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noting offender scored an eight and was therefore a "high risk" for reoffending
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No. 09-09-00009-CV
Submitted on November 30, 2009.
Opinion Delivered December 31, 2009.
On Appeal from the 435th District Court Montgomery County, Texas, Trial Cause No. 08-03-02884-CV.
Before McKEITHEN, C.J., KREGER and HORTON, JJ.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The State of Texas filed a petition to civilly commit Horace Burnett as a sexually violent predator under the Sexually Violent Predator Act (the "Act"). See Tex. Health Safety Code Ann. §§ 841.001-.150 (Vernon 2003 Supp. 2009). A jury found Burnett suffers from a behavioral abnormality making him likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence. Id. § 841.003 (Vernon 2003). The trial court entered a final judgment and order of civil commitment under the Act. In two issues, appellant argues on appeal that (1) the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury's finding, and (2) the trial court erred in denying appellant's motion for directed verdict.
To civilly commit a person under the Act, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that a person is a sexually violent predator. Id. § 841.062(a) (Vernon 2003). The Act defines "sexually violent predator" as a person who "(1) is a repeat sexually violent offender; and (2) suffers from a behavioral abnormality that makes the person likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence." Id. § 841.003(a)(1), (2). The Act defines a "behavioral abnormality" as "a congenital or acquired condition that, by affecting a person's emotional or volitional capacity, predisposes the person to commit a sexually violent offense, to the extent that the person becomes a menace to the health and safety of another person." Id. § 841.002(2) (Vernon Supp. 2009).
In issue one appellant argues that the testimony of the State's expert witnesses was conclusory and speculative and, therefore, legally insufficient. Appellant contends that neither expert stated that appellant currently suffers from aberrant urges that make him likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence and that the expert opinions were based on outdated information and were not probative. To test the legal sufficiency of the evidence that support's the jury's finding, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether a rational jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Burnett suffers from a behavioral abnormality. In re Commitment of Gollihar, 224 S.W.3d 843, 846 (Tex. App.-Beaumont 2007, no pet.).
Burnett does not contend that he objected to the foundational data of the State's two expert witnesses prior to their testifying before the jury but rather, moved for a directed verdict at the conclusion of the State's evidence because the State's expert witnesses' testimony was speculative and conclusory. The trial court overruled the motion. Burnett argues that analytical gaps in the experts' respective opinions apparent on the face of the record prevent a reviewing court from giving probative value to the opinions of the State's expert witnesses.
The Texas Supreme Court recently explained that "conclusory opinions are legally insufficient evidence to support a judgment even if the party did not object to the admission of the testimony." City of San Antonio v. Pollock, 284 S.W.3d 809, 816 (Tex. 2009); Coastal Transp. Co. v. Crown Cent. Petroleum Corp., 136 S.W.3d 227, 232 (Tex. 2004). If there is no reliable basis offered for the expert's opinion, the opinion has no weight as probative evidence. Id. at 816-17. If the opinion has a supporting basis, but there is a reliability challenge that requires the court to evaluate the underlying methodology, technique, or foundational data, then an objection "must be timely made so that the trial court has the opportunity to conduct this analysis." Id. at 817 (quoting Coastal Transp. Co., 136 S.W.3d at 233).
Although Burnett argues he is not challenging the methodologies used by the expert witnesses, much of Burnett's argument to issue one challenges the respective methodologies of the State's experts because he asserts the experts used outdated information in determining that Burnett currently suffers from a behavioral abnormality. In Maritime Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 409 (Tex. 1998), the Texas Supreme Court held that in order to preserve such an objection-that an expert's testimony is unreliable and therefore constitutes no evidence-"a party must object to the evidence before trial or when the evidence is offered." As the court stated in Ellis, without a timely objection, the offering party is denied an opportunity to cure any defect that may exist, and therefore may be subject to "trial and appeal by ambush." Id. For these same reasons, a motion for directed verdict after the plaintiff has rested its case is likewise insufficient to preserve Burnett's foundational complaints. See Harris v. Belue, 974 S.W.2d 386, 393 (Tex. App.-Tyler 1998, pet. denied). To the extent that Burnett's complaints concern the reliability of the opinions of the State's two expert witnesses, he did not object before trial or when the evidence was offered and therefore his complaint was not properly preserved. See Pollock, 284 S.W.3d at 817.
However, to completely address Burnett's legal sufficiency challenge, we must also review the record to determine if Burnett has demonstrated that analytical gaps in the opinions of Dunham and Bailey deprive their respective opinions of probative value. A review of the record reveals the bases for the opinions stated by each of these experts.
Dr. Jason Dunham, a forensic psychologist, testified at trial. Dunham testified that he reviewed records typically relied upon by experts in his field in making this type of assessment. Dunham further testified that his evaluation was done in accordance with his training as a professional in his field and in accordance with accepted standards in the field of psychology. Dr. Dunham met with Burnett for more than two hours. Based on Dr. Dunham's review of the records, his performance of actuarial tests, and his interview with Burnett, Dunham opined that Burnett suffers from a behavioral abnormality that predisposes him to engage in future predatory acts of sexual violence.
Pertinent in part to Dunham's opinion were Burnett's past actions. Burnett has an extensive juvenile criminal history, which includes, among other things, an arrest at age twelve for aggravated rape and a charge for indecency with a child at age fourteen. Burnett's juvenile criminal history also includes a variety of other criminal charges and convictions including charges for theft, breaking and entering, and assault. Burnett was ultimately sent to juvenile detention where he remained until the age of eighteen. Burnett has two sexual convictions as an adult. In 1986, roughly a year after being released from juvenile detention, Burnett pled guilty to aggravated sexual assault of a child. Burnett was eighteen years old at the time of this offense and his victim was an eleven-year-old girl. During this offense, Burnett punched the eleven year-old girl in the face, threw her to the ground, then sexually assaulted her. Burnett pled guilty and received six years probation. Three years later in 1989 Burnett was charged with aggravated sexual assault with a deadly weapon. During this offense, Burnett was charged with using a knife to force a woman off the street into an abandoned apartment where he forced her to perform sexual acts on him. Burnett was convicted of the offense, his probation was revoked, and he received twenty years confinement. Burnett has been confined since 1989. While incarcerated, Burnett was disciplined sixty-five times, including two for sexual misconduct.
Dunham administered actuarial tests to assist him in assessing Burnett's risk of reoffense. Dunham explained that the actuarial tests are based upon objective information and specifically, "elements that are known to correlate with future sexual offending[.]" Dunham performed the Static 99 and Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool Revised ("MnSOST-R"). Dunham testified that Burnett scored an "eight" on the Static 99, which Dunham explained puts Burnett at a "[h]igh risk for reoffense." Dr. Dunham stated that Burnett scored "plus 14" on the MnSOST-R, which Dunham explained is "not just a high risk category, but an elevated high risk category." Based on several risk factors, including the number of his convictions, the fact that he is a sexual offender, the fact that he committed sex offenses as both a juvenile and an adult, and his use of violence and weapons during the commission of some of his offenses, Dunham found Burnett to be sexually deviant. Dunham found further evidence of sexual deviancy in Burnett's preoccupation with sex, his claim to have had over one hundred sexual partners, his claim to have had sex with about twenty males in prison, the young age at which he began having sex, the fact that he prostituted himself out for sex to both men and women at a young age, and his indication to Dunham that he may have been having consensual sex with his sister at a young age. According to Dunham, the fact that Burnett continued to offend after being released from juvenile detention and while on probation indicated that he is "undeterred by the consequences" of his actions. Dunham also found significant that there was a wide variety of characteristics in Burnett's victims.
Dunham diagnosed Burnett with antisocial personality disorder, which indicates an inability to follow rules, the law, or other social norms, as well as a disregard or lack of concern for other people. Dunham explained that impulsivity is "a definite feature" of antisocial personality disorder and that Burnett's impulsivity "has continued on . . . throughout his incarceration." According to Dunham, an antisocial personality disorder generally means a person has a "criminal mind-set" that is "lifelong." Additionally, Dunham diagnosed Burnett with a history of polysubstance abuse, but found him to have only a moderate level of psychopathy. Dunham testified that Burnett's institutional adjustment was "horrible" and "ranks up there with some of the worst [he has] seen." Finally, Dunham diagnosed Burnett with paraphilia not otherwise specified, malingering, and borderline intellectual functioning. Dunham's diagnosis of paraphilia was based on Burnett's sexual deviancy "in a nonconsensual manner, fantasies or behaviors against nonconsenting adults or children." Dunham explained that "malingering" "is faking some type of condition for a secondary gain. . . ." This diagnosis was based on Burnett's history of cutting himself and making suicidal statements in order to be transferred to a different prison unit. Dunham found significant that Burnett did not take responsibility for his offenses, blamed his victims, and minimized his conduct in the offenses he committed. During his testimony at trial, Burnett stated that the incidents which led to his two sexual assault convictions were consensual sexual activity between him and the alleged victims, including the eleven-year-old girl. Dunham opined that Burnett was at a high risk to reoffend when he was initially incarcerated and in the twenty years during his incarceration that risk has "gone even higher." Dr. Rhan Bailey, a forensic psychiatrist, also testified at trial. Like Dunham, Bailey also reviewed records typically relied upon by experts in his field, met with Burnett, administered actuarial tests, and opined that Burnett suffers from a behavioral abnormality. Like Dunham, Bailey also found Burnett's juvenile history significant in making his assessment. Bailey noted that Burnett displayed a lack of ability to avoid engaging consistently in wrongful behavior that started at an early age. Notably, Burnett was arrested over thirty times as a juvenile and detained over twenty times in juvenile hall. The record shows Burnett started using drugs and alcohol around age eleven. Bailey found Burnett's substance abuse history significant because the use of toxic or illegal substances at a young age can hamper the development of a person's ability to temper his impulses and learn to conform his desires to rules of law. Other factors Bailey found significant in his assessment were Burnett's use of violence in the commission of his offenses, the commission of offenses against both males and females, the fact that he offended while already on some type of supervision, Burnett's position that he did not assault or violate the rights of his victims, and the fact that Burnett had "great difficulty" with institutional adjustment while incarcerated. Bailey also found evidence of an anger control problem, and testified that the records indicated Burnett's impulsivity developed at an early age.
In his assessment of Burnett, Bailey performed the Hare Psychopathy Checklist, the Static 99, and the MnSOST-R. Bailey testified that Burnett scored "a 31" on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist, which put Burnett at a "very high risk of reoffending[,]" a "six" on the Static 99, which also indicated a "high level of risk," and a "ten" on the MnSOST-R, which indicated a "moderate to moderate high risk" of reoffense. Bailey diagnosed Burnett with paraphila not otherwise specified and antisocial personality disorder. Among others, Bailey found the following factors significant in making his assessment: multiple offenses in the past, past history of violence, offending while on conditional release, a history of substance abuse, a history of conduct towards younger persons, a history of sexual activity towards both males and females, as well as the length of Burnett's history of sexual misconduct.
Burnett testified at trial regarding his early sexual activity and confirmed his deviant sexual behavior began at age eleven. Burnett further testified that he had sexual relationships during incarceration, still masturbates, and has received over 65 disciplinaries while incarcerated, including one for masturbating in front of a female officer and one for taking his clothes off in front of an officer. Burnett further admitted he had been disciplined for threatening to inflict harm on an officer, fighting with other inmates, and refusing to obey orders. Burnett agreed that he had a lot of problems during his incarceration. Burnett likewise agreed that he "sometimes" has an anger control problem and needs to change some things about himself.
Burnett contends that the State's experts relied on "outdated information" and failed to show he currently suffers from aberrant urges that make him likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence. Dunham admitted that the Static-99 actuarial test focuses on historical data and that there are not a lot of ways to measure the recent behavior of the defendant. The record shows that Dunham utilized the information he obtained from Burnett's actuarial assessment tests and considered the short-comings of the test in reaching his opinion.
The jury determines the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. In re Commitment of Mullens, 92 S.W.3d 881, 887 (Tex. App.-Beaumont 2002, pet. denied) (citing Barnes v. State, 876 S.W.2d 316, 321 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)). Additionally, "a jury may draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts." Id. "[P]roof of serious difficulty in controlling behavior" is required to civilly commit a defendant under the Act. See Kansas v. Crane, 534 U.S. 407, 413, 122 S.Ct. 867, 151 L.Ed.2d 856 (2002). Burnett's "current" difficulty controlling his behavior can be inferred from his past behavior, his own testimony, and the experts' testimony. In re Commitment of Wilson, No. 09-08-00043-CV, 2009 WL 2616921, at *5 (Tex. App.-Beaumont Aug. 27, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing In re Commitment of Grinstead, No. 09-07-00412-CV, 2008 WL 5501164, at *7 (Tex. App.-Beaumont Jan. 15, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.)).
The record establishes that Dunham and Bailey were both licensed in their respective fields. Both experts interviewed Burnett and reviewed the records related to Burnett's history for the time periods before and during incarceration. Both experts testified that they relied upon records of the type relied upon by experts in their field in conducting such assessments and both performed their assessments in accordance with their training as a professional in their field. Both experts based their opinions on the facts and data gathered from the records reviewed, their interviews with Burnett, and the actuarial tests conducted. Both experts explained in detail the facts and evidence they found relevant in forming their opinion and how those facts played a role in their assessment. Both experts opined that Burnett suffers from a behavioral abnormality as defined by the Act. Their testimony is not, as Burnett argues, so speculative and conclusory as to be completely lacking in probative value.
Appellant argues that because Dunham failed to apply the statutory definition of "behavioral abnormality" when making his assessment of Burnett, his testimony is legally insufficient to support the verdict. We are not persuaded that Dunham's inability to recite verbatim the legal definition of "behavioral abnormality" during cross-examination renders his testimony legally insufficient. At trial, Dunham testified that "[i]n the clinical sense [a behavioral abnormality is] a psychological or psychiatric condition that makes somebody likely to commit a sexual offense in the future." Dunham explained that while the term is technically a "legal term," his job as a psychologist is "to apply psychological principles" to answer the question of whether a behavioral abnormality exists. Dunham was specifically asked during direct examination,
And, using the definition of behavioral abnormality as defined by the Health and Safety Code as a congenital or acquired condition that, by affecting the person's emotional or volitional capacity, predisposes him to commit predatory acts of sexual violence, is it your opinion today that Mr. Burnett suffers from a behavioral abnormality?
Dunham unequivocally responded, "[y]es."
Dunham's definition of this term in the "clinical sense" merely goes to the weight the jury might choose to give his testimony. See In re Commitment of Kirsch, No. 09-08-00004-CV, 2009 WL 2045238, at *6 (Tex. App.-Beaumont July 16, 2009, pet. denied) (citing In re Commitment of Gollihar, 224 S.W.3d at 851). Additionally, Bailey also testified based on his education, training, and the evaluation he conducted in this case, that appellant suffers from a behavioral abnormality as defined by the Act. Appellant does not argue on appeal that Bailey applied an incorrect definition in making his assessment. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict, we hold a rational jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Burnett suffers from a behavioral abnormality that makes him likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence. We overrule issue one.
In issue two, appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying appellant's motion for directed verdict because the State failed to present legally sufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict. Because we have found the jury's verdict is supported by legally sufficient evidence, we overrule issue two.
AFFIRMED.