William M. Thursland, Houston, TX, for Appellant. Sandra D. Hachem, Sr. Assistant County Attorney, Houston, TX, for Appellee.
Panel consists of Chief Justice RADACK and Justices JENNINGS and HUDDLE.

OPINION

REBECA HUDDLE, Justice.

In this accelerated appeal, appellant M.R. challenges the trial court's decree terminating M.R.'s parental rights to her minor child, E.C.R. In two issues, M.R. argues that the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to support the termination of her rights under Texas Family Code section 161.001(1)(O) and legally and factually insufficient to support the finding that the termination of M.R.'s rights was in the best interest of the child under Texas Family Code section 161.001(2). Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001 (West 2011). We reverse and render in part and affirm in part.

Background

The Department of Family and Protective Services removed E.C.R. from the care of his mother, M.R., on or around June 25, 2010. On July 8, 2010, the trial court signed temporary orders giving DFPS temporary managing conservatorship of E.C.R. Over one year later, after a bench trial conducted on August 18, 2011, the trial court terminated M.R.'s parental rights. Although DFPS had urged the trial court to find that termination was appropriate under three subsections of Family Code section 161.001, the trial court found that termination was warranted only under section 161.001(1)(O).

The evidence at trial demonstrated that E.C.R. was taken into DFPS's custody “due to risk of [E.C.R.] being physically abused by the mother[.]” The caseworker, Ehiomen Etinfoh, explained that law enforcement had been called to an incident in which M.R. was allegedly abusing her four-year-old daughter, Y.C. According to an investigator, a witness reported seeing M.R. drag Y.C. by her ponytail down the street at Interstate 45 and Greens Road. When the police arrived they observed Y.C. had a bruised lip, a cut on her forehead, dried blood on her nose and fresh bruising on her right ear and left eye. Etinfoh further explained that, while E.C.R. was not present during that incident, the incident resulted in M.R.'s being arrested and charged with injury to a child, Y.C. Etinfoh also explained that M.R. pleaded guilty and received four years' deferred adjudication community supervision.

In addition to her testimony regarding the incident that resulted in M.R.'s guilty plea, Etinfoh testified that, while M.R. had completed some services, she had not completed the “big” services required by the court's service plan, i.e., the psychiatric evaluation and psychological treatment. She testified that M.R. had not found employment and that M.R. had lost custody of another son, A.J. Etinfoh testified that E.C.R. was “very behind in his immunizations” and that E.C.R. “had to be caught up, up until he turned one years old on his shots” because M.R. “was not taking care of his medical needs.” When asked about E.C.R.'s home environment, Etinfoh admitted that she was not personally aware of E.C.R.'s home environment, but also said that M.R. admitted to Etinfoh in the year before the trial that M.R. was “moving from house to house.” Etinfoh did not offer evidence of where M.R. was living or when or how frequently she moved. Etinfoh testified that M.R. attempted to kill herself while she was in prison on the injury to a child charge and that M.R. had given birth to another child, younger than E.C.R., who currently lived in the same foster home as E.C.R. In short, Etinfoh testified that she believed termination was in the best interest of E.C.R. because M.R. could not provide him with a proper, stable environment, her mental status was questionable, she had not completed the psychiatric evaluation, and she was unemployed. On cross-examination, Etinfoh confirmed that E.C.R. came into DFPS's care “based on risk” due to the allegation of injury to his sibling.

Lucinda Thomas, the child advocate, confirmed her belief that M.R. should be removed “based upon alleged physical risk.” She testified that M.R. had failed to complete the required psychiatric and psychotherapy treatments and that M.R. had not lived in a home or had a job for six months. According to Thomas, M.R. claimed she was unable to find a job due to complications with her last pregnancy but M.R. had not given Thomas any documentation of her inability to work. Thomas testified that as of the date of the hearing she recommended termination of M.R.'s parental rights based on alleged physical risk to E.C.R. and the fact that M.R. had not completed her services.

M.R. also testified at the termination hearing. M.R. confirmed that she was E.C.R.'s mother. M.R. admitted that she had lost custody of another child in a different child protection case and that she received deferred adjudication for the injury to a child charge resulting from the incident involving Y.C. M.R. also testified that E.C.R. was living in a safe environment in June 2010 when he was removed from her care and she never told the caseworker otherwise.

At the conclusion of the bench trial, the trial court announced its ruling that M.R.'s parental rights were terminated based on section 161.001(1)(O) but not on other grounds urged by DFPS. On September 6, 2011, the trial court entered a decree terminating M.R.'s parental rights. The court found that termination was in the best interest of E.C.R. and that there was clear and convincing evidence to terminate M.R.'s parental rights under section 161.001(1)(O). The court named DFPS as E.C.R.'s sole managing conservator, finding that that it was not in E.C.R.'s best interest for the court to appoint a parent, relative, or other person.

Termination of Parental Rights

In order to terminate parental rights under section 161.001 of the Family Code, the petitioner must establish that the parent engaged in conduct enumerated in one or more of the subsections of section 161.001(1) and must also show that termination of the parent-child relationship is in the best interest of the child. Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001 (West Supp. 2011); Richardson v. Green, 677 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex.1984). The petitioner must prove both prongs and may not rely solely on a determination that termination is in the best interest of the child. Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001; Tex. Dep't of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex.1987).

It is well-established that parental rights are of constitutional dimension and are “far more precious than property rights.” Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex.1985) (quoting Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651, 92 S.Ct. 1208, 1212, 31 L.Ed.2d 551). Because of the great importance of parental rights, grounds for termination must be supported by clear and convincing evidence rather than a mere preponderance. Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001; In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 23 (Tex.2002). Clear and convincing evidence refers to a degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the factfinder a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be proved. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25.

A. Standard of Review

When reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence in a case involving termination of parental rights, we determine whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that there existed grounds for termination under section 161.001(1) and that termination was in the best interest of the child. SeeTex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001(1), (2); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex.2002). In doing so, we examine all evidence in the light most favorable to the finding, assuming that the “factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We must also disregard all evidence that the factfinder could have reasonably disbelieved or found to be incredible. Id. However, we must be careful not to disregard all of the evidence that does not support the finding, as doing so could “skew the analysis of whether there is clear and convincing evidence.” Id.

When conducting a factual sufficiency review of the evidence in a termination of parental rights case, we examine the entire record to determine whether “the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction” that the two prongs of section 161.001 were met. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266;seeTex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001. If the evidence that could not be credited in favor of the finding is so great that it would prevent a reasonable factfinder from forming a firm belief or conviction that either termination was not in the best interest of the child, or none of the grounds under section 161.001(1) were proven, the evidence will be factually insufficient and the termination will be reversed. SeeTex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266.

B. Texas Family Code section 161.001(1)(O)—Failure to comply with a court order

In her first point on appeal, M.R. contends that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support termination of her parental rights under section 161.001(1)(O). For a court to terminate parental rights under section 161.001(1)(O), the court must find by clear and convincing evidence that the parent:

[F]ailed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the actions necessary for a parent to obtain the return of the child who has been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the [DFPS] for not less than nine months as a result of the child's removal from the parent under Chapter 262 for the abuse or neglect of the child.
Tex. Fam.Code § 161.001(1)(O).

M.R. does not dispute that DFPS had temporary managing conservatorship of E.C.R. for more than nine months or that she failed to complete the actions necessary to obtain the return of E.C.R. as set forth in the trial court's temporary orders. Rather, M.R.'s sole argument on appeal is that DFPS did not establish by clear and convincing evidence that E.C.R. was removed from M.R.'s care as a result of M.R.'s abuse or neglect of E.C.R.

For a trial court to terminate parental rights under section 161.001(1)(O), it must find that the child who is the subject of the suit was removed as a result of the abuse or neglect of that specific child. See Mann v. Dep't of Family and Protective Servs., No. 01–08–01004–CV, 2009 WL 2961396, at *6 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] Sept. 17, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (section 161.001(1)(O) requires that trial court find by clear and convincing evidence that child who is the subject of the suit was removed as a result of the abuse or neglect of parent) (citing In re A.A.A., 265, S.W.3d 507, 512–516 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied)). We previously have held that evidence of abuse or neglect of a sibling does not support termination under section 161.001(1)(O). See Mann, 2009 WL 2961396, at *6–7.

Here, DFPS argues that the conduct of M.R. towards her daughter Y.C., E.C.R.'s sibling, supports the trial court's finding that E.C.R. was removed from M.R.'s care as a result of abuse or neglect. While M.R's abusive conduct toward Y.C. may have jeopardized E.C.R.'s well-being and served as evidence to support termination under section 161.001(1)(E), it is not evidence that E.C.R. actually sustained abuse or was neglected by M.R. SeeTex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(E); See Mann, 2009 WL 2961396, at *6 (citing Cervantes–Peterson v. Tex. Dep't of Family and Protective Services, 221 S.W.3d 244, 253 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.)); see also In re D.M., 58 S.W.3d 801, 811 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2001, no pet.) (proving the element of a parent's endangering act under section 161.001(1)(E) “may be satisfied by showing the parent in question engaged in a course of conduct that endangered the child's physical or emotional well-being”). Thus, M.R.'s abuse of Y.C. cannot be considered evidence that M.R. abused or neglected E.C.R. under section 161.001(1)(O).

DFPS argues that three other pieces of evidence support termination under section 161.001(1)(O): (1) temporary orders signed by the trial judge on July 8, 2010 finding “danger to the physical health or safety” of E.C.R., as well as “a substantial risk of a continuing danger if the child is returned home,” (2) the language in the August 2, 2010 Family Service Plan that shows M.R. was, at that time, living on the streets and did not have family or friends who could assist her, and (3) Etinfoh's testimony that E.C.R. was behind in his immunizations and M.R. “was not taking care of his medical needs.” In In re A.A.A., we stated that whether a child was removed due to the abuse or neglect of the parent should be determined on a case-by-case basis. In re A.A.A., 265 S.W.3d at 515. Because other cases are instructive in making this determination, we will examine previous courts of appeals holdings. See Mann, 2009 WL 2961396, at *6.

The cases in which courts of appeals have concluded that the evidence was sufficient to find that a child's removal was based on abuse or neglect contain specific allegations of neglect or abuse in the record. In In re M.G., the Fourteenth Court of Appeals found that the evidence was sufficient to terminate a mother's parental rights to her child under section 161.001(1)(O), in part, because the initial intake report stated that “appellant was mentally and physically neglectful of M.G.” In re M.G., 2009 WL 3818856, No. 14–09–00136–CV, at *8 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (mem. op). Other evidence included a statement from a DFPS worker that while speaking to the mother on the phone the mother seemed unconcerned with M.G.'s cries that the DFPS worker could hear in the background. Id. at *8. In addition, DFPS showed that the mother had kicked out windows on a public bus while M.G. was present, and that doctors had diagnosed the mother as having “paranoid concerns” and delusions that could be detrimental to M.G.'s development. Id. In In re E.S.C., the Dallas Court of Appeals determined that the evidence was sufficient to support termination of a mother's parental rights to four siblings under section 161.001(1)(O) in a case in which DFPS's referral explicitly alleged negligent supervision of the children. In re E.S.C., 287 S.W.3d 471, 473, 475 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2009, pet. denied). The record in E.S.C. also demonstrated that the mother's mental condition prior to removal caused her to suffer visual and audio hallucinations, and “suicidal, homicidal ideations.” Id. at 473. She did not know where two of her children resided and had no one to care for the children while she was hospitalized. Id. The trial court also was presented with detailed evidence regarding the medical condition of the children, including evidence that one child had impetigo, a staph infection, and hair loss, and that the mother had not sought treatment for any of these conditions. Id. at 475. Finally, in In re S.N., our sister court concluded the evidence was sufficient to support termination of a mother's parental rights under section 161.001(1)(O) when the record demonstrated that she left her children home alone for hours, and officers who arrived at the home found a soiled mattress, cat feces overflowing from litter boxes, the sink overflowing with dirty dishes, and spoiled milk in the refrigerator. In re S.N., 287 S.W.3d 183, 190 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.)

By contrast, in Mann v. DFPS, this court reversed a termination decree under section 161.001(1)(O) because there was insufficient evidence of abuse or neglect of the child. See Mann, 2009 WL 2961396, at *7. The evidence in Mann, as in this case, demonstrated that the mother had abused an older sibling. Id. DFPS showed the mother failed to obtain prenatal care until she was ordered to do so in the seventh month of pregnancy, failed to comply with the service plan ordered in a case involving another one of her children, and failed to secure housing at the time of the child's birth. Id. But the caseworker in Mann testified that upon entering DFPS care, the child was healthy, had not been abused or neglected, and had been removed due to risk rather than actual abuse or neglect. Id. at *6. Similarly, in In re S.A.P., a DFPS caseworker testified that the child had not been removed for abuse or neglect but rather because of a risk of harm to the child as a result of the parent's conduct towards the child's siblings. In re S.A.P., 169 S.W.3d 685, 705–706 (Tex.App.-Waco 2005, no pet.) The Waco Court of Appeals reversed, holding there was no evidence to support termination of under section 161.001(1)(O). Id.

Here, as in Mann, the caseworker testified that the child was removed as a result of risk of abuse due to abuse of his older sibling. Unlike the evidence presented in In re M.G. and In re E.S.C., the evidence here does not show neglect or negligent supervision of the child as a reason for DFPS involvement. See In re M.G., 2009 WL 3818856, at *8;In re E.S.C., 287 S.W.3d at 473. While Etinfoh testified that E.C.R. was “very behind” in his immunizations when he came into DFPS custody, the record does not show that this factor or any other allegation of abuse or neglect of E.C.R. led to E.C.R.'s removal. In fact, the Family Service Plan and Etinfoh's testimony both show that DFPS became involved as a result of M.R.'s abuse of E.C.R.'s sibling, a factor that the court could not consider in reaching a finding under section 161.001(1)(O). See Mann, 2009 WL 2961396, at *6.

DFPS also points to the Family Service Plan that shows as of August 2, 2010, M.R. was living on the streets and did not have a support system as evidence of her abuse or neglect of E.C.R. In Mann, this court held that the mother's failure to obtain housing at the time of the child's birth did not establish abuse or neglect because the child was staying at his great-grandmother's house, and the record did not reflect frequent relocation during time the mother was caring for the child, or that child was exposed to unsafe or unsanitary conditions. See Mann, 2009 WL 2961396, at *7. The language in the Family Service Plan here stated that M.R. was “currently” living on the streets “as of” August 2, 2010. The plan was written over one month after E.C.R.'s initial removal from M.R., on or about June 25, 2010, and almost one month after the adversary hearing on July 8, 2010, in which DFPS was given temporary conservatorship of E.C.R. Even considering the language in the Family Service Plan along with Etinfoh's testimony that M.R. told her that “last year” that she was “moving house to house,” these statements, without more detail as to when this occurred or whether it was E.C.R. as opposed to M.R. that was in an unsafe or unstable living environment, cannot be considered evidence of abuse or neglect of E.C.R.

Examining all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's judgment and disregarding all evidence the factfinder could have reasonably disbelieved or found incredible, we hold that a reasonable factfinder could not have formed a firm belief or conviction that E.C.R. was removed from M.R.'s care as a result of M.R.'s abuse or neglect of E.C.R. We hold that the evidence is legally insufficient to support termination of M.R.'s parental rights under section 161.001(1)(O).

We sustain M.R.'s first issue.

C. Alternative grounds for termination urged by DFPS

DFPS requests that this court consider two cross points and affirm the termination of M.R.'s parental rights under either section 161.001(1)(L) or section 161.001(1)(E), the two other grounds for termination pleaded in DFPS's original pleadings. Although DFPS sought termination under these two provisions in its original petition, the trial court did not terminate M.R.'s rights under either of them.

In Vasquez, we held that “a parental rights termination order can be upheld only on grounds both pleaded by [DFPS] and found by the trial court.” Vasquez v. Texas Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 190 S.W.3d 189, 194 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). DFPS asserts that the Legislature's recent repeal of Texas Family Code section 263.405(i) means that we are now free to consider cross appeals such as these.

We agree with DFPS that with the repeal of Texas Family Code section 263.405(i), appellate courts are now permitted to review points raised on appeal that were not included in a statement of appellate points. But we disagree with DFPS's conclusion that the repeal of section 263.405(i) means we are free to uphold termination based on findings not made by the trial court. See Act of May 12, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 176, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 332, 332, repealed by Act of May 5, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 75, § 5, 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 348, 349. The repeal of Texas Family Code section 263.405(i) does not affect our holding in Vasquez, and we reaffirm that “a parental rights termination order can be upheld only on grounds both pleaded by the [DFPS] and found by the trial court.” Vasquez, 190 S.W.3d at 194 (stating “we decline [DFPS's] invitation to uphold the trial court's termination order on a ground different from that stated in the order”); see also Cervantes–Peterson, 221 S.W.3d at 252 (“[W]e review the sufficiency of the evidence presented under the specific statutory grounds found by the trial court in its termination order.”).

Former Texas Family Code section 263.405(i) stated in part, “The appellate court may not consider any issue that was not specifically presented to the trial court in a timely filed statement of the points on which the party intends to appeal or in a statement combined with a motion for new trial.” Act of May 12, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 176, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 332, 332, repealed by Act of May 5, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 75, § 5, 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 348, 349.

Because we conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient to support termination under section 161.001(1)(O), the sole ground on which the trial court terminated M.R.'s parental rights, we need not reach the merits of M.R.'s second issue.

Conclusion

We reverse the portions of the decree related to the termination of M.R.'s parental rights and render judgment denying DFPS's petition for termination of M.R.'s parental rights. We affirm the remainder of the judgment. Panel consists of Chief Justice RADACK and Justices JENNINGS and HUDDLE.

Reconsideration en banc denied. En banc consideration was requested. SeeTex.R.App. P. 41.2(c).
Chief Justice RADACK and Justices JENNINGS, KEYES, HIGLEY, BLAND, SHARP, MASSENGALE, BROWN, and HUDDLE participated in the vote to determine en banc consideration.
A majority of the Court voted to deny en banc consideration. SeeTex.R.App. P. 49.7.
Justice KEYES, dissenting from the denial of en banc reconsideration.

EVELYN V. KEYES, Justice, dissenting from denial of en banc reconsideration.

I respectfully dissent from the denial of en banc reconsideration. In this accelerated appeal, the panel reverses the trial court's decree terminating appellant M.R.'s parental rights to her minor child, E.C.R. The panel concludes that the evidence was legally insufficient to support the termination of M.R.'s parental rights under Texas Family Code section 161.001(1)(O).

Having reached the conclusion that the Department of Family and Protective Services (“DFPS”) failed to establish by clear and convincing evidence that M.R. violated section 161.001(1)(O), the panel finds it unnecessary to address the trial court's finding that termination was in E.C.R.'s best interest,

.Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(O) (Vernon Supp.2011).

and it reversesand renders judgment denying DFPS's petition for termination of M.R.'s parental rights.

The factors relevant to a best interest determination include: (1) a child's age and physical and mental vulnerabilities; (2) the frequency and nature of out-of-home placements; (3) the magnitude, frequency, and circumstances of the harm to the child; (4) whether the child has been the victim of repeated harm after an initial report and intervention; (5) whether the child is afraid to return home; (6) the results of psychiatric, psychological, or developmental evaluations of the child, the child's parents, other family members, or others who have access to the child's home; (7) whether there is a history of abusive or assaultive conduct by the child's family or others who have access to the child's home; (8) whether there is a history of substance abuse by the child's family or others who have access to the child's home; (9) whether the perpetrator of the harm against the child had been identified; (10) the willingness of the child's family to seek out, accept, and complete counseling and to cooperate with supervising agencies; (11) the willingness and ability of the child's family to effect positive environmental and personal changes within a reasonable time; (12) whether the child's family demonstrates adequate parenting skills, including providing the child with adequate health and nutritional care, care and nurturance consistent with the child's development, guidance and supervision for the child's safety, a safe physical home environment, protection from exposure to violence even if not directed at the child, and an understanding of the child's needs and capabilities; and (13) whether an adequate social support system consisting of friends and an extended family is available to the child. Id. § 263.307(b) (Vernon 2008); see In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex.2006) (per curiam); Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex.1976) (listing factors, including (1) child's desires, (2) current and future physical and emotional needs of child, (3) current and future physical danger to the child, (4) parental abilities of person seeking custody, (5) whether programs are available to assist person seeking custody in promoting best interests of child, (6) plans for child by person seeking custody, (7) stability of home, (8) acts or omissions of parent that may indicate parent-child relationship is not proper, and (9) any excuse for acts or omissions of parent).

The panel's decision turns entirely on its determination that, in seeking termination of M.R.'s parental rights under subsection 161.001(1)(O), DFPS was required to prove not only that M.R. violated her Family Service Plan,

but also that it initially removed E.C.R. from M.R.'s possession due to immediate “abuse or neglect” of E.C.R. himself, disregarding as irrelevant all evidence of endangerment of E.C.R. and his siblings, abuse or neglect of E.C.R.'s siblings, risk of future abuse, neglect, and endangerment, and proof of E.C.R.'s best interests.

“The Family Service Plan is the trial court's order specifying the actions the parents had to take for the Department to return the children to their custody.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 298 n. 1 (Tex.2002) (Schneider, J., dissenting) (citing Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(O)).

The panel's opinion in this case is based on two previous opinions from different panels of this Court: In re A.A.A., 265 S.W.3d 507 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied), and Mann v. Department of Family and Protective Services, No. 01–08–01004–CV, 2009 WL 2961396 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] Sept. 17, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.). In all three of these cases, this Court held that, in cases in which DFPS seeks termination pursuant to subsection 161.001(1)(O), DFPS must present evidence that (1) not only did a parent fail to comply with a DFPS service plan setting out the steps the parent must take to regain custody of a child removed from that parent's custody for “abuse or neglect,” but that (2) DFPS removed the child at issue from the home due to the immediate “abuse or neglect” of that specific child. This Court also held that the fact finder may not consider as evidence of “abuse or neglect” evidence that DFPS predicated its removal decision upon the parent's admitted physical abuse of another child in the home.

In my view, this line of cases misconstrues Family Code section 161.001(1)(O) and violates the well-established standard of proof for termination of parental rights; the well-established standard of review for legal sufficiency of the evidence in a parental-rights-termination case; and the standard of proof and standard of review for termination under subsection 161.001(1)(O) due to the parent's violation of a Family Service Plan. This line of cases also leads to arbitrary and absurd results that conflict with opinions in similarcases from this Court, our fellow appellate courts, and the Texas Supreme Court and that directly contravene the express purpose of the parental rights termination statute as set out in both the Texas Family Code and in supreme court precedent. These cases thus undermine both the effectiveness and the purpose of section 161.001 in protecting the welfare and best interests of children and in “[p]romot[ing] the child's interest in a final decision and thus placement in a safe and stable home.”

In re L.M.I., 119 S.W.3d 707, 711 (Tex.2003) (quoting In re B.L.D. 113 S.W.3d 340, 353 (Tex.2003)).

Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 41.2 provides, “En banc consideration of a case is not favored and should not be ordered unless necessary to secure or maintain uniformity of the court's decisions or unless extraordinary circumstances require en banc consideration.” Tex.R.App. P. 41.2(c). This case merits en banc review on both grounds. Therefore, I respectfully dissent from the denial of en banc reconsideration. I would hold (1) that appellant failed to complete a court ordered Family Service Plan pursuant to Family Code section 161.001( l )(O), as required for the return of E.C.R. following his removal by DFPS pursuant to the procedures set out in Family Code Chapter 262, “Procedures in Suit by Governmental Entity to Protect Health and Safety of Child,”

and (2) that termination is in E.C.R.'s best interest. I would affirm the judgment of the trial court terminating M.R.'s parental rights.

.Tex. Fam.Code Ann. §§ 262.001–.309 (Vernon 2008).

Standard of Review

“The State's fundamental interest in parental-rights termination cases is to protect the best interest of the child. This interest is aligned with another of the child's interests—an interest in a final decision on termination so that adoption to a stable home or return to the parents is not unduly prolonged.” In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d 534, 548 (Tex.2003); see also In re L.M.I., 119 S.W.3d 707, 708, 711 (Tex.2003) (noting “the Legislature's dual intent to ensure finality in these cases and expedite their resolution” and its “intent that cases terminating parental rights be expeditiously resolved, thus ‘promot[ing] the child's interest in a final decision and thus placement in a safe and stable home’ ”) (quoting In re B.L.D., 113 S.W.3d 340, 353 (Tex.2003)).

The Texas courts have long recognized that “[a] parent's interest in the accuracy and justice of the decision to terminate his or her parental status is ... a commanding one.” M.S., 115 S.W.3d at 547 (quoting Lassiter v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18, 27, 101 S.Ct. 2153, 2160, 68 L.Ed.2d 640 (1981)). However, the child also has a substantial interest in the proceedings. Id. “Indeed, the Family Code's entire statutory scheme for protecting children's welfare focuses on the child's best interest.” Id. (citing Tex. Fam.Code Ann. §§ 153.002, 161.001(2), 263.306(4), (5)). The statutory scheme thus comports with “[t]he public policy of this state [, which] is to ... provide a safe, stable, and nonviolent environment for the child.” In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 361 (Tex.2003) (quoting Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 153.001(a)(2)). Although termination can result in a parent's loss of her legal relationship with the child, the primary focus is on protecting the best interest of child. Id.

Because termination of parental rights “is complete, final, irrevocable, and divests for all time that natural right ...[,] the evidence in support of termination must be clear and convincing before a court may involuntarily terminate a parent's rights.” Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex.1985) (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747–48, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 1391–92, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982)). “The Texas Legislature has now codified the clear-and-convincing standard in Family Code § 161.001(1), (2), which provides: a ‘court may order termination of the parent-child relationship if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence’ that the parent has engaged in certain listed conduct and ‘termination is in the best interest of the child.’ ” In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 23 (Tex.2002). Clear and convincing evidence is “the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 101.007 (Vernon 2008); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264 (Tex.2002).

In conducting a legal-sufficiency review in a parental-rights-termination case under Family Code section 161.001, we must look at all the evidence to determine whether the evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the finding is such that the fact finder could reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the matter on which DFPS bore the burden of proof. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex.2005); J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We “must consider all of the evidence, not just that which favors the verdict.” J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573;J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We “must assume that the fact finder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable fact finder could do so,” and we “should disregard all evidence that a reasonable fact finder could have disbelieved or found to be incredible.” J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573;J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266;see also Jordan v. Dossey, 325 S.W.3d 700, 712–13 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied) (when legal sufficiency of evidence in parental rights termination suit is challenged, reviewing court should look at all evidence in light most favorable to finding to determine whether reasonable trier of fact could have formed firm belief or conviction that its finding was true, disregarding all evidence that reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved or found incredible, but not disregarding undisputed facts that do not support finding, as doing so could skew analysis of whether there is clear and convincing evidence that matter that must be proven is true).

“[T]ermination findings must be upheld against a factual sufficiency challenge if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could form a firm belief or conviction that grounds exist for termination under Texas Family Code sections 161.001 and 161.206(a).” C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 18–19. To reverse a case on insufficiency grounds, “the reviewing court must detail the evidence relevant to the issue of parental termination and clearly state why the evidence is insufficient to support a termination finding by clear and convincing evidence.” Id. at 19. In C.H., the supreme court emphasized that, in applying the “clear and convincing” evidence standard, the appellate courts “must maintain the respective constitutional roles of juries and appellate courts.” Id. In that regard,

An appellate court's review must not be so rigorous that the only fact findings that could withstand review are those established beyond a reasonable doubt.... While parental rights are of constitutional magnitude, they are not absolute. Just as it is imperative for courts to recognize the constitutional underpinnings of the parent-child relationship, it is also essential that emotional and physical interests of the child not be sacrificed merely to preserve that right.
Id. (citation omitted).

Accordingly, in a case to terminate parental rights brought by DFPS under section 161.001, DFPS must establish, by clear and convincing evidence, (1) that the parent committed one or more of the enumerated acts or omissions justifying termination and (2) that termination is in the best interest of the child. Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001(1)–(2) (Vernon Supp.2011); C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 23. Both elements must be established, and termination may not be based solely on the best interest of the child as determined by the trier of fact. Tex. Dep't of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex.1987). However, “[o]nly one predicate finding under section 161.001(1) is necessary to support a judgment of termination when there is also a finding that termination is in the child's best interest.” A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362. Thus, if multiple predicate grounds are found by the trial court, we will affirm on any one ground because only one is necessary for termination of parental rights. In re D.S., 333 S.W.3d 379, 388 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2011, no pet.); In re S.N., 272 S.W.3d 45, 49 (Tex.App.-Waco 2008, no pet.).

We are bound by the unchallenged findings of the trial court supporting termination. D.S., 333 S.W.3d at 388. However, this Court has held that, in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court's termination of parental rights when the findings of the trial court are challenged, the court is limited to reviewing the grounds for termination explicitly relied upon by the trial court, even if DFPS pleaded other grounds for termination that are supported by the evidence. Cervantes–Peterson v. Tex. Dep't of Family & Protective Servs., 221 S.W.3d 244, 251–52 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (en banc), overruling Thompson v. Tex. Dep't of Family & Protective Servs., 176 S.W.3d 121 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. denied).

While this Court has relied on Cervantes–Peterson v. Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, 221 S.W.3d 244 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.), in several parental rights termination cases, I have found no citations to this case by other courts; nor does this Court cite any authority for its ruling in Cervantes–Peterson.
I believe that Cervantes–Peterson's ruling on this point is contrary to well-established law, including family law, holding that when a trial court does not issue findings of fact and conclusions of law, it is implied that the trial court made all findings necessary to support its judgment and the judgment must be affirmed if it can be upheld on any legal theory that finds support in the evidence. See Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex.1990) (per curiam) (applying rule in context of modification of child support ordered in divorce decree); see also BMC Software Belg., N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 795 (Tex.2002) (applying rule in context of special appearance, stating “all facts necessary to support the judgment and supported by the evidence are implied”); Mikuni Corp. v. Foster, No. 01–11–00383–CV, 2012 WL 170603, at *2 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] Jan. 19, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.) (same).
I further believe that this Court's rejection of the rule that “all facts necessary to support the judgment and supported by the evidence are implied” in termination of parental rights cases contributed to the incorrect rulings and holding in the instant case. See Op. at 29–30 (citing Cervantes–Peterson, 221 S.W.3d at 252).
Therefore, I would overrule Cervantes–Peterson as well, on en banc reconsideration, and I urge the supreme court to consider this an integral issue if it grants review of this case.

Termination under Subsection 161.001(1)(O)

In this case, DFPS pleaded and presented evidence supporting three grounds that are each independent justifications for the termination of M.R.'s parental rights: subsections 161.001(1)(E), 161.001(1)(L), and 161.001(1)(O).

Subsection 161.001(1)(E) requires that the trial court find by clear and convincing evidence that the parent whose rights DFPS seeks to terminate has “engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child.” Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(E). Subsection 161.001(1)(L) requires that the court find that the parent has “been convicted or has been placed on community supervision, including deferred adjudication community supervision, for being criminally responsible for the death or serious injury of a child” under, among other provisions, Penal Code section 22.04, “injury to a child, elderly individual, or disabled individual.” Id. § 161.001(1)(L). Subsection 161.001(1)(O) requires that the court find that the parent has

failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the actions necessary for the parent to obtain the return of the child who has been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the [DFPS] for not less than nine months as a result of the child's removal from the parent under Chapter 262 for the abuse or neglect of the child.
Id. § 161.001(1)(O).

In its final decree, the trial court found solely that M.R. violated subsection 161.001(1)(O), as it was entitled to do. See A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362 (holding that “[o]nly one predicate finding under section 161.001(1) is necessary to support a judgment of termination when there is also a finding that termination is in the child's best interest”). It also found that termination was in the best interest of E.C.R. The trial court did not make any findings with respect to subsections 161.001(1)(E) and 161.001(1)(L).

A. Subsection 161.001(1)(O) under In re A.A.A. and Mann v. DFPS

This Court previously analyzed the requirements of subsection 161.001(1)(O) in two cases: In re A.A.A. and Mann. The first of these, In re A.A.A., established the requirement in this Court that when DFPS seeks to terminate parental rights under section 161.001(1)(O), it must prove not only that the child was removed from the parent by DFPS under the authority granted by Family Code Chapter 262 and that the parent violated a court-ordered Family Service Plan, satisfactory completion of which was required to secure return of the child, but also that initial removal of the child from the parent by DFPS was, in fact, triggered by “abuse or neglect” of that specific child. 265 S.W.3d at 513–15. Thus, to support termination pursuant to subsection 161.001(1)(O), DFPS not only has to establish, by clear and convincing evidence, (1) that it removed the child pursuant to its power under Family Code Chapter 262, which establishes procedures to be followed by DFPS to protect the health and safety of children, and (2) that the parent did not complete a court-ordered plan for return of the child, but also (3) that, at the time DFPS initially removed the child, that specific child was subjected to abuse or neglect. See id. at 516.

In A.A.A., the appellant challenged the termination of her parental rights for failure to complete a Family Service Plan under subsection (O) on the ground that her child had not been removed from her home as a result of abuse or neglect, but simply because she had been arrested and she could not return to her child, whom she had left in a shelter. Id. at 513. DFPS argued that the supreme court had already addressed the issue of whether it must prove initial removal of the child at issue for “abuse or neglect” as a requirement for obtaining termination of parental rights under section 161.001(1)(O) in J.F.C. Id. at 514.

The panel acknowledged the standard of proof required by the supreme court in J.F.C. to justify termination under subsection (O), but considered it inapplicable to the question of whether DFPS had to prove that the child was actually initially removed for “abuse or neglect” of that specific child, quoting from J.F.C.:

The evidence establishes as a matter of law that the parents failed to comply with the court's orders specifying the actions the parents had to take for the DPRS to return the children to the parents. The record also conclusively establishes that the children were removed from their parents under Chapter 262 of the Family Code, and it is undisputed that they were in the DPRS's custody for more than nine months after their removal. Accordingly, the parental conduct described in subsection 161.001(1)( O) of the Family Code was established as a matter of law.
Id. (quoting J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 278–79). The panel observed that, in J.F.C., the supreme court held that the parent's violation of subsection 161.001(1)(O) was conclusively established without mentioning whether the child was removed for abuse or neglect, but it determined that “the specific question of whether a child must be removed under Chapter 262 for that child's own abuse or neglect was not brought before the court in J.F.C.,” even though the supreme court “held that the evidence established parental conduct pursuant to subsection 161.001(1)( O) as a matter of law.” Id. (citing J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 277).

The panel cited several intermediate appellate court decisions it concluded held that a finding that “the child's removal from the parent was a result of abuse or neglect of the child” constitutes “a third element of subsection 161.001(1)( O).” Id. (citing, inter alia, In re M.B., No. 07–04–0334–CV, 2004 WL 2867544, at *2 (Tex.App.-Amarillo Dec. 14, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.)). It concluded that “[b]ecause the supreme court did not expressly hold that ‘removal under Chapter 262 for abuse or neglect of the child’ is not an element of subsection 161.001(1)(O), we must adhere to the unambiguous language of the statute,” and it held that termination under subsection (O) requires proof that the child was initially removed by DFPS for “abuse or neglect” of that specific child.

Id. at 515 (emphasis in original). The panel held that termination under subsection 161.001(1)(O) was not supported by the record. Id. at 515–16. However, it affirmed the trial court's finding that termination was proper under subsection 161.001(1)(E). Id. at 516.

The Fourteenth Court of Appeals agreed with this analysis in In re S.N. See287 S.W.3d 183, 190 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.).

In Mann, as in A.A.A. and this case, DFPS moved for termination under both subsection (E) and subsection (O), and, as in A.A.A. but unlike this case, the trial court terminated Mann's parental rights pursuant to both subsection (E) and subsection (O). Mann, 2009 WL 2961396, at *5, *7. The Mann panel followed A.A.A. and held that “[Mann's] abusive acts towards A.S. [Mann's other child living in the home] cannot be considered as evidence that she abused or neglected C.M. [the child at issue in the termination suit] for the purposes of section 161.001(1)(O).” Id. at *6. The Mann panel also discounted the relevance of evidence that Mann had failed to comply with a court-ordered service plan in A.S.'s case and that Mann had failed to secure housing at the time C.M., the child at issue, was born. Id. at *7. The panel held, “While all of these factors may indicate risk to C.M. if he were to remain under appellant's care, they do not indicate that appellant abused or neglected C.M., leading to his removal.” Id. However, the Mann panel then considered the very same evidence—Mann's abusive conduct concerning A.S., her failure to obtain stable housing, and her failure to comply with a court-ordered service plan in A.S.'s case—as relevant to the determination of whether sufficient evidence supported termination pursuant to subsection (E). See id. at *8–9 (“We have held that ‘the manner in which a parent treats other children in the family can be considered in deciding whether that parent engaged in a course of conduct that endangered the physical or emotional well-being of a child.’ ”).

The Mann panel found that all of the evidence of child endangerment that it had discounted as irrelevant for purposes of termination under subsection (O) was relevant to termination under subsection (E). Id. at *6–12. Nevertheless, the Mann panel reversed the trial court's termination of Mann's parental rights, holding that DFPS failed to present sufficient evidence supporting termination pursuant to either subsection (E) or subsection (O). See id. at *13 (considering alleged abuse of sibling as relevant to subsection (E) analysis, but holding evidence insufficient to establish “ course of conduct that endangered her son”) (emphasis in original).

B. The Panel's Construction of Subsection 161.001(1)(O)

Here, relying on A.A.A. and Mann, the panel (1) failed to view the evidence that M.R. violated subsection 161.001(1)(O) in the light most favorable to the trial court's finding, violating the standard of review; (2) refused to review the evidence supporting the trial court's predicate finding under subsection 161.001(1)(O) that M.R. violated critical provisions of her Family Service Plan as evidence of ongoing unfitness that risked future abuse or neglect were E.C.R. returned to her care; (3) refused to consider overwhelming evidence of M.R.'s neglect and abuse of all her children both before and after imposition of her service plan that demonstrably placed E.C.R. in danger of future abuse, including her physical abuse of E.C.R.'s four-year-old sister, Y.C., her incarceration for injury to a child, her attempted suicide while incarcerated, the removal of E.C.R.'s younger and older siblings from M.R., her neglect of E.C.R.'s medical needs, her mental instability, her homelessness and lack of employment, and her failures to take a psychiatric exam, find employment, or secure a stable home as required by her court-ordered Family Service Plan; (4) refused to review evidence that termination was in E.C.R.'s best interest as evidence supporting termination under subsection 161.001(1)(O); and (5) failed to find proof that E.C.R. was removed pursuant to Family Code Chapter 262 and had been in DFPS custody for more than nine months, together with evidence that M.R. violated her Service Plan, to be legally sufficient evidence to support termination under subsection 161.001(1)(O), contrary to J.F.C. See96 S.W.3d at 275–79.

In my view, A.A.A.,Mann, and the panel opinion in this case and the reasoning behind these cases violate both the standard of proof and the standard of review of parental-rights-termination cases and establish precedent in this Court that contravenes both established precedent and the purpose of the termination statute and is dangerous for the protection and safety of endangered children within the jurisdiction of this Court.

In this case, M.R. does not dispute that DFPS had temporary managing conservatorship of E.C.R. for more than nine months or that she failed to complete the actions necessary to obtain the return of E.C.R. as set forth in the trial court's temporary orders and her Family Service Plan. SeeTex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(O). Instead, she argues, and the panel agrees, that “DFPS did not establish by clear and convincing evidence that E.C.R. was removed from M.R.'s care as a result of M.R.'s abuse or neglect of E.C.R.” Op. at 26 (emphasis in original). The panel opines, “For a trial court to terminate parental rights under section 161.001(1)(O), it must find that the child who is the subject of the suit was removed as result of the abuse or neglect of that specific child.” Op. at 27 (emphasis added) (citing Mann, 2009 WL 2961396, at *6, and A.A.A., 265 S.W.3d at 512–16). The panel justifies its decision on the ground that “[w]e previously have held that evidence of abuse or neglect of a sibling does not support termination under section 161.001(1)(O).” Op. at 27 (citing Mann, 2009 WL 2961396, at *6–7).

In following A.A.A. and Mann, the panel ignores its own recitation of the following facts as evidence of abuse or neglect justifying removal of E.C.R. from M.R.'s care and control by DFPS under Family Code Chapter 262:

(1) evidence that “E.C.R. was taken into DFPS's custody ‘due to risk of [E.C.R.] being physically abused by the mother’ ”;

(2) testimony by the caseworker, Ehiomen Etinfoh, that law enforcement had been called to an incident in which M.R. was allegedly abusing her four-year-old daughter, Y.C., that “a witness reported seeing M.R. drag Y.C. by her ponytail down the street at Interstate 45 and Greens Road,” and that police arriving at the scene “observed Y.C. had a bruised lip, a cut on her forehead, dried blood on her nose and fresh bruising on her right ear and left eye;

(3) Etinfoh's testimony that, “while E.C.R. was not present during that incident, the incident resulted in M.R.'s being arrested and charged with injury to a child, Y.C.”;

(4) Etinfoh's testimony that M.R. pleaded guilty and received four years' deferred adjudication community supervision as a result of the incident involving Y.C.;

(5) Etinfoh's testimony that, “while M.R. had completed some services, she had not completed the ‘big’ services required by the court's service plan, i.e., the psychiatric evaluation and psychological treatment,” as well as the requirement that she find employment and provide stable housing for the children;

(6) Etinfoh's testimony that M.R. had lost custody of another son, A.J.;

(7) Etinfoh's testimony that E.C.R. was “very behind in his immunizations” and that E.C.R. “had to be caught up, up until he turned one years old on his shots” because M.R. “was not taking care of his medical needs”;

(8) Etinfoh's testimony that M.R. had admitted to her that, in the year before the trial, she was “moving from house to house”;

(9) Etinfoh's testimony that M.R. attempted to kill herself while she was in prison on the injury to a child charge;

(10) Etinfoh's testimony that M.R. had given birth to another child, younger than E.C.R., who currently lived in the same foster home as E.C.R.;

(11) Etinfoh's opinion testimony that she believed termination was in the best interest of E.C.R. because “M.R. could not provide him with a proper, stable environment, her mental status was questionable, she had not completed the psychiatric evaluation, and she was unemployed”;

(12) Etinfoh's testimony that E.C.R. came into DFPS's care “based on risk” due to the allegation of injury to his sibling, Y.C.;

(13) Testimony of Lucinda Thomas, the child advocate, confirming her belief that E.C.R. should be removed from possession of M.R. “based upon alleged physical risk” to E.C.R.;

(14) Thomas's testimony that M.R. had failed to complete the required psychiatric and psychotherapy treatments; that M.R. had not lived in a home or had a job for six months; and that M.R. claimed she was unable to find a job due to complications with her last pregnancy, but she had not given Thomas any documentation of her inability to work;

(15) Thomas's testimony that, as of the date of the termination hearing, she recommended termination of M.R.'s parental rights based on alleged physical risk to E.C.R. and the fact that M.R. had not completed her services.
Op. at 24–25.

The panel also disregards the following evidence cited by DFPS as evidence of M.R.'s abuse or neglect of E.C.R.:

(16) Language in M.R.'s Family Service Plan showing that, as of August 2, 2010, M.R. was living on the streets and did not have a support system; and

(17) “Additional Temporary Orders to Obtain Return of the Children” signed by the trial court on July 8, 2010, finding “danger to the physical health or safety” of E.C.R. and “a substantial risk of a continuing danger if the child is returned home.”
Op. at 27 (quoting findings).

The panel opines, “[T]he evidence here does not show neglect or negligent supervision of the child as a reason for DFPS involvement.... In fact, the Family Service Plan and Etinfoh's testimony both show that DFPS became involved as a result of M.R.'s abuse of E.C.R.'s sibling, a factor that the court could not consider in reaching a finding under section 161.001(1)(O).” Op. at 28 (emphasis added). It also rejects DFPS's evidence that the Family Service Plan showed that M.R. was living on the streets as of August 2, 2010, and that M.R. did not have a support system as evidence of M.R.'s abuse or neglect of E.C.R. Op. at 28–29. It explains:

The language in the Family Service Plan here stated that M.R. was “currently” living on the streets “as of” August 2, 2010. The plan was written over one month after E.C.R.'s initial removal from M.R., on or about June 25, 2010, and almost one month after the adversary hearing on July 8, 2010, in which DFPS was given temporary conservatorship of E.C.R. Even considering the language in the Family Service Plan along with Etinfoh's testimony that M.R. told her that “last year” that she was “moving house to house,” these statements, without more detail as to when this occurred or whether it was E.C.R. as opposed to M.R. that was in an unsafe or unstable living environment, cannot be considered evidence of abuse or neglect of E.C.R.
Op. at 29.

The necessary implication of A.A.A., Mann, and the panel's holding in this case is that if a child is removed from a parent's home in accordance with the procedures set out in Family Code Chapter 262, due to DFPS's reasonable professional assessment of danger and risk of future danger to the child, and a Family Service Plan is ordered to address the parent's abusive and neglectful behavior cited by DFPS as justification for initial removal, and the parent fails to comply with the plan and continues to exhibit behavior dangerous to the health and safety of any child returned to her custody, and, as a result, the parent's parental rights are terminated under subsection 161.001(1)(O), a reviewing court may not consider evidence of the parent's abusive conduct towards another child in the home, or anything other than immediate abuse or neglect of the specific child, given as reasons for the initial removal by DFPS, and it may not consider the evidence of risk of future abuse or neglect of the child due to the parent's failure to comply with the service plan, evidence that we have repeatedly held is relevant to a determination of whether the parent endangered the child pursuant to subsection 161.001(1)(E). See Jordan, 325 S.W.3d at 723;Cervantes–Peterson, 221 S.W.3d at 253;Mann, 2009 WL 2961396, at *8.

Instead, under this line of First Court of Appeals cases, the reviewing court must make its own determination of whether the child was initially removed from the parent's care by DFPS for “abuse or neglect” as it defines these terms, it “must find that the child who is the subject of the suit was removed as result of the abuse or neglect of that specific child” under its own criteria, it must disregard as evidence that DFPS removed the child for abuse or neglect anything other than direct abuse or neglect of that specific child which was the immediate trigger for removal of that child, and it may not consider evidence that the parent is continuing to engage in behavior, such as homelessness, failure to obtain employment, and failure to take a psychiatric examination, in violation of her service plan that can only be reasonably construed as endangering to any child returned to her custody. See Op. at 26–29.

Thus, in following A.A.A. and Mann, the panel fails even to consider the conclusive proof in the record that M.R. violated her Family Service Plan—the necessary predicate finding under subsection 161.001(1)(O). Nor does it consider the undisputed evidence of how she violated the plan—namely, by failing to take a court-ordered psychiatric exam, maintain stable housing, and obtain and maintain stable employment. Nor does it count as evidence that DFPS removed E.C.R. from M.R.'s care for “abuse or neglect” any of the evidence set out above as items (1)–(17). Thus, it fails to draw any connection between and among (1) the reasons given by DFPS for E.C.R.'s removal from M.R. pursuant to Chapter 262; (2) the entry of a Family Service Plan with requirements M.R. had to fulfill to obtain E.C.R.'s return; (3) M.R.'s failure to fulfill those requirements; and (4) the proof required to establish a predicate act for termination under subsection 161.001(1)(O) for a parent's failure of to comply with her court-ordered Family Service Plan following removal of the child by DFPS under Chapter 262.

The panel reasons that “[w]hile M.R's abusive conduct toward Y.C. may have jeopardized E.C.R.'s well-being and served as evidence to support termination under section 161.001(1)(E), it is not evidence that E.C.R. actually sustained abuse or was neglected by M.R.” Op. at 27. The panel cites In re D.M., 58 S.W.3d 801, 811, (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2001, no pet.), for the proposition that “proving the element of a parent's endangering act under section 160.001(1)(E) ‘may be satisfied by showing the parent in question engaged in a course of conduct that endangered the child's physical or emotional well-being.’ ” Op. at 27. It then concludes, “Thus, M.R.'s abuse of Y.C. cannot be considered evidence that M.R. abused or neglected E.C.R. under section 161.001(1)(O).” Op. at 27.

The analysis and holdings of A.A.A.,Mann, and the panel's opinion in this case are contrary to numerous opinions of the supreme court governing the standard of proof of termination cases in general, the standard of proof of termination in section 161.001(1)(O) cases in particular, the standard of review of parental-rights-termination cases, and the purpose of the parental-rights-termination statute and intent of the Legislature in enacting it, as set out above. See J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573;L.M.I., 119 S.W.3d at 708–11;J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266;C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 19. In addition, the analysis and holdings conflict with the holdings in numerous factually similar parental-rights-termination cases of this Court and our fellow intermediate appellate courts.

I would hold that A.A.A. and Mann were wrongly decided. I would overrule them, and I would affirm the trial court's judgment terminating M.R.'s parental rights to E.C.R. under subsection 161.001(1)(O).

C. Consequences of the Court's Construction of Subsection 161.001(1)(O)

1. Conflicts with the Rules of Construction and Standard of Review

Subsection (O) is established, according to its plain language, by evidence that a parent

First, the natural reading of the unambiguous language of subsection 161.001(1)(O) is that the predicate for termination is established by proof (1) that the parent failed to comply with the provisions of a Family Service Plan that established the actions necessary for the parent to obtain the return of the child (2) whom DFPS removed from the parent in accordance with Chapter 262, which establishes procedures in a suit brought by a governmental entity such as DFPS to protect the health and safety of children. See id. §§ 262.001–.309 (Vernon 2008).

Under the construction of the standard of proof required for termination pursuant to subsection (O) espoused in A.A.A.,Mann, and the panel's holding in this case, however, no evidence supports termination under subsection (O) other than (1) evidence that the child was removed from the custody of the parent pursuant to Family Code Chapter 262, providing for removal for abuse or neglect, and has been in DFPS's custody for at least nine months; (2) evidence that the parent failed to comply with a Family Service Plan ordered as a condition of the parent's regaining custody; and (3) evidence that DFPS's initial removal of the child from the parent was triggered by immediate abuse or neglect of that specific child; and termination of the parent's rights with respect to the child is not justified unless all three of these things are shown by clear and convincing evidence, disregarding all other evidence in the record. This rule blatantly contradicts the standard of review for sufficiency of the evidence challenges in parental rights termination cases. See J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573;J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266;C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 19.

Under A.A.A.,Mann, and the panel's holding, it becomes virtually impossible for DFPS to prove that a child removed from a home pursuant to Chapter 262 was actually removed for abuse or neglect—because even child endangerment and all of the usual factors that assist in determining abuse or neglect or the best interest of the child, except for immediate abuse or neglect of that specific child, are ignored. Thus, A.A.A.,Mann, and the panel's holding make it impossible, as a practical matter, for a trial court to properly order termination of the parental rights of a mentally unstable mother who neglects and physically and emotionally abuses her children by injuring them, failing to provide a stable home and environment, and failing to follow a Family Service Plan required for their return under subsection (O), effectively rendering subsection (O) a nullity.

Neither the construction of subsection 161.001(1)(O) by the supreme court in J.F.C. nor the plain language of the statute itself references or requires additional proof that DFPS not only initially removed a child from the care of a parent and brought suit for custody of the child under the procedures set out in Chapter 262, in accordance with its professional judgment that removal was required to protect the health and safety of the child, but that it initially removed that child for reasons an appellate court might determine would count as evidence justifying the initial removal. Indeed, any such construction is plainly contrary both to the standard of proof set out in J.F.C. and to the plain language of the statute.

Moreover, when the construction of a statute is used, as this Court's construction of section 161.001(1)(O) has been used and is used in this case, to establish barriers to termination of the parental rights of a parent who the evidence clearly and convincingly shows is unfit and whose custody endangers the child, is contrary to the best interests of the child, and delays or prevents the final placement of the child in a safe and stable home, that construction is plainly contrary to the intent of the Legislature in enacting the parental rights termination statute. See In re L.M.I., 119 S.W.3d at 708–11 (noting “the Legislature's dual intent to ensure finality in these cases and expedite their resolution” and its “intent that cases terminating parental rights be expeditiously resolved, thus ‘promot[ing] the child's interest in a final decision and thus placement in a safe and stable home’ ”) (quoting In re B.L.D., 113 S.W.3d at 353).

The Texas Code Construction Act requires the presumptions that, in enacting a statute, the Texas Legislature intended the entire statute to be effective, that it intended a just and reasonable result, and that it favored the public interest—here, the public interest in protecting the best interests of the child—over any private interest. Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 311.021 (Vernon 2005). In reviewing statutes, the primary objective of the courts is to effectuate the intent of the legislature. Tex. Lottery Comm'n v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 635 (Tex.2010). Courts “rely on the plain meaning of the text as expressing legislative intent unless a different meaning is supplied by legislative definition or is apparent from the context, or the plain meaning leads to absurd results.” Id. Courts “presume the Legislature selected language in the statute with care and that every word or phrase was used with a purpose in mind.” Id. “[T]he text is the best expression of legislative intent unless a different meaning is apparent from the context or the plain meaning leads to absurd or nonsensical results.” Jackson v. State Office of Admin. Hearings, 351 S.W.3d 290, 295 n. 3 (Tex.2011).

“[E]very word of a statute must be presumed to have been used for a purpose. Likewise, ... every word excluded from a statute must also be presumed to have been excluded for a purpose.” Id. at 299 (quoting Cameron v. Terrell & Garrett, Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535, 540 (Tex.1981)). There is no language in subsection 161.001(1)(O) that places on DFPS the burden of proving that it removed a child from the custody of a parent for immediate abuse or neglect of that specific child. The only burden expressed in the statute is the burden to show that the child “has been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the [DFPS] for not less than nine months as a result of the child's removal from the parent under Chapter 262 for the abuse or neglect of the child.” Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(O). The natural reading of this language is that the child was removed under the procedures established in Chapter 262 for removing abused or neglected children from a parent, and the supreme court has so held. See J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266.

The construction this Court has placed on Family Code section 161.001(1)(O) leads to absurd results, and that construction depends upon adding into the statute language the Legislature did not add or intend and that the supreme court, in construing the statute in J.F.C., likewise did not add. Rather, the plain language is clear and unambiguous, and it does not support the reading this Court has given it. Thus, I disagree with the A.A.A. panel's conclusion that proper statutory construction required its reading of subsection (O), and I disagree with the current panel's application of the same construction of the statute in this case. I would grant en banc reconsideration of this case, and I would overrule A.A.A. and its progeny.

2. Refusal to Consider Evidence Probative of “Abuse or Neglect” under Other Subsections of Section 161.001(1) and of the Best Interest of the Child under Section 161.001(2) as Probative under Subsection 161.001(1)(O)

In addition to violating the rules of statutory construction and the standard of review of the evidence in termination cases, the result reached by the panel in this case conflicts with other cases of this Court affirming the termination of a parent's rights for behavior strikingly similar to that of M.R. For example, in 2010, this Court approved the termination of parental rights in similar circumstances—under Family Code subsections 161.001(1)(D)

and (E), rather than under subsection (O)—for endangerment of the child. Jordan, 325 S.W.3d at 721–23. The Court stated that, when termination is based on subsection (D), “[T]he endangerment analysis focuses on the evidence of the child's physical environment, although the environment produced by the conduct of the parents bears on the determination of whether the child's surroundings threaten his wellbeing.” Id. at 721. “It is not necessary that the parent's conduct be directed towards the child or that the child actually be injured; rather, a child is endangered when the environment creates a potential for danger which the parent is aware of but disregards.” Id. The Court then pointed out that the relevant inquiry under subsection 161.001(1)(E) “is whether evidence exists that a parental course of conduct endangered the child's physical or emotional well-being.” Id. at 723. Termination under subsection (E), unlike termination under subsection (D), “must be based on more than a single act or omission; what is required is a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct,” and that “conduct does not have to occur in the presence of the child” and may occur “both before and after the child's birth.” Id.

.Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(D) (“knowingly plac[ing] or knowingly allow[ing] the child to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger the physical or emotional well-being of the child”).

In defining behavior that justifies termination under subsection (E), the Court opined, “Conduct that subjects a child to a life of uncertainty and instability endangers the child's physical and emotional well-being.” Id. The Court further opined, “A parent's mental state may be considered in determining whether a child is endangered if that mental state allows the parent to engage in conduct that jeopardizes the physical or emotional well-being of the child.” Id. But it did not stop there. It also opined, “A parent's mental instability and attempt to commit suicide may contribute to a finding that the parent engaged in a course of conduct that endangered a child's physical or emotional well-being.” Id. at 724. And it opined, “Evidence as to how a parent has treated another child or spouse is relevant regarding whether a course of conduct under section E has been established.” Id. Finally, it stated, “Evidence that a person has engaged in abusive conduct in the past permits an inference that the person will continue violent behavior in the future.” Id.

While the mother whose rights were terminated in Jordan had also left her infant with his father, a violent drug-addicted sex offender, subjecting her own rights to termination under subsection (D), this Court also held that her rights were subject to termination under subsection (E) because she had “lived an unstable, transient lifestyle that indicates a pattern of engaging in conduct that would endanger [the child] emotionally and physically,” including being evicted from a shelter for violent conduct, attempting suicide, residing at various times in a hospital or a shelter, and being homeless. Id. at 725.

The Court pointedly stated, “Although none of her conduct at that time was directed at harming [the child], endangering conduct is not limited to actions directed toward the child.” Id. It concluded, “The trial court could reasonably determine that Jordan's propensity for violence against herself and others, want of self control, and transient life-style would endanger [the child] by giving him a life of instability and uncertainty.” Id. (citing similar cases). Although there was evidence at the time of trial that Jordan had not been hospitalized for over two years and that her mental illness was in remission, the Court held that a fact finder could reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction that Jordan knowingly engaged in conduct that endangered the physical and emotional well-being of the child; and, thus, the evidence was “legally sufficient to support the trial court's termination findings under section E.” Id. at 726.

The panel not only ignores Jordan and all of the cases cited therein, it also ignores this Court's holding in Walker v. Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, 312 S.W.3d 608, 617 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied), and other cases in which we, and other courts, have held that evidence concerning how a parent has treated another child in the home is relevant to a determination that a course of conduct has had the effect of endangering a child so as to support termination of parental rights. See, e.g., In re M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d 494, 503 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2009, no pet.) (to support finding of endangerment warranting terminationof parental rights, parent's conduct does not necessarily have to be directed at child, nor is child required to suffer injury); D.M., 58 S.W.3d at 811.

The panel presumably would be willing to find that the undisputed evidence that M.R. did not complete her Family Service Plan and the evidence of M.R.'s mental instability, imprisonment for injury to a child, suicide attempt, violence towards Y.C., E.C.R.'s four year-old-sister, loss of custody of her other children, transient lifestyle and unemployment—evidence that is strikingly similar to that found sufficient to justify termination under subsection (E) in Jordan—would justify termination of M.R.'s parental rights under subsection (E); and it might find that it demonstrates that termination is in E.C.R.'s best interest under section 161.001(2)—an issue it does not reach. But it disregards this evidence because the trial court did not terminate M.R.'s rights under subsection (E), on which DFPS also offered proof, but solely under subsection (O), and that is sufficient, in its estimation, to justify ignoring this evidence and overturning the trial court's judgment. The panel does not consider any of this evidence as evidence that termination was in E.C.R.'s best interests. It does not consider any of this evidence for any purpose.

This Court's rulings in Jordan and Walker, as well as its holding affirming termination based on the parent's violation of subsection (E) and the trial court's finding that termination was in the best interest of the child, are inconsistent with A.A.A., Mann, and the panel's rulings and holding in this case. The only material difference between those cases and this case is that, here, the trial court chose to terminate M.R.'s rights under subsection (O), rather than under subsection (E). Thus, the mere fact that the trial court chose to terminate M.R.'s parental rights under subsection 161.001(1)(O), rather than under subsection 161.001(1)(E) or (L), introduces an element of radical arbitrariness into the outcome of appeals of termination cases. And this element of arbitrariness is exacerbated by this Court's refusal to define “abuse or neglect” for purposes of termination under subsection (O) in the same terms as under the other subsections of 161.001(1) and under section 161.001(2). In my view, holding that facts that constitute evidence of endangerment under subsection (E) and are relevant to an analysis under that subsection—e.g., evidence that the parent admittedly physically abused another child in the home and was placed on deferred adjudication for this conduct—do not constitute some evidence that the child at issue was properly removed from the home by DFPS for “abuse or neglect” is an unduly restrictive construction of “abuse or neglect” to the extent that “abuse or neglect” is required to be shown to support termination under subsection 161.001(1)(O), as opposed to under another subsection or section 161.001(2).

I have found no Texas cases, other than those from this Court, that consider testimony by a DFPS caseworker testifying as to the reasons for the initial removal of a child from a parent and to whether a parent had demonstrated compliance with a Family Service Plan designed to address the behavior for which the child was initially removed to be no evidence that the child was removed for abuse or neglect, and the case law on point demonstrates that other appellate courts do credit such evidence. See, e.g., In re J.S., 291 S.W.3d 60, 66–67 (Tex.App.-Eastland 2009, no pet.) (holding mother's inability to provide stable housing and basic necessities for her children to be significant deficiencies in consideration of compliance with provisions of court order establishing actions necessary for mother to obtain return of children that justified termination under section 161.001(1)(O), despite mother's achievement of some of plan's goals). Furthermore, several of our sister courts have upheld termination pursuant to subsection 161.001(1)(O) even when the parent who violates the Family Service Plan is not the same parent who initially abused or neglected the child, thus necessitating the removal of the child from the home by DFPS. See, e.g., In re S.N., 287 S.W.3d 183, 188–89 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (adopting this Court's requirement that DFPS prove that child was removed for “abuse or neglect,” but holding that parent who fails to comply with court-ordered Family Service Plan for children removed because of abuse or neglect is not required to be same parent whose acts or omissions caused child to be removed and placed into DFPS care in order to support termination of parental rights under subsection (O)); see also In re C.D.B., 218 S.W.3d 308, 309–12 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2007, no pet.) (upholding termination of mother's parental rights under subsection (O) where mother failed to comply with service plan for return of children initially removed by DFPS for father's abuse of child during mother's absence); In re S.M., No. 04–04–00194–CV, 2005 WL 418540, at *2–4 (Tex.App.-San Antonio Feb. 23, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.) (finding evidence sufficient to support termination of mother's parental rights under subsection (O) where child was initially removed from home by DFPS due to boyfriend's physical abuse of one child and mother failed to complete Family Service Plan). But see In re S.A.P., 169 S.W.3d 685, 705–06 (Tex.App.-Waco 2005, no pet.) (“At trial [the caseworker] unequivocally testified that S.A.P. was not removed for abuse or neglect by [father or mother], that S.A.P. was not abused or neglected by [father or mother], and that S.A.P. was removed only because of the risk because of [father and mother's] prior history. There is thus no evidence to support the application of subsection 161.001(1)(O)....”).

The result of this Court's construction of subsection 161.001(1)(O) is thus arbitrary rulings in similar cases, depending upon the subsection under which the trial court elects to terminate parental rights among all those argued and supported by the evidence, and a divergence between this Court and other courts.

3. Refusal to Consider Cross–Points

Finally, the panel also refuses to consider DFPS's cross-points as alternative grounds under section 161.001(1) for affirming the judgment of the trial court. These cross-points argued that (1) “[t]he trial court erred in denying the Department's request for parental termination on a finding under Subsection L, because the evidence is undisputed that [M.R.] pled guilty to injury to a child and that the injuries to the child were serious,” and (2) “[t]he trial court erred in denying the Department's request for parental termination on a finding under Subsection E, because the evidence is undisputed regarding [M.R.]'s pattern of inappropriate parenting, instability and abusive conduct.”

In refusing to consider DFPS's cross-points, the panel relies on the statement of this Court in Vasquez v. Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services, 190 S.W.3d 189 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied), that “a parental rights termination order can be upheld only on grounds both pleaded by [DFPS] and found by the trial court.” Op. at 29 (quoting Vasquez, 190 S.W.3d at 194);see also Cervantes–Peterson, 221 S.W.3d at 251. DFPS points out that the panel's opinion on this point, too, is in conflict with numerous cases of this Court permitting consideration of cross-points when the independent grounds raised in the cross-points would not grant the appellee greaterrelief than that awarded by the trial court. See Valadez v. MEMC Pasadena, Inc., 2011 WL 743099, at *1 n. 1 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 3, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.); Helton v. R.R. Comm'n of Tex., 126 S.W.3d 111, 119–20 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. denied); Dean v. Lafayette Place (Section One) Council of Co–Owners, Inc., 999 S.W.2d 814, 818 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.). Here, of course, the relief awarded was the termination of M.R.'s parental rights under section 161.001(1) and (2).

Unlike the panel, I would consider DFPS's cross-points, and I would overrule Vasquez to bring this Court's application of the law on cross-points in the context of termination of parental rights into accord with its application of the law on cross-points in general, just as I would overrule Cervantes–Peterson's holding that predicate acts under section 161.001(1) raised by DFPS and supported by the evidence, but not expressly found by the trial court, cannot be considered as grounds for affirming the trial court's judgment terminating parental rights. See n. 6 supra.

Conclusion

A.A.A., Mann, and the panel opinion in this case establish binding precedent in this Court that misconstrues the plain language of Family Code subsection 161.001(1)(O) contrary to supreme court precedent, misapplies the standard of review of sufficiency of the evidence to support termination of parental rights under that subsection, and creates and applies a standard of proof for termination under subsection (O) that violates the rules of statutory construction, contravenes established law, conflicts with numerous other cases in this Court, and leads to arbitrary and capricious results that plainly thwart the intent of the Legislature in enacting statutory provisions for the termination of parental rights to protect the best interests of children and to assure that they are placed in safe and stable homes. I also fear that this Court's harsh and ultra-restrictive construction of the law regarding termination of parental rights will have serious repercussions for the safety of the children of this State by placing hyper-technical and insurmountable hurdles in the path of termination of the parental rights of a parent whose child has been removed from her custody by DFPS under Family Code Chapter 262 for abuse or neglect and who fails to correct the behavior giving rise to the child's removal. Therefore, I believe that en banc reconsideration of the panel opinion in this case is fully merited under Rule 41.2 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure.

I respectfully dissent from the denial of en banc reconsideration. I would affirm the judgment of the trial court terminating M.R.'s parental rights to E.C.R.

In re E.C.R.

Summary

Opinion

OPINION

Background

Termination of Parental Rights

A. Standard of Review

B. Texas Family Code section 161.001(1)(O)—Failure to comply with a court order

C. Alternative grounds for termination urged by DFPS

Conclusion

Standard of Review

Termination under Subsection 161.001(1)(O)

A. Subsection 161.001(1)(O) under In re A.A.A. and Mann v. DFPS

B. The Panel's Construction of Subsection 161.001(1)(O)

C. Consequences of the Court's Construction of Subsection 161.001(1)(O)

1. Conflicts with the Rules of Construction and Standard of Review

2. Refusal to Consider Evidence Probative of “Abuse or Neglect” under Other Subsections of Section 161.001(1) and of the Best Interest of the Child under Section 161.001(2) as Probative under Subsection 161.001(1)(O)

3. Refusal to Consider Cross–Points

Conclusion

In re E.C.R.

In re E.C.R.

Case Details

Citations

Citing Cases

In re E.C.R.

Summary

Opinion

OPINION

Background

Termination of Parental Rights

A. Standard of Review

B. Texas Family Code section 161.001(1)(O)—Failure to comply with a court order

C. Alternative grounds for termination urged by DFPS

Conclusion

Standard of Review

Termination under Subsection 161.001(1)(O)

A. Subsection 161.001(1)(O) under In re A.A.A. and Mann v. DFPS

B. The Panel's Construction of Subsection 161.001(1)(O)

C. Consequences of the Court's Construction of Subsection 161.001(1)(O)

1. Conflicts with the Rules of Construction and Standard of Review

2. Refusal to Consider Evidence Probative of “Abuse or Neglect” under Other Subsections of Section 161.001(1) and of the Best Interest of the Child under Section 161.001(2) as Probative under Subsection 161.001(1)(O)

3. Refusal to Consider Cross–Points

Conclusion

In re E.C.R.

In re E.C.R.

Case Details

CitationsCopy Citation

Citing Cases

Citations