concurred in the language of that opinion (although two of the justices reached the same conclusion), the writer of this opinion will take the liberty of adopting herein some of the same language without the formality of quotation marks.

The section in question is in the words and figures following: "The acts technically known as fellatio and cunnilingus are hereby declared to be felonies and any person convicted of the commission of either thereof shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for not more than fifteen years."

As published in the Penal Code the statute contains no hint of its meaning except the two unusual words, with the first one of which we are here concerned, but as originally enacted it contained the preliminary recital that it was "An act to add a new section to the penal code, to be numbered 288a, relating to sex perversions and defining the same to be felonies."

This forms the only hint of the purpose of the legislature in enacting the section, but unless the word "fellatio" itself is an English word which clearly expresses an exact meaning, The hint furnished by the title is of little value.

That the legislature, in the exercise of its power to define crimes and to provide for the punishment of offenses, should make laws tending to the suppression of sins against decency is most commendable, and that statutes should be drawn in language to offend the sensibilities of normal people to as small a degree as possible is a truth that none should gainsay; yet so important is the liberty of the individual that it may not be taken away even from the most debased wretch in the land, except upon conviction of a crime which has been so clearly defined that all might know in what act or omission the violation of the law should consist. For this reason the people, through their constitution, have wisely decreed that all laws, all official writings, shall be preserved and published in the English language. It is also true that in construing statutes courts should readily regard the words from other languages as being Anglicized and, therefore, as escaping the constitutional objection, in all cases where they had come into common use or were easily understood by reference to lexicons commonly accessible, and that, in the interests of decency, courts should sanction the use of such words, euphemistically employed to describe offenses against morality, thus avoiding the bald nastiness involved in the use of the vernacular, if the words in the statutes from other languages than our own, bore clear, definite meanings easily ascertained. This court should do much to uphold the legislature in its efforts to avoid shocking specifications in the definitions of crimes of indecency. But the faults of the statute before us arise from the circumstances that not only is the word "fellatio" one not found in the English language, but it is not a word having a definite, technical meaning either in law or in psychopathology.

The form of the word "fellatio" would indicate that it is a Latin word intended to denote the act of the "fellator," a word of ancient origin and use derived from the verb "fellare," and applied originally to a child at its mother's breast, but having an acquired meaning as applied to a certain sort of degenerate person. Martial (Marcas Valerius Martialis), who wrote of the debased Romans of the latter part of the first and the early years of the second century (he who insisted that although his verses were sometimes obscene his life was not bad) used the word "fellator" in more than one of his epigrams. For example, in the fifty-ninth epigram of the twelfth book entitled "De Importunis Basiartoribus," in which the poet describes the annoyances to which importunate persons subject a man returning to Rome after a long absence, occurs the line: "Fellatorque, recensque cunnilingus." The seventy-fourth epigram of the fourteenth book is entitled "Corvus" and denies a popular libel upon that bird. The first line is as follows: "Corve salutator, quare fellator haberis?" meaning "O crow, salutor, why are you called fellator?" The epithet "salutator" refers to the legend to the effect that a crow once addressed to Julius Caesar the words "Salve, Imperator!" In the thirtieth epigram of book XI the word occurs in the form "fellatori." The last two lines of the sixty-sixth epigram in book XI, in which the poet expresses surprise that the object of his lines has not accumulated money are as follows:

"Et fellator es, et lanista: miror "Quare non habeas, Vacerra, nummos."

In book I, epigram 95, is the feminine form of the word in the title "Ad Æglen Fellatricem," and the word "fellatorum" in the ninety-fifth of book XI.

The earliest use of the word "fellatio" which has been called to our attention is in a Latin note to Valpy's edition of Martial published in 1823, where it appears in the ablative "fellatione." It does not occur in any of the English dictionaries in common use. In Harper's Latin Dictionary is found the word "fellator," applied originally to a child at its mother's breast, and having an acquired meaning with reference to a degenerate person. In Lippincott the word "fellator" is defined as "A Latin term for the pathic agent in irrumation." The word "irrumation" as therein defined seems limited to the person upon whom a certain disgusting act is performed rather than the one practicing it. "Fellatio" is used and defined in Stedman's Medical Dictionary and in Dorland's American Illustrated Dictionary (published in 1917, two years after the adoption of section 288a of the Penal Code). In "Studies in the Psychology of Sex," by Havelock Ellis (volume VI, published in 1911), we find the word "fellatio" (pages 555, 557). In both paragraphs in which the word is employed the author seems to be describing an act committed by a woman upon a man. Whether he intended to limit the word to such relation of opposite sexes it is, of course, impossible for us to know. In the volume of the same work published in 1912, the word is again used, not so much to describe the act as some of its consequences (volume V, page 172). In the work known as "Psychopathia Sexualis," by Dr. K. v. Krafft-Ebing, Rebman's translation, edition of 1906, we find at page 504 the word "fellare" defined in Latin as the committing of an act upon a man by a woman.

Clearly "fellatio" is a Latin word, and, unless we can say that it has become Anglicized, the conclusion is unescapable that its use in the statute under review renders that section obnoxious to section 24 of article IV of the constitution of California. When the Matter of Soady was before the court, Mr. Justice Lucien Shaw, in an opinion in which Mr. Justice Victor Shaw concurred, thus expressed the rule and its application to this statute: "When a word from a foreign language has been used in English speech and writing so often that its meaning has become generally understood, it is said to have been Anglicized, and it is then a part of the English language with the meaning it has acquired by such use. But the fact that a foreign word may be found in a medical dictionary, or in any other dictionary of technical words used by one of the learned professions, and that its meaning is there defined, does not establish it as a part of the English language. Such dictionaries define many words which are not in ordinary use and of which none except men of the profession, and not all of them, know the meaning. Law dictionaries contain a large number of words and phrases from the Latin and French languages and give their meaning. Laws might easily be framed couched entirely in these words. It would not be considered that such a law was valid under our constitution." That the word "fellatio" has not become Anglicized is so clearly apparent that further comment seems unnecessary.

But it has been suggested that this court is bound to decide that the word is English in view of the presumption that an act of the legislature is constitutional, and that where the existence or nonexistence of a fact or facts is involved in a law the determination of the legislature may not be disturbed unless error clearly appears. One answer to this argument is that the legislature has not found nor declared that the word is English, nor that it has been adopted by common use into the language. The section merely declares that there is an act "technically known as fellatio." To whom so known is not specified. To what technique, art, profession, cult or practice the term belongs is not stated. The mere use of the word does not involve any presumption that the legislature took evidence from which a conclusion was drawn that it was a legitimate English word. On the contrary, the statement of the lawmakers that the act denounced is "technically" known as "fellatio" would seem to indicate that its meaning was familiar only to the members of the calling or profession using the word. Again, there is no attempt to define the word by the legislature, and this court is charged with the duty of deciding whether or not it conveys any idea by the English language. If the rule for which contention is made were to attach to all language used in statutes, then would the court's duty to construe statutes stand helpless before an impassable wall of presumption. When the legislature uses language in a statute we must interpret it as language. No peculiar sanctity attaches to it because it is language used in a legislative enactment. Ambiguity is not presumed to be intelligibility merely because it attaches to a statute, nor is hopeless obscurity illuminated by the fact that two houses have passed and a busy governor has signed a bill. In short, we may not declare "fellatio" Anglicized by presumption.

It has also been suggested that because section 24 of article IV of the constitution succeeded a part of the old constitution which required laws to be published in English and in Spanish, the mere function of the later provision was to dispense with the publication of statutes in Spanish. This contention is not tenable. With reference to the meaning of section 24 of article IV of California's constitution, it seems to me that, no matter what its origin and irrespective of the fact that it took the place of a former regulation for the publication of laws in two languages, it unmistakably requires that laws shall be published "in no other" than the English language. I care not what may be its origin. I am bound by its unambiguous terms. It means that English — understandable English — is to be used in the declaration of laws by the legislature, and that failure to employ that language vitiates a statute. The constitutions of other states that have never required publication of laws in a foreign language contain, or have contained, provisions similar to ours. In Illinois the language is just as emphatic as that used in our constitution, which prescribes publication "in no other than the English language." (Const. of Illinois, 1818, sec. 18, Schedule; Const. of Illinois, 1870, sec. 18, Schedule.) The constitution of Kansas of 1857 contained the following provision (section 3, article XV): "The laws . . . and the written, judicial, and legislative proceedings of the State, shall be conducted, promulgated, and preserved in the English language." This has been omitted from later constitutions. In Michigan there have been two constitutional provisions similar to ours. "The laws, public records, and the written judicial and legislative proceedings of the State shall be conducted, promulgated and preserved in the English language." (Const. of Michigan, 1850, sec. 6, art. XVIII; Const. of Michigan, 1908, sec. 6, art. XVI.) The mere fact that our constitutional provision on this subject historically follows a former requirement for publication of laws in Spanish does not alter in the slightest degree its plain meaning.

Nor is it surprising that no authority has been called to our attention whereby any law has been declared unconstitutional because not expressed in the English language. The absence of such authority would seem to indicate that the constitutional direction to legislate for English speaking constituencies in the English language had been generally obeyed. Authority may be found, however, for the rejection of pleadings not drawn in English when the statutes prescribe that language, and surely the constitutional requirement that English and no other language may be used in our laws should receive a construction at least as strict as that applied to such statutes. In State v. Town of Jericho, 40 Vt. 121, [94 Am.Dec. 387], it was held that a demurrer should have been sustained to an indictment in which signs instead of words were used to describe degrees and minutes. In New Jersey it was held that a statute requiring a physician to deliver his account "in plain English words" was violated by the use of contractions, initials, and symbols in a medical man's bill of particulars. ( Hedges v. Boyle, 7 N.J.L. 68.) In People v. Ah Sum, 92 Cal. 648, [28 P. 680], the court examined an information by which it was sought to charge the defendant with perjury committed at his trial for selling lottery tickets. In the information, the lottery ticket regarding which it was alleged Ah Sum had falsely testified, was set out in the Chinese language. The court held that this vitiated the pleading, not only because of the violation of section 950 of the Penal Code, but also for the reason that the use of the Chinese language in an essential part of the information was contrary to section 24 of article IV of the constitution. If a pleading fails because a vital part of the charge is expressed in a foreign language, what saves an enactment similarly tainted? The very same section of the constitution requires both to be in English.

In line with the authorities last cited, and also supporting the contention of petitioners that the statute is not understandable, is a very recent decision. In the case of People v. Carrell, 31 Cal.App. 793, [ 161 P. 995], which this court refused to transfer from the district court of appeal, after decision, that court was considering the sufficiency of an information charging a defendant in the language of section 288a of the Penal Code. While the question before the court in that case was purely one of pleading not involving the constitutionality of the statute, nevertheless the discussion in the opinion by Mr. Presiding Justice Chipman is of great value in considering the matter now before this court. His language was, in part, as follows:

"Unexplained, the word 'fellatio' would, to a man of common understanding (indeed, we think also to one of uncommon understanding), be as cabalistic as if written in Egyptian or Mexican hieroglyphics or in Japanese or Chinese characters. The attorney for the defendants says in his brief: 'The defendant entered into the trial of this case, and so did his attorney, without any knowledge of what the word "fellatio" would be defined to mean as used in the statute, or what the elements constituting the offense might be, but rather supposed' the court would instruct in accordance with a definition the attorney found in Andrew's Latin-English Lexicon. In this sense the definition might not meet the act proven, but would seem to apply to the woman rather than the man. This is mentioned to emphasize the soundness of the statutory rule that the offense must be so stated as to be intelligible to a person of common understanding. Under no other rule could a defendant safely go to trial. The circumstance is mentioned also for the reason that it is by no means certain what acts the legislature intended to characterize as the crime of fellatio. We do not find it spoken of in any work on criminal law, and its introduction into our statutes is of so recent a date that the courts have not been called upon to deal with it so far as we are aware until this case arose.

"The exigencies of the case do not seem to require that we should stain the pages of our reports with the definition as given, or to enlighten the profession or the public as to what the learned trial judge found it necessary to inform the jury the legislature meant when it announced 'fellatio' as a felony."

This language has been solemnly approved by the supreme court because a petition for transfer of the cause to this court for decision has been denied. The case is still authority. It has never been reversed nor criticised. Thus this court has decided that a pleading in the language of the statute is insufficient because "it is by no means certain what acts the legislature intended to characterize as the crime of 'fellatio.' " The mandate of the constitution regarding the use of no other than the English language not only applies to statutes and to all "official writings" and "judicial proceedings" (which I believe would include pleadings), but such command is expressed in the same section and the same sentence. Evidently, the framers of the constitution intended that English speaking people should understand, or should at least be in a position to learn, not only the meaning of indictments against individuals, but the significance and purport of general laws having application to everybody. We say to the man in custody, "You cannot understand the word embodying the charge against you; therefore, the indictment fails." But to the people of the state and to every one of them, if we held this law to be constitutional, this court, in effect, would say: "You are bound to understand the same unintelligible word, although it is the very essence of the statute without which section 288a of the Penal Code could mean absolutely nothing in any language." I cannot assume a position so antagonistic to reason.

From an examination of the text-books and lexicons containing the word "fellatio" or kindred words, we find that these so-called "authorities" are by no means in accord nor consistent in their definitions. In Stedman's Medical Dictionary there is a contradiction in definitions which throws the whole matter into confusion so far as that work is concerned. In that book "fellator" is defined as "one who takes the buccal part in fellatorism." This is thoroughly in accord with the meaning evidently implied in Martial's writings. But "fellatio" is by Stedman given as a synonym for "fellatorism," which in turn is described as a synonym for "irrumation," and that word, defined by reference to its underlying verb "irrumare," seems to apply to the passive and not to the active agent in a perverted practice. As defined in the ninth edition of Dorland "fellatio" relates only to the conduct of the active agent. The definition is unmistakable. Indeed, it is so bluntly expressed that it may not with propriety be here quoted. But strangely enough "fellatorism" is defined as a practice relating to the person upon whom another performs a certain act. Krafft-Ebing, as we have seen, limits the practice to a woman as the active agent, and Havelock Ellis seems to follow the same definition, as does also Andrew, as Mr. Justice Chipman in his opinion in the case of People v. Carrell, 31 Cal.App. 793, [ 161 P. 995], has stated. With the books in confusion so hopeless we cannot say that the word has a definite technical meaning. It seems to me that without arrogating to ourselves the function of legislation we cannot definitely declare what the statute means, and that even if we could bring ourselves thus to go outside of our constitutional duty, we would be compelled to choose among conflicting definitions. Section 288a of the Penal Code is void for uncertainty as well as for the reason that it is not expressed in the English language. It is not necessary to examine at length the other Latin word of the statute, because it is not used in the commitments of the petitioners now before this court. It may be said in passing that "cunnilingus" is found but not clearly defined (doubtless for reasons of modesty) in Lewis and Short's revision of Harper's Latin Dictionary, the lexicographers contenting themselves by giving the meaning of one of the words from which it is derived. The word as employed by Martial does not denote an act as its use in the statute would imply, but an individual. For example, the epigram in book IV of Martial, numbered 43, ends with the line:

"Dixi te, Coracine, cunnilingum," meaning

"I have called you, Coracinus, 'a cunnilingus.' "

This definition is accepted by Dorland, who uses the word "cunnilinguist" to denote the person guilty of a certain act of perversion, but gives "Cunnilingus" as the Latin synonym. Krafft-Ebing seems to use "cunnilingus" as meaning an act, while apparently the same act is described by Ellis as "cunnilinctus." While this part of the statute is not wider review in the present proceedings, I think it proper to indicate that in my opinion it is also void.

The statute under which the petitioners were prosecuted was in violation of both the letter and the reason of the constitutional provisions invoked by them.

The prisoners are discharged.