Summary
holding that by a preponderance of the evidence is the standard of proof that will apply when the presumption of 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(C) does not arise because the Bankruptcy Code does not provide otherwise and because it is the default standard of proof in a bankruptcy case
Summary of this case from In re McKinnonOpinion
Nos. 05-80037, 05-80038.
December 7, 2005.
David Berry, Berry Trip, P.C., Salt Lake City, UT, for debtors.
MEMORANDUM DECISION
These matters come before the Court on motions to extend the automatic stay, under 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(3)(B). Under § 362(c)(3), a debtor who had a prior case pending within one year of filing the present case recieves an automatic stay lasting for thirty days only, unless the debtor shows that he or she filed the present case in good faith. Each debtor in these cases had a prior case pending within one year of filing their present cases. They each argued that the Court should extend the stay because they filed in good faith. The Court determined that a debtor's good faith under § 362(c)(3) is governed by a totality of the circumstances test, and looked to factors historically used to determine a debtor's good faith under § 1307(c). Under this analysis, the Court determined that each debtor met their burden under § 362(c)(3) to show they filed in good faith, and accordingly, the Court granted the motions in this case.
All statutory references herein are to Title 11 of the United States Code unless otherwise indicated.
A hearing on these motions was conducted on November 28, 2005, within 30 days of the debtors' bankruptcy petitions. The parties submitted oral arguments and offered proof of the debtors' testimony. No parties objected to the offer. Accordingly, the Court accepted the offers as testimony of the represented debtors. The Court determined that notice in these matters was appropriate in all respects. For purposes of convenience, the Court consolidated these matters under Bankruptcy Rule 7042. Although the Court issued its decision effective from the bench on November 28, 2005, the Court reserved the right to issues this written memorandum decision, containing its written findings of fact and conclusions of law, as allowed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52.
As authorized by rule 103(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence.
Extended to this proceeding through Bankruptcy Rule 9014(c).
Incorporated into the Bankruptcy Code by Bankruptcy Rule 7052.
FACTS:
Based on the evidence presented at hearing on these matters, the Court makes the following findings of fact.
The Vehikites
On February 11, 2004, the Vehikites filed for chapter 13 protection with this Court ("2004 Case"). Mr. Michael Roberts served as counsel for the Vehikites in that case. This Court confirmed the Vehikites' chapter 13 plan on November 30, 2004, requiring the Vehikites to make monthly payments of $400, and to return unsecured non-priority creditors 14% of their allowed claims.
The class of secured claims in the 2004 Case was comprised of one creditor who was secured by the Debtor's automobile. This secured claim does not exist in the Vehikites' present case, as the vehicle has been surrendered. In the 2004 case, the Vehikites listed a class of priority creditors entitled to claims for $6,849.14. The Vehikites list these same creditors and debts in their present case filed on November 1, 2005 ("The Vehikites' Present Case"). The Vehikites listed a class of unsecured non-priority creditors entitled to claims aggregating $21,070.65. In the Present Case, the Vehikites list non-priority unsecured claims aggregating $42,408.36.
On November 9, 2004, the Chapter 13 Trustee filed a Motion to Dismiss the 2004 Case, asserting that the Vehikites' were delinquent on their plan payments by $1200. The Vehikites testified that they attempted to cure the deficiency and to file an objection to the Trustee's motion to dismiss by contacting their attorney, Mr. Roberts. They testified that Mr. Roberts declined to help them, indicating that he was in the process of winding down his bankruptcy practice. The Vehikites did not file an objection to the Trustee's motion to dismiss. Instead, they paid the Trustee $1000, of the $1200 owing, albeit one day after the deadline for filing an objection to the Trustee's motion to dismiss.
This Court issued an order dismissing the Vehikites' 2004 Case on October 18, 2005. On November 1, 2005, still in the same financial position as they were under in the 2004 Case, the Vehikites filed the Present Case with this Court, with new counsel. On November 11, 2005, they filed the present motion to continue the automatic stay.
The Galanises
On November 8, 2002, the Galanises filed for chapter 13 bankruptcy protection ("the 2002 Case"). On June 6, 2003, the Court confirmed the Galanises' chapter 13 plan. The plan required the Galanises to pay $160 per month and to return unsecured non-priority creditors 10% of their allowed claims.
The class of secured claims in the 2002 Case was comprised of one creditor, Wells Fargo Home Mortgage. Wells Fargo was secured by the Galanises' home in Salt Lake City, Utah. On May 6, 2005, the Court granted Wells Fargo's Motion for Relief against the Galanises' home due to post-petition defaults on the mortgage.
There were no unsecured priority creditors listed in the Galanises' 2002 Case. The class of unsecured non-priority creditors listed in the Galanises' 2002 Case was comprised primarily of credit card debt incurred for personal purchases. The debt owing to these creditors was $66,670.99.
On May 17, 2005, the Chapter 13 Trustee filed a Motion to Dismiss the Galanises' 2002 Case, alleging that the debtors were five months delinquent in plan payments to the Trustee. The Galanises did not respond to the Trustee's motion. The Court granted the motion and dismissed the Galanises' case on July 18, 2005.
At the hearing on this motion, the Galanises testified that Mr. Galanis is permanently disabled, and that Mrs. Galanis works full-time caring for him. Their sole source of income is from Workers' Compensation, an Employers Reinsurance Fund, and Social Security. None of these sources of income are garnishable by creditors. They further testified that in February, 2005, Mrs. Galanis broke her leg and hip. She required substantial medical care, for which the debtors did not have insurance. The Galanises testified that they were unable to cure the delinquency owing to the Trustee under their plan and continue with their 2002 Case because of these medical bills. At the time of their dismissal, the Galanises had already paid unsecured creditors $2,008.46, or 45% of the obligations owing through their 2002 Case plan.
On November 1, 2005, the Galanises filed the present chapter 13 bankruptcy case ("The Galanises' Present Case"). The only substantial difference in their scheduled debts was the listed class of unsecured non-priority creditors. Whereas the Galanises listed unsecured debts in their 2002 Case of $66,670.99, they listed unsecured non-priority debts in the Present Case of $172,892.54. The Galanises testified that this increase was a direct result of the medical expenses they incurred to treat Mrs. Galanis's injured hip and leg. The Court notes that the increase is also attributed to a listed co-signed debt for student loan obligations incurred by the Galanises' son. The Galanises testified that this obligation is to be paid directly by their son. The student loans remain current.
On November 1, 2005, the same day the Galanises filed their Present Case, their son paid Wells Fargo $4,500 towards the arrearage owing on the debtors' mortgage obligations. The Galanises testified that they are in the process of working with their relatives to bring the balance of the mortgage obligations current.
On November 7, 2005, the Galanises filed the present motion to extend the automatic stay.
Whereas the specific language of § 362(c)(3)(B) requires only that the Court hold a hearing on a motion to extend the automatic stay while the stay is still in effect, it does not require the Court to issue an order within such time. Although it seems the Court may choose to issue an order granting a motion to extend the automatic stay even after the stay has terminated, this result would be unfavorable for all parties involved. The Court believes it prudent to issue a ruling on motions to extend the automatic stay within the 30 day period from the debtor's petition.
At the time of filing, debtors are certain to foresee bringing a motion to continue the automatic stay. In as much as a ruling should be issued within 30 days of filing, the Court is willing to consider any motion for an order shortening time for an expedited hearing, brought in connection with motions under § 362(c)(3)(B).
DISCUSSION:
I. JURISDICTION AND VENUE
Jurisdiction over these matters is proper under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(G). Venue is appropriate under 28 U.S.C. § 1409(a).
II. STANDARD OF PROOF
Section 362(c)(3)(A) provides that where a debtor had another individual bankruptcy case pending within 1 year of the present case, the automatic stay terminates "with respect to the debtor" thirty days after filing. A party in interest may move the Court to extend the automatic stay past 30 days "as to any or all creditors after notice and a hearing" if the party in interest demonstrates that the present case was filed in good faith "as to the creditors to be stayed."
The meaning of § 362(c)(3) is ambiguous in that it states the automatic stay shall be lifted "as to the debtor." It is not necessarily clear to the Court what this means. The Court is mindful of this ambiguity, but need not interpret this part of § 362 in the present opinion.
§ 362(c)(3)(B). The Court acknowledges that this provision contemplates a possible extension of the stay only as to some creditors, but not as to all. The facts and arguments surrounding this case do not persuade the Court to decide when a distinction between creditors to be stayed would be appropriate.
Under 362(c)(3)(C)(i), a presumption arises that the present case was not filed in good faith as to all creditors if —
"(I) more than 1 previous case under any of chapters 7, 11, and 13 in which the individual was a debtor was pending within the preceding 1-year period;
(II) a previous case under any of chapters 7, 11, and 13 in which the individual was a debtor was dismissed within such 1-year period, after the debtor failed to —
(aa) file or amend the petition or other documents as required by this title or the court without substantial excuse (but mere inadvertence or negligence shall not be a substantial excuse unless the dismissal was caused by the negligence of the debtor's attorney);
(bb) provide adequate protection as ordered by the court; or
(cc) perform the terms of a plan confirmed by the court;
(III) there has not been a substantial change in the financial or personal affairs of the debtor since the dismissal of the next most previous case under chapter 7, 11, or 13 or any other reason to conclude that the later case will be concluded —
(aa) if a case under chapter 7, with a discharge; or
(bb) if a case under chapter 11 or 13, with a confirmed plan that will be fully performed . . ."
If the § 362(c)(3)(C) presumption ("the presumption") does arise, the party in interest moving to extend the automatic stay must carry its burden by clear and convincing evidence.
The code does not specify what standard of proof applies if the presumption does not arise. The default standard of proof in a bankruptcy case is by a `preponderance of the evidence.' In the absence of an indication otherwise, the court will require that a party carry its burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence. Thus, the Court determines that if the presumption does not arise, a party in interest must carry its burden under § 363(b)(3)(B) by a preponderance of the evidence. III. DETERMINING GOOD FAITH UNDER § 363(b)(3)(B):
In re Schwarten, 194 B.R. 239 (D. Kan. 1996).
The code does not explain how the debtor might go about showing good faith in filing a bankruptcy petition, and no standards existed before the enactment of the BAPCPA which meet this requirement head-on. There are two pre-BAPCPA legal standards that are relevant to the present inquiry — 1) the standards developed under § 1325(a) to determine whether a plan is proposed in good faith; and 2) the standards developed under § 1307(c) to determine whether a chapter 13 case should be dismissed or converted for lack of good faith. Both of these inquiries are governed by the overarching "totality of the circumstances" test.
Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention And Consumer Protection Act of 2005, amending the Bankruptcy Code effective October 17, 2005.
See Flygare v. Boulden, 709 F.2d 1344 (10th Cir. 1983) (discussing the factors to consider in determining whether a plan was proposed in good faith under § 1325(a).
See Gier v. Farmers State Bank of Lucas (In re Gier), 986 F.2d 1326 (10th Cir. 1993).
Flygare, 709 F.2d at 1346; Gier, 986 F.2d at 1329.
The question remains whether this totality of the circumstances test is appropriate for purposes of § 362(c)(3)(B), to determine whether a debtor filed the bankruptcy petition in good faith. Recently, in In re Montoya, Judge Judith A. Boulden, of this Court, answered this question in the affirmative. Judge Boulden relied on the longstanding principle that, "absent clear Congressional intent to the contrary, judicial interpretations of prior law are determinative when concepts, words, or statutory sections are adopted in an amended law on the same subject." As the term, "good faith" is not new to the bankruptcy code, the Court believes it must give this term the same meaning as it had pre-BAPCPA. The Court is persuaded byMontoya that the correct test for determining whether the debtor met his or her burden under § 362(c)(3)(B) is the `totality of the circumstances' test as applied by §§ 1325(a) and 1307(c).
No. 05-80022, 2005 WL 3160532 (Bankr. D. Utah Nov. 23, 2005) (Boulden, J.).
Id. at 5.
Under the umbrella of the totality of the circumstances test, the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals ("10th Circuit") developed two different sets of factors to consider in determining whether good faith exists under § 1325(a) ("Flygare factors") or under § 1307(c) ("Gier factors"). The question persists, however: which of these factors, if any, are relevant to determine whether the debtor filed a bankruptcy petition in good faith under § 362(c)(3)(B)?
See Flygare, 709 F.2d at 1347 (listing 11 relevant factors); Gier, 986 F.2d at 1329 (listing 7 relevant factors).
The Montoya court held that in a chapter 13 case, the Gier factors under § 1307(c) should be applied. The Court agrees with Montoya, that the Gier factors are relevant to the present inquiry.
The Gier factors consider: 1) the nature of the debt, including the question of hether the debt would be nondischargeable in a Chapter 7 proceeding; 2) the timing of the petition; 3) how the debt arose; 4) the debtor's motive in filing the petition; 5) how the debtor's actions affected creditors; 6) the debtor's treatment of creditors both before and after the petition was filed; and 7) whether the debtor has been forthcoming with the bankruptcy court and the creditors.
The Flygare standards are largely inapplicable to whether the debtor had good faith at the time of filing. Flygare was focused only on whether a debtor has good faith in proposing a chapter 13 plan. In the life of a chapter 13 case, the Flygare factors look to determine whether there is good faith in a completely different time period from the timing of the debtor's filing of a case. It is entirely possible that a debtor might file a bankruptcy case in good faith, but later propose a chapter 13 plan not in good faith.
At the same time, the Gier factors are relevant to the present inquiry because they are, at least in part, concerned with the time of filing the petition. Motions to dismiss or convert a case under § 1307(c) can be brought at any time during a chapter 13 bankruptcy case. Prior to the BAPCPA, many of these motions were brought before a chapter 13 plan was proposed or submitted for confirmation. In fact, the Gier factors were designed under the assumption that the good faith determination under § 1307(c) would be made long before the good faith determination under § 1325(a). In light of the foregoing analysis, the Gier factors seem appropriate for determining whether the debtor filed a petition in good faith.
In re Love, 957 F.2d 1350, 1354 (7th Cir. 1992) ( cited favorably by Gier, 986 F.2d at 1329).
Id. (issuing the factors later adopted by Gier, 986 F.2d at 1328).
The Court also notes that the Gier factors were not designed to facilitate a finding that the debtor filed for bankruptcy relief in good faith. Rather, the factors laid out in Gier consider a much broader time period than simply the moment the debtor filed a case. A motion alleging that the debtor has not acted in good faith under § 1307(c) can be brought at any stage during a chapter 13 case. Accordingly, the Gier factors consider the debtor's actions before and after the petition was filed. Further, the Gier factors contemplate a motion brought by an individual creditor, and is often based on facts relating to the debtor's treatment of the moving creditor. Thus, the Gier factors consider, among other things, how the debtor has treated the creditor and how the debtor's actions affected the creditor. This emphasis, however, is not helpful in determining whether the debtor had good faith at the time he or she filed bankruptcy. In general, the Court expects that a debtor's focus at the time of filing will be on all creditors.
Gier, 986 F.2d at 1329 (noting that the purpose of theGier factors is to determine "whether or not . . . there has been an abuse of the provisions, purpose, or spirit of the Chapter").
See Id. at 1327 (the facts of the Gier case itself show that the motion to dismiss was considered after the court rejected the debtor's chapter 13 plan).
In recognition of the differences between the focus of theGier factors and the focus of § 362(c)(3)(B), the Court's totality of the circumstances analysis must consider the Gier factors with some reservations, and must also consider other relevant factors. The Montoya court acknowledged this, in noting that some of the Gier factors may no longer be valid under the BAPCPA, and in noting that the Gier factors serve only to guide the Court's totality of the circumstances analysis.
Montoya, 2005 WL 3160532 at 4.
In contemplating the totality of the circumstances analysis, the Court determines that it should consider a few additional factors, not contemplated by Gier. In sum, the Court believes the following factors are relevant to the analysis of good faith under § 362(c)(3)(B): 1) the timing of the petition; 2) how the debt(s) arose; 3) the debtor's motive in filing the petition; 4) how the debtor's actions affected creditors; 5) why the debtor's prior case was dismissed; 6) the likelihood that the debtor will have a steady income throughout the bankruptcy case, and will be able to properly fund a plan; and 7) whether the Trustee or creditors object to the debtor's motion. IV. SECTION 362(C)(3) AS APPLIED TO THE VEHIKITES Standard of Proof in the Vehikites' Case:
The Court omits the first, sixth, and seventh Gier factors from its analysis. As discussed earlier, and as theMontoya court also acknowledged, some of the Gier factors are not relevant to the present inquiry. See Montoya, 2005 WL 3160532 at 6. The first Gier factor considers the nature of the debts at issue, including the question of whether the debt would be nondischargeable in a chapter 7 proceeding. As the Montoya court noted, this factor has less significance under the post-BAPCPA code because of new restraints on entry into Chapter 7, and because the Chapter 13 discharge no longer presents a significant advantage over that of Chapter 7. Id.
The sixth and seventh Gier factors look to how the debtor behaved after filing bankruptcy. This inquiry is relevant to § 1307(c) because that inquiry looks to the debtor's good faith in taking actions leading up to a motion to dismiss or convert a case. The debtors' behavior after filing is history leading up to a motion under § 1307(c). But the debtor's actions after filing are not probative to whether the debtors filed for bankruptcy in good faith under § 362(c)(3). The Court believes that the debtors' behavior after they filed for relief sheds little light on their intentions before filing. It is entirely possible that a debtor might file for bankruptcy in good faith, but develop improper intentions afterwards.
The presumption arises under § 362(c)(3)(C)(i)(I) if a debtor participated in more than one individual bankruptcy case within the last year. The Vehikites had only one bankruptcy case pending within one year of filing the Present Case. No presumption arises under (I).
The presumption arises under § 362(c)(3)(C)(i)(II) if a debtor had one individual bankruptcy case which was dismissed within the one year period before filing the Present Case. This applies to the Vehikites because their 2004 Case was dismissed 13 days before they filed the Present Case.
Even if (II) applies initially, the presumption only arises if the debtor meets one of three subsections. Subsection (aa) applies if the previous case was dismissed because the debtor "failed to file or amend the petition or other documents as required by this title or the court without substantial excuse." Subsection (aa) also states that "negligence shall not be a substantial excuse unless the dismissal was caused by the negligence of the debtor's attorney."
The Vehikites' 2004 Case was dismissed because they failed to make payments according to their chapter 13 plan, and because the Trustee enforced this obligation in a motion to dismiss. The Vehikites' characterize the reason for this dismissal as their failure to file an objection to the Trustee's motion to dismiss. They argue that their attorney was negligent in not filing a response to the Trustee's motion, and that if such a motion had been filed, the case would not have been dismissed.
The Vehikites' improperly characterize the reason for the dismissal of their 2004 Case. It is true that, if the Vehikites had submitted a response to the Trustee's motion to dismiss, the Court may not have dismissed their case. But their case was not solely dismissed for failure to file a response to the Trustee's motion. Their case was dismissed because the Vehikites were delinquent on plan payments. Subsection (aa) refers to a debtor's failure to file required documents. A response to the Trustee's motion is not required by the bankruptcy code. If a debtor fails to file a response, procedural requirements may result in a dismissal but the basis of the dismissal would ultimately be based on the grounds stated in the Trustee's motion to dismiss. Dismissal for failure to make plan payments is best covered by subsection (cc), which discusses a debtor's failure to perform the terms of a confirmed plan. If the Court were to construe a debtor's failure to respond to a motion to dismiss as a failure to file a document, the court would obfuscate the significance of subsection (cc), while also providing an incentive for first-time debtors to allow dismissal of their case by simply not filing a response to a motion to dismiss. The Court would also be asked to engage in conjecture as to how it would have ruled if the debtors had filed an objection. This is an inadvisable result, and one to which the Court will not subscribe. Accordingly, the Court determines that subsection (aa) is inapplicable to the facts of the Vehikites' case. Their case was dismissed because they failed to make timely plan payments. This failure is appropriately covered by subsection (cc), discussed below.
Initially, the Court believed that the Vehikites' prior dismissal should be analyzed under subsection (aa). After further review, the Court is not persuaded that subsection (aa) is applicable. This change in the Court's analysis does not effect the ultimate ruling of the Court.
Subsection (bb) applies if the previous case was dismissed because the debtor failed to "provide adequate protection as ordered by the court." This subsection is not relevant in the Vehikites' case.
Subsection (cc) applies if the previous case was dismissed because the debtor failed to "perform the terms of a plan confirmed by the court." The Court confirmed the Vehikites' chapter 13 plan on November 30, 2004, requiring them to make monthly payments of $400. They failed to make several payments. The Trustee responded to their delinquency by bringing a motion to dismiss. Their case was dismissed because the Vehikites' did not comply with the terms of their confirmed plan — they did not make timely plan payments. For purposes of subsection (cc), it is irrelevant that the Vehikites might have survived the Trustee's motion to dismiss if only their attorney had filed a response. The Court determines that the presumption arises under § 362(c)(3)(C)(i)(II)(cc). Accordingly, the Vehikites must carry their burden under § 362(c)(3)(B) by clear and convincing evidence.
The presumption arises under § 362(c)(3)(C)(i)(III) if there has not been a substantial change in the debtor's financial or personal affairs since the prior case was dismissed. The Court need not analyze this section, as the Court has already determined that the presumption arises in the Vehiktes' case.
Analysis of the Vehikites' Case under § 362(c)(3)(B):
The first factor to consider in the Court's analysis is the timing of the debtors' petition. If the debtors waited a full year before refiling, all the while having no intention to stay out of bankruptcy, that would be evidence of bad faith. Creditors incur substantial costs in seeking collections of their debts. A debtor who knows that he cannot pay his debts or these new collection costs would be acting in bad faith by allowing the debts to mount. In the Vehikites' case, the debtors filed the present case 13 days after their prior case was dismissed. They did not wait to see what their creditors would do, but took affirmative action to address their debts. The Court determines that this factor weighs in favor of granting the Vehikites' motion.
The second factor to consider is how the debts at issue arose. This factor looks primarily to whether the debts arose from luxury spending, from reoccurring expenses, or whether they were the result of unavoidable costs, such as medical bills. The majority of the debts in the Vehikites' case are credit card expenses which appear to be for personal purchases, rather than medical expenses. The Court also notes that the Vehikites scheduled unsecured debts in this case of approximately $20,000 more than those scheduled in the prior case. This suggests that the Vehikites' did not file the Present Case in good faith. This factor weighs against granting the Vehikites' motion.
The third factor to consider is the debtor's motive in filing the Present Case. As the Montoya court noted, this is a wholly subjective inquiry, but nonetheless relevant. Based on the Vehikites' testimony, the Court is convinced that their motive in filing the Present Case was to responsibly address their debts, and to pay as much of their debts as possible. This factor weighs in favor of granting the Vehikites' motion.
Montoya, 2005 WL 3160532 at 6.
The fourth factor to consider is how the debtor's actions affected creditors. Filing for bankruptcy relief will almost always prejudice one's creditors. In the Vehikites' case, there is no depreciating collateral at issue. The prejudice suffered by the Vehikites' creditors is simply that they are not being paid at the moment. The most that can be said of this factor is that it does not weigh against granting the Vehikites' motion.
The fifth factor to consider is why the debtors' prior case was dismissed. If the prior case was dismissed for the debtor's attempts to manipulate the system or some other bad conduct, that would bare on whether the Present Case was not filed in good faith. In the Vehikites' case, their prior case was dismissed when their attorney failed to file an objection to the Trustee's motion to dismiss. It is true that their case was dismissed for the Vehikites' failure to make timely plan payments, but the Court notes that they attempted to cure their delinquency. The Court is also mindful of the fact that, despite the Vehikites' requests, their attorney ignored their request to file a response to the Trustee's motion to dismiss. This factor weighs in favor of granting the Vehikites' motion.
The sixth factor to consider is the likelihood, at the time of filing, that the debtor could properly fund and maintain a chapter 13 plan. If a debtor was unemployed when he or she filed the present case, this would cut against an inference that the debtor filed with a true intention to repay creditors. In the Present Case, however, the Vehikites' have a long and steady employment history with the same employers. In fact, Mr. Vehikite has worked for the same employer for more than 30 years. This fact infers that at the time of filing, the debtors had every intention of proceeding and fulfilling their obligations under chapter 13. This factor weighs in favor of granting the Vehikites' motion.
The seventh factor to consider is whether the Trustee or any creditor objects to the debtor's motion. The Chapter 13 Trustee has a significant role in these cases. The Trustee monitors the conduct of debtors and is often in the best position to sniff out a debtor's bad faith. The Trustee is likely to object to a debtor's motion to extend the automatic stay where the bankruptcy case, at the early stage of the debtor's motion, has no hope of survival. This is relevant to whether the debtor filed the present case with the intent of pursuing the case and with the intent of paying his or her debts. Likewise, the absence of any objection filed by a creditor is also relevant to show that the debtor has filed in good faith. In this case, neither the Trustee nor any creditors objected to the Vehikites' motion. Rather, the Trustee seemed to endorse the motion at the hearing. This factor weighs in favor of granting the Vehikites' motion.
§ 1302(b), (c), and (d).
In light of the above analysis, the Court determines that under a totality of the circumstances analysis, the Vehikites' have carried their burden to show by clear and convincing evidence that they filed the present case in good faith.
V. SECTION 362(C)(3) AS APPLIED TO THE GALANISES
Standard of Proof in the Galanises' Case:
The presumption does not arise under § 362(c)(3)(C)(i)(I) in this case because the Galanises had only one bankruptcy case pending within one year of filing the present case.
The presumption may arise under § 362(c)(3)(C)(i)(II) because the Galanises' prior case was dismissed within one year of the present case. The Court must now consider whether that dismissal was caused by any of the factors discussed by subsections (aa) through (cc).
As with the Vehikites' prior case, the Galanises' 2002 Case was dismissed because they failed to make timely plan payments. Accordingly, the presumption does not arise under subsections (aa) or (bb), but does arise under subsection (cc). The Galanises must carry their burden under § 363(c)(3)(B) by clear and convincing evidence.
Also similar to the Vehikites' case, the Court need not analyze the presumption under section (III), as the Court has already determined that the presumption arises under section (II).
Analysis of the Galanises' Case under § 362(c)(3)(B):
The first factor to consider in analyzing the Galanises' motion is the timing of the their petition. The Galanises filed the present case 105 days after their prior case was dismissed. Absent a compelling reason for the break, this length of time might infer that the Galanises did not file in good faith. The Galanises explained that the length of time was largely due to Mrs. Galanis's medical care. This explanation is sufficient to satisfy the Court. The court determines that this factor, the timing of the debtor's petition, does not weigh against granting the Galanises' motion.
The second factor to consider is how the Galanises' debts arose. The majority of the debts in this case are credit card expenses which were for personal purchases and medical expenses. These expenses appear to have been necessary and unavoidable. These are not the kind of expenses which suggest that the debtors shirked their financial responsibilities. This factor weighs in favor of granting the Galanises' motion.
The third factor to consider is the Galanises' motive in filing their 2005 Case. Based on the Galanises' testimony, the Court is convinced that their motive in filing the present case was to responsibly address their debts, and to pay as much of their debts as possible. At oral arguments on this matter, the Galanises made much of the fact that the unsecured creditors in this case could not garnish their income, as the source of their income is exempt from garnishment. So under a chapter 13 plan, the Galanises' are paying their creditors more than the creditors would likely receive outside of bankruptcy. The Galanises argue that this factor weighs in favor of granting the motion. Although the Court is aware that filing the present bankruptcy case brings a substantial benefit to the debtors themselves, the Court nevertheless determines that the present filing was motivated by good faith. This factor weighs in favor of granting the Galanises' motion.
The fourth factor to consider is how the Galanises' actions affected their creditors. As in the Vehikites' case there is no depreciating collateral at issue. The prejudice suffered by the debtors' creditors is simply that they are not being paid at the moment. The most that can be said of this factor is that it does not weigh against granting the debtor's motion.
The fifth factor to consider is why the debtors' prior case was dismissed. The Galanises' prior case was dismissed because they failed to make timely plan payments. They testified that they could not maintain their payments because of changed circumstances — Mrs. Galanis's injuries and medical bills. The Galanises did not respond to the Trustee's motion to dismiss because their new medical bills rendered their original plan not feasible. This explanation shows that the Galanises are not attempting to file a new case simply to manipulate the bankruptcy code or to otherwise act improperly. The Galanises had a realistic motivation in not filing an objection to the motion to dismiss their 2002 Case. The Court also notes that at the time the court dismissed the 2002 Case, the Galanises had returned to unsecured creditors 45% of the amounts that were ordered to be paid through their plan. This factor weighs in favor of granting the Galanises' motion.
The sixth factor to consider is the likelihood, at the time of filing, that the debtor could properly fund and maintain a chapter 13 plan. The Galanises have a steady source of income which is not likely to disappear anytime soon. Their sole sources of income result from Mr. Galanis's permanent disabilities. As he is not likely to get better in the near future, it is unlikely that the Galanises' income will change throughout the life of their bankruptcy case. This factor weighs in favor of granting the Galanises' motion.
The seventh factor to consider is whether the Trustee or creditors object to the debtor's motion. As with the Vehikites' case, neither the Trustee nor any creditors objected to the debtor's motion. Also similar to the Vehikites' case, the Trustee seemed to endorse the motion. This factor weighs in favor of granting the Galanises' motion.
In light of the above analysis, the Court determines that under a totality of the circumstances analysis, the Galanises have carried their burden to show that they filed the present case in good faith, by clear and convincing evidence.
Separate orders are to be entered in each of these cases, granting the motions.