Summary
acknowledging that while Congress has indicated that denial of confirmation, rather than dismissal, is the appropriate way to prevent debtors from failing to file their Chapter 13 petitions in good faith, the debtor's Chapter 13 case should have been dismissed due to further amendment of deficient plan being "fruitless"
Summary of this case from In re ChathamOpinion
Case No. 15–70654
10-14-2015
In re: Sandra Boggs Colston, Debtor.
Scot Stewart Farthing, Scot S. Farthing, Attorney at Law, PC, Wytheville, VA, for Debtor.
Scot Stewart Farthing, Scot S. Farthing, Attorney at Law, PC, Wytheville, VA, for Debtor.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Paul M. Black, UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE
This matter comes before the Court on confirmation of a Chapter 13 Plan filed by the Debtor, Sandra Boggs Colston (the “Debtor” or “Ms. Colston”). Confirmation of the plan is supported by the Chapter 13 Trustee, Christopher T. Micale (the “Chapter 13 Trustee”). An objection to confirmation and motion to dismiss were filed by Jacqueline Fay Alexander (“Ms. Alexander”), a disputed creditor of the Debtor, based on lack of good faith and lack of feasibility. Notwithstanding the Chapter 13 Trustee's recommendation in favor of confirmation, this is essentially a two-party dispute involving allegations of undue influence, fraud, and willful and malicious injury to property by the Debtor. A lengthy evidentiary hearing was conducted on confirmation, the objection, and the motion to dismiss on September 16, 2015. For the reasons set forth below, the Court will sustain the objection to confirmation and dismiss this case.
Where appropriate, findings of fact shall be construed as conclusions of law and conclusions of law shall be construed as findings of fact. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7052, 9014(c).
Ms. Colston moved to Grayson County, a rural county in southwest Virginia, in 2012, where she currently works as a special education teacher. There, she formed three separate limited liability companies: Kickin Chicken Poultry & Game Bird Farm, LLC was established to sell poultry locally raised by Ms. Colston; Farmers Friend Old Time General Store, LLC was established to run a general store, café, and coffee shop; and S. Colston Properties, LLC was formed to own the real estate where the general store operated. The businesses are now each defunct.Prior to moving to Grayson County, the Debtor lived in Virginia Beach, Virginia, approximately 300 miles to the east, for most of her life. In Virginia Beach, she worked for the public school system, also as a teacher, having taught for a total of 23 years. In the course of her teaching in Virginia Beach, she became acquainted with Ms. Alexander, a teacher's aide. Both worked at Princess Anne High School in Virginia Beach, where the Debtor was a special education teacher. Testimony at trial, including that from Ms. Alexander's sister, Judy Walsh (“Ms. Walsh”), indicated that, due to a near drowning accident as a child, Ms. Alexander became mentally impaired, which Ms. Alexander herself described as a “learning disability.” Ms. Walsh also described her sister as “slow.” Ms. Walsh further described her sister as “gullible,” and unsophisticated in handling money, sometimes having trouble recognizing the differences in dollar values. Ms. Walsh related one specific instance of Ms. Alexander having an issue distinguishing between $100.00 and $10,000.00. Despite her intellectual challenges, Ms. Alexander was able to obtain a certificate to be a teacher's aide, which led her to Princess Anne High School, where she met and became personally close to Ms. Colston.
Ms. Alexander testified that she obtained special accommodations from the professor at the community college where she obtained her teacher's aide certificate, which included recording the classes. Ms. Alexander further testified that she would take the recordings home and have her sister help her with the work.
Ms. Alexander's parents owned and operated a successful electrical contracting company in Virginia Beach. Until her death in 2010, Ms. Alexander's mother managed Ms. Alexander's finances. Ms. Alexander's father had predeceased her mother. In addition to income from a trust that was set up for the benefit of the three children in the family, including Ms. Walsh and Ms. Alexander, Ms. Alexander received approximately $403,000.00 when her mother died in the form of a direct distribution from her mother's pension plan at the electrical construction company. The funds were not left in trust. Ms. Walsh helped her sister set up an account at a local bank to hold these funds, although Ms. Walsh had no oversight or control over that account. Ms. Walsh apparently believed, incorrectly, that the bank officer who assisted her in opening the account for Ms. Alexander would be “watching over it.”
Ms. Colston testified at trial that she became friends with Ms. Alexander at Princess Anne High School, and they would go to happy hours and school functions together. Their relationship progressed and became more involved, and although Ms. Colston denied any romantic interests with Ms. Alexander, she testified she believed Ms. Alexander wanted such a relationship. She further testified that Ms. Alexander was unhappy when Ms. Colston moved to Grayson County, and they continued to communicate with each other extensively by text and Facebook messaging. Ms. Colston also testified that Ms. Alexander would become upset with her if she did not respond as fast as Ms. Alexander expected. On one occasion, Ms. Alexander visited Ms. Colston in Grayson County and left an envelope of money with Ms. Colston when she departed. Ms. Colston stated that she did not ask for the money, but Ms. Alexander wanted her to have it. Recognizing Ms. Alexander had access to substantial funds, and apparently emboldened, Ms. Colston began “receiving” money from Ms. Alexander on a regular basis. Ms. Colston characterized these monetary transfers as gifts. Ms. Alexander believed them to be loans. Ms. Colston said there were times when she tried to pay money back to Ms. Alexander, but she would not accept the money, getting angry when Ms. Colston offered to do so. However, no testimony was elicited of any specific dollar amount offered to be paid back, or the source of the funds.
Ms. Alexander also testified that when she went out after school with Ms. Colston, she often “had trouble calculating the tip on the bill” and stated that “[Ms. Colston] would do that for me.”
In whatever fashion she acquired the money, it was apparent that Ms. Colston preyed upon Ms. Alexander's weakness of mind and clear affection for her at the time. From July 2012 to January 2014, Ms. Alexander made 60 monetary transfers to Ms. Colston or entities controlled exclusively by her, totaling $414,590.00. Alexander Exhibits 2 & 3. An additional $39,755.05 in credit card or point of sale purchases were charged to Ms. Alexander as well. See Alexander Exhibit 3. These transfers completely depleted the bequest to Ms. Alexander from her mother's pension fund. During this time frame, Ms. Walsh testified Ms. Alexander had lost contact with her family, being highly focused on Ms. Colston. The transfers to Ms. Colston were discovered by Ms. Alexander's family in early 2014, when Ms. Alexander revealed to her older sister, Ms. Walsh, that she was unable to pay her bills. None of these transfers was evidenced by a check, as Ms. Walsh testified at trial that Ms. Alexander did not know how to write checks without assistance. Instead, the vast majority of the transfers were either cash deposits taken by Ms. Alexander from her account and deposited into one of Ms. Colston's accounts, or into accounts of entities controlled by Ms. Colston. Two wire transfers in the amounts of $60,000.00 and $50,000.00, respectively, were made a week apart in November 2013 to Ms. Colston directly. Alexander Exhibit 2. Ms. Alexander stated that Ms. Colston asked for money because she was having financial issues, and she also provided Ms. Colston funds to remodel her home in Grayson County. According to Ms. Colston, some of the funds were used to acquire and remodel the general store property, among other things. The manner in which these transfers were made, the magnitude and frequency of the transfers, and the Court's own observation of the witnesses' demeanor and testimony on the stand do not lend credibility to Ms. Colston's testimony that these alleged “gifts” were made by Ms. Alexander free from sway by Ms. Colston.
The evidence at trial indicated that Ms. Colston had begun a new relationship with Sandra K. Edwards, who was also involved with her general store business. See Alexander Exhibit 4. This relationship appears to have soured her relationship with Ms. Alexander. Ms. Edwards is also a creditor in the case, having filed a claim for $5,800.00 for “Money Loaned.” See Claim No. 3. Ms. Colston testified that she used Ms. Edward's Home Depot card to buy kitchen cabinets and flooring for her Grayson County home. Ms. Edwards did not testify and Ms. Colston stated that their relationship had ended.
Ms. Colston paid $30,000.00 for the general store, purchasing it from Grayson National Bank. Another item acquired from the funds obtained from Ms. Alexander was a home generator estimated to have a value of $10,000.00. The generator, which will be discussed later, was transferred to Ms. Colston's mother by Ms. Colston shortly before filing bankruptcy. As counsel for Ms. Alexander correctly pointed out at trial, the generator transfer was not disclosed in the Debtor's schedules.
When the family discovered the transfers to Ms. Colston, they started probing Ms. Alexander for information about her dealings with Ms. Colston, of whom Ms. Walsh was becoming clearly suspicious.Ms. Colston had driven to Virginia Beach to get some beds from Ms. Alexander that formerly belonged to Ms. Alexander's and Ms. Walsh's mother. Ms. Colston testified that Ms. Alexander contacted her in early 2014 asking about the acquisition of the general store, stating that Ms. Alexander had told her that her sister was “upset” and that she needed something to document her interest in the building “for tax purposes.” Ms. Colston testified that Ms. Alexander had previously offered to buy the building for her, and that Ms. Alexander had declined any offer of ownership. Ms. Colston indicated she had offered to put Ms. Alexander's name on the building, which was also declined.
On cross-examination, when questioned about offering Ms. Alexander ownership in the building, Ms. Colston testified that she meant putting Ms. Alexander's name on the title.
Instead, after the transfers came to light, on February 28, 2014, Ms. Colston sent Ms. Alexander a Limited Liability Investment Agreement, backdated to September 27, 2013, purporting to convey to Ms. Alexander an ownership interest in S. Colston Properties, LLC, of “point zero one percent (0.01%).” Alexander Exhibit 5. Ms. Colston said that it was Ms. Alexander's idea to put the smallest amount possible in the agreement, although Ms. Colston actually suggested the 0.01%. The agreement was not executed, and shortly thereafter, Ms. Walsh retained a law firm in Virginia Beach to investigate the matter.
Ms. Alexander's sister now has power of attorney for her and control over her finances.
In late 2013 to early 2014, Ms. Colston was also using Ms. Alexander's credit card, and plying Ms. Alexander for money. Alexander Exhibit 6 is a series of emails between Ms. Colston and Global Restaurant Solutions where Ms. Colston was attempting to charge items to Ms. Alexander's credit card for $6,115.55. The supplier could not verify the charge with Ms. Alexander, the owner of the card, and the order was cancelled. In addition, Alexander Exhibit 7 is a series of text messages from Ms. Colston to Ms. Alexander, including one dated March 20, 2014, reading “I hate to ask but ... Do you have any money I can borrow till pay day ... I'm hurting until the 31st ... i will pay it back I promise. I'm so tight on money I'm even packing food from home to take this weekend instead of eating out.” Ms. Alexander's reply was simply, “No.” See Alexander Exhibit 7. Ms. Colston's text messages to Ms. Alexander continued after Ms. Alexander retained counsel.
On April 23, 2014, Ms. Alexander filed a Complaint in the City of Virginia Beach Circuit Court against Ms. Colston and her three limited liability companies, seeking judgment for fraud in the inducement, undue influence, unjust enrichment, constructive trust, resulting trust, and rescission. See Docket No. 43, Alexander Exhibit 1. Ms. Colston retained counsel, discovery was conducted, and a trial date was set for May 26, 2015. On May 11, 2015, Ms. Colston filed the current Chapter 13 case, and on May 21, 2015, she filed an Emergency Motion to Extend Automatic Stay, requesting an expedited hearing for May 22, 2015. A Motion for Default Judgment on an Amended Complaint in the Virginia Beach action was filed and also set for hearing on May 26, 2015. The “Emergency Motion” was in reality a request for injunctive relief, on scant notice to Ms. Alexander's counsel, seeking to enjoin the litigation in Virginia Beach from going forward against Ms. Colston's limited liability companies. Notwithstanding the questionable notice and improper procedural posture of the request, the Court conducted an evidentiary hearing and the request for injunctive relief was denied. See Docket Nos. 9–11, 14. The Virginia Beach Circuit Court conducted a hearing on May 26, 2015 at which time it took evidence, and issued a separate written opinion dated July 2, 2015, and a subsequent Judgment Order on July 8, 2015. The Judgment Order and written opinion were entered into evidence as collective Alexander Exhibit 10.
Ms. Colston's counsel had withdrawn in the Virginia Beach action for non-payment of fees.
The automatic stay of 11 U.S.C. § 362(a) went into effect as to Ms. Colston individually upon filing her petition on May 11, 2015. One of the grounds for the requested injunctive relief was that Ms. Colston planned to sell property owned by the limited liability companies to pay her individual creditors.
In part, the Virginia Beach Circuit Court found as follows:
In this case, [Ms. Alexander] is entitled to a presumption of undue influence and has sufficiently established a claim for fraud and rescission of the contracts and repayment of her loans and money invested in each of the three entities. While [Ms. Alexander's] incapacity may not rise to the level of legal incompetency, [she] has established she suffers from the continued effects of a brain injury she incurred as a child. Considering this injury and the relationship that developed between Colston and [Ms. Alexander], it follows that the transactions [Ms. Alexander] entered into were entered under suspicious circumstances with these companies created by Colston, of which Colston was the sole owner and member. The grossly inadequate consideration of 00.01% interest in the general store in exchange for [Ms. Alexander's] investment of $190,000, given [Ms. Alexander's] great weakness of mind is further support of the findings of undue influence. Furthermore, the failure of the companies to perform their promise to return the money that was loaned to them in order to induce [Ms. Alexander] to lend the money was also fraudulent.
Alexander Exhibit 10. The Court found grounds for rescission against all defendants other than Ms. Colston, and also awarded Ms. Alexander money damages in the amount of $224,905.45. In addition, Ms. Alexander obtained an award of attorney's fees of $167,521.61. Ms. Alexander filed a motion before this Court to allow the Virginia Beach Circuit Court to liquidate her claim against Ms. Colston individually, but not to permit enforcement of any judgment, which the Court granted. Docket No. 46.
On July 31, 2015, Ms. Colston filed an Amended Chapter 13 Plan, providing that Ms. Colston will pay $28,000.00 to unsecured creditors, and that the estimated distribution will be 33%. Docket No. 38. In reality, given that Ms. Alexander filed a claim for $621,875.66, $28,000.00 would result in a dividend closer to 4% to unsecured creditors with the other claims filed. Moreover, in order to make the proposed $955.00 per month payment into the plan, Ms. Colston's 75–year old mother, Martha Boggs (“Ms.Boggs”), would have to commit to making monthly payments to the Chapter 13 Trustee on Ms. Colston's behalf in the amount of $433.00. Ms. Colston's disposable income is not sufficient to make the proposed plan payments on her own, and almost 50% of the regular monthly payments would have to be made by Ms. Boggs for the life of her daughter's plan. Ms. Boggs testified that she is in good health, that longevity runs in her family, that she has the financial wherewithal to make the payments for the life of Ms. Colston's plan, and that she is willing to do so. The Chapter 13 Trustee recommended confirmation.
Ms. Alexander filed a proof of claim for $621,875.66, listing $74,172.00 as secured. The basis for perfection is identified as “Filing of Lis Pendens.” Claim 5–1. However, Ms. Alexander has no judgment against Ms. Colston personally, and has no lien against any property of the estate. She has a recorded lien against S. Colston Properties, LLC, the owner of the now defunct general store. The parties stipulated a 60–month plan would provide approximately a 4% dividend based upon claims filed, including Ms. Alexander's claim at $621,875.66.
A previous Chapter 13 plan proposed selling the general store to provide funds for the plan, but Ms. Alexander has a recorded judgment lien against S. Colston Properties, LLC, and that plan provision was removed in the amended plan. Although Ms. Colston acquired the property for $30,000.00 only a few years ago, it is currently tax assessed at $217,700.00. This discrepancy in value was unexplained. Ms. Alexander expects to pursue a creditor's bill in state court to enforce her judgment against that property.
Section 1302(b)(2)(B) provides that “The trustee shall ... appear and be heard at any hearing that concerns ... confirmation of a plan.” 11 U.S.C. § 1302(b)(2)(B). Nevertheless, the Court notes the Chapter 13 Trustee's strenuous advocacy in support of the Debtor's plan in this case, particularly at trial. The best description of the Trustee's position appears similar to that taken in In re Tomer, where the Court held that “the Trustee's assessment [was] that the plan was technically sound and therefore, made in good faith.” Romar Elevators, Inc. v. Tomer (In re Tomer) , No. 4:09CV008, 2009 WL 2029798, at *5, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 60261, at *15 (W.D.Va. July 14, 2009). Tomer went on to observe that this mechanical view “blurs the proper duel [sic] analysis into a single determination that imbues itself on the question of whether the petition was filed in good faith. The Trustee is a trustworthy source with sophisticated technical knowledge of Chapter 13 plan construction. However, the technical sufficiency of a chapter 13 plan does not necessarily satisfy good faith in filing a bankruptcy petition.” Id.
Ms. Alexander takes a different view. On September 2, 2015, Ms. Alexander filed an Objection to Confirmation of Modified Chapter 13 Plan and Discharge and Motion to Dismiss Bankruptcy Case, upon which the Court conducted the hearing on September 16, 2015. Among other things, Ms. Alexander contends Ms. Colston's Chapter 13 Petition and the Amended Chapter 13 Plan were filed in bad faith, in violation of 11 U.S.C. §§ 1325(a)(3) and (7), respectively. Further, she contends the plan is not feasible under 11 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(6) in that five years of payments dependent upon assistance from her mother for a substantial monthly contribution is simply too speculative to be feasible. Ms. Colston asserts the Petition and Plan are both filed in good faith, and that the Plan is feasible. It is with this factual background the Court decides the issues before it.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
Evaluating the good faith requirement for confirmation of a Chapter 13 plan pursuant to Section 1325(a)(3) is a fact-intensive, case-by-case determination made by the Court based on the totality of the circumstances. Neufeld v. Freeman, 794 F.2d 149, 152 (4th Cir.1986) ; Deans v. O'Donnell, 692 F.2d 968, 972 (4th Cir.1982). This case presents a real world conundrum. Can a person who has engaged in pre-petition misconduct still be “a good debtor?” Are there circumstances when a debtor who has engaged in significant pre-petition misconduct can maintain a confirmable Chapter 13 plan? Pre-petition misconduct is but one factor to consider in a totality of the circumstances test, and in the proper case the answer is undoubtedly yes. However, the Court is not persuaded that this is one of those cases.
See, Rebecca B. Connelly, Can a Debtor who Files Chapter 13 in Bad Faith Survive Dismissal?, Am. Bankr.Inst. J. 52, 59 (Feb.2010). The author of this article was a Chapter 13 trustee at the time it was published and is now Chief Judge of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Virginia.
I. Burden of Proof
Section 1325 of the Bankruptcy Code outlines the various requirements for confirmation of a Chapter 13 plan. Included among those are requirements that the plan be filed in good faith, that the debtor will be able to make all payments under the plan and to comply with the plan, and that the action of the debtor in filing the petition be in good faith. 11 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(3),(6), and (7). The second requirement above is generally referred to the “feasibility” requirement. Ms. Alexander's objection and motion to dismiss implicate all three of these requirements in this case. As stated in In re Tomer, “[t]he obligation of good faith is imposed on the debtor at two stages in a Chapter 13 proceeding; first, the debtor must file the petition for Chapter 13 bankruptcy in good faith, and second, the debtor must file the Chapter 13 plan in good faith.” In re Tomer, 2009 WL 2029798, at *4, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 60261, at *12 (citing In re Smith, 286 F.3d 461, 465 (7th Cir.2002) ; In re McFadden, 383 B.R. 386, 388–89 (Bankr.D.S.C.2008) ; In re Bowen, No. 07–05485–JW, 2008 Bankr.LEXIS 16, at *6 (Bankr.D.S.C. Jan. 9, 2008)).
The debtor bears the burden of proof at confirmation, including as to good faith. In re Taylor, 261 B.R. 877, 885 (Bankr.E.D.Va.2001). The burden of proving the “good faith” filing of a Chapter 13 plan under Section 1325(a)(3), distinct from the burden under Section 1307(c), is plainly on the debtor. In re Love, 957 F.2d at 1355. Section 1325(a)(3) provides that “the court shall confirm a plan if—... the plan has been proposed in good faith and not by any means forbidden by law.” 11 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(3). Thus, the debtor bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that a plan is proposed in good faith under Section 1325(a)(3). See In re Harrison, 203 B.R. 253, 255 (Bankr.E.D.Va.1996) ; see also Ellsworth v. Lifescape Med. Assocs., P.C. (In re Ellsworth), 455 B.R. 904, 918 (9th Cir. BAP 2011).
Section 1307(c) provides that a petition may be dismissed “for cause,” which courts have interpreted to mean that the party moving for dismissal must demonstrate cause, not that the debtor must show an absence of cause. In re Love, 957 F.2d 1350, 1355 (7th Cir.1992).
Likewise, at confirmation, a debtor also has the burden of proof under 11 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(7) to establish that “the action of the debtor in filing the petition was in good faith.” 11 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(7). As stated in In re Ellsworth, “[i]t is thus true now that the debtor, as plan proponent, has the burden of proof on the confirmation issues of whether both the case and the plan were filed in good faith.” 455 B.R. at 918 (emphasis in original). Section 1325(a)(7) was added to the Bankruptcy Code by the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (“BAPCPA”). Because this code section is relatively new, case law is still evolving. In In re Bateman, the court indicated that, in the context of Section 1307(c), the “proper good faith inquiry is ‘whether or not under the circumstances of the case there has been an abuse of the provisions, purpose, or spirit of [the Chapter] in the proposal or plan.’ ” Branigan v. Bateman (In re Bateman), 515 F.3d 272, 283 (4th Cir.2008) (quoting Deans v. O'Donnell, 692 F.2d 968, 972 (4th Cir.1982) ). See also In re Bland, No. 06–1159, 2008 WL 2002647, at *3, 2008 Bankr.LEXIS 1331, at *7 (Bankr.N.D.W.Va. May 6, 2008). Because the analytics of Sections 1325(a)(3) and (7)are not identical, the Court will address them separately.
A. Section 1325(a)(3) Factors
It is well established that in the Fourth Circuit a totality of the circumstances test is used for determining whether a Chapter 13 plan has been proposed in good faith. The “totality of the circumstances” test was originally set forth in Deans v. O'Donnell, 692 F.2d at 972, and expanded in In re Solomon, 67 F.3d 1128, 1134 (4th Cir.1995), and Neufeld v. Freeman, 794 F.2d at 152. The non-exclusive factors to be considered include the following:
(1) the percentage of proposed repayment to creditors;
(2) the debtor's financial situation;
(3) the period of time over which creditors will receive payment;
(4) the debtor's employment history, and current and future employment prospects;
(5) the nature and amount of unsecured claims;
(6) the debtor's past bankruptcy filings;
(7) the debtor's honesty in disclosing facts of the case;
(8) the nature of the debtor's pre-petition conduct that gave rise to the case;
(9) whether the debts would be dischargeable in a Chapter 7 proceeding; and
(10) any other unusual or exceptional problems the debtor faces.
The foregoing factors are each still relevant in cases following BAPCPA. In re Edmunds, 350 B.R. 636, 649 (Bankr.D.S.C.2006). Accordingly, the factors of the percentage of proposed repayment and debtor's actual financial situation at the time of filing are still elements of good faith. Id. at 648–49. Courts have “at least implicitly view[ed] substantial repayment” to unsecured creditors “as an essential element of ‘good faith.’ ” Deans v. O'Donnell, 692 F.2d at 970 (citing In re Rimgale, 669 F.2d 426 (7th Cir.1981) ; In re Terry, 630 F.2d 634 (8th Cir.1980) ).
In this case, the Court finds that the Debtor has not met her burden under Section 1325(a)(3) of proving that her plan was proposed in good faith. Several factors warrant this conclusion. First, Ms. Colston's proposal to pay unsecured creditors an estimated distribution of 33% in her Chapter 13 Plan is illusory. Ms. Alexander has filed a claim in the amount of $621,875.66, which has not been objected to and for present purposes is deemed allowed. See 11 U.S.C. § 502(a). Factoring in that claim brings the proposed dividend to unsecured creditors closer to 4%. Based on the unsecured claims filed to date, and excluding the claim of Ms. Colston's mother (who is providing approximately half the funding for this case), Ms. Alexander's claim comprises 96.8% of the claimant pool. “Such a nominal payment on a potentially nondischargeable claim is evidence of bad faith.” In re Herndon, 218 B.R. 821, 825 (Bankr.E.D.Va.1998).
The claims register reflects that, excluding Ms. Colston's mother's claim of $48,000.00, there is $642,466.20 in unsecured claims filed to date. Ms. Alexander's claim of $621,875.66 comprises 96.8% of that class.
The elements of (i) “the nature and amount of unsecured claims,” (ii) “the nature of the debtor's pre-petition conduct that gave rise to the case,” and (iii) “whether the debts would be nondischargeable in a chapter 7 proceeding” can be taken together. The Fourth Circuit in Neufeld v. Freeman specifically referred to a debtor's prepetition conduct and the possible nondischargeability (under Chapter 7) of objecting creditors' claims as factors “a majority of the courts addressing the [good faith inquiry] have expressly considered.” 794 F.2d at 152. As the testimony and the claims register made clear, this is a two-party dispute. Ms. Colston would not be before this Court had Ms. Alexander's family not discovered her siphoning off Ms. Alexander's inheritance. The timing of the petition filing in relation to the pending state court trial date, and Ms. Colston's own testimony, reflect that this case was filed for the sole purpose of impeding Ms. Alexander and her family from attempting to recover the assets taken by Ms. Colston. While the Court recognizes that a confirmation hearing should not be converted into a nondischargeability trial, the Court finds that Ms. Alexander has presented compelling evidence that that there is a substantial likelihood the debt she seeks to recover would be declared nondischargeable in a Chapter 7 proceeding. Ms. Colston did not present evidence sufficient to persuade the Court otherwise. In fact, Ms. Colston's testimony on the stand was unremorseful, bordering on defiant in the belief that she did anything wrong.
“Resort to the more liberal discharge provisions of Chapter 13, though lawful in itself, may well signal an ‘abuse of the provisions, purpose or spirit’ of the Act, especially where a major portion of the claims sought to be discharged arises out of pre-petition fraud or other wrongful conduct, and the debtor proposes only minimal repayment of these claims under the plan.” Neufeld, 794 F.2d at 153.
Moreover, Ms. Colston has engaged in post-petition activity, namely falling short on her disclosure obligation, that does not reflect that she fully appreciates the burdens upon her as a debtor in this Court. Ms. Colston's petition was filed on May 11, 2015. Her Schedules and Statement of Financial Affairs (“SOFA”) were filed on May 22, 2015. Docket No. 15. Her Schedule B, Personal Property reflects no interest in a valuable home generator that she purchased with funds obtained from Ms. Alexander. However, her SOFA required her to address the following statement: “List all other property, other than property transferred in the ordinary course of business or financial affairs of the debtor, transferred either absolutely or as security within two years immediately preceding the commencement of the case.” SOFA at 5. Ms. Colston answered “None.” To date, this schedule has not been amended. At trial, upon questioning by Ms. Alexander's counsel, it became apparent that Ms. Colston transferred the home generator to her mother a short time before filing this case, allowing her to take a $10,000.00 credit against a debt she allegedly owes her mother, reducing the debt from $58,000.00 to $48,000.00. Ms. Colston also failed to disclose this transfer under the “Payments to creditors” section of her SOFA as well. SOFA at 2. While the generator is not of extraordinary value, the failure to disclose this transfer without probing by opposing counsel is not consistent with good faith, but is more consistent with Ms. Colston's focus on protecting herself, and to a lesser extent, her mother. It is also not consistent with a focus on repayment of her creditors or her responsibilities as a debtor. “Neither the trustee nor the creditors should be required to engage in a laborious tug-of-war to drag the simple truth into the glare of daylight.” In re Bland, 2008 WL 2002647, at *3, 2008 Bankr.LEXIS 1331, at *8 (citing Boroff v. Tully (In re Tully), 818 F.2d 106, 110 (1st Cir.1987) ).
The Court is mindful that the mere presence of a nondischargeable debt is not a barrier to Chapter 13 confirmation. The Bankruptcy Code contemplates that Chapter 13 can and should be available even to those whose pre-petition misdeeds are the source of their current financial problems. Indeed, Section 1328(a)(2) specifically does not include debts nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6) as included in the class of debts excepted from a Chapter 13 discharge. See 11 U.S.C. § 1328(a)(2). Whereas debts under Sections 523(a)(2) and (4), once properly litigated and established under 11 U.S.C. § 523(c), are excepted from discharge, Section 523(a)(6) debts are not. This reflects Congress's intent that, in a proper case, the “super discharge” of pre-BAPCPA survives and a Section 523(a)(6) debt can be discharged in Chapter 13. This does not mean, however, the presence of a potential Section 523(a)(6) claim cannot or should not be considered under a good faith analysis. The presence of other factors, such as a meaningful dividend to unsecured creditors (including ones with potentially nondischargeable debts), an extended plan repayment period over the minimum required, and the absence of any post-petition or filing misconduct may counterbalance and in fact weigh in favor of confirmation, possibly heavily so. This is consistent with Fourth Circuit precedent providing that “[a] Chapter 13 plan may be confirmed despite even the most egregious pre-filing conduct where other factors suggest that the plan nevertheless represents a good faith effort by the debtor to satisfy his creditors' claims .” Neufeld, 794 F.2d at 153 (emphasis added). Those “other factors” simply do not exist here in a manner sufficient to support confirmation.
Section 523(a)(6) provides that a discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 727 does not discharge an individual debtor of a debt for “willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity or to the property of another entity.” 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6).
At least one court has held that facts supporting an undue influence case can maintain a nondischargeability action under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6). See Necaise v. Necaise (In re Necaise), Case No. 11–52718–KMS, A.P. No. 12–05011–KMS, 2013 WL 4590890, 2013 Bankr.LEXIS 3601 (Bankr.S.D.Miss. Aug. 28, 2013).
Ms. Colston has proposed a 60–month plan, even though her B22 reflects she is a below median income debtor and is eligible for a shorter plan. See Trustee's Exhibit 5. This is a factor in her favor, as is the fact she has filed no previous bankruptcy petitions, but these facts are not enough to persuade the Court the good faith burden is met here.
Therefore, because of the Debtor's prepetition and post-petition conduct, the lack of a meaningful dividend to unsecured creditors, and the nature of likely non-dischargeable debt to Ms. Alexander, the Court finds that the Debtor has not met her burden of proving good faith pursuant to Section 1325(a)(3), and thus, confirmation of the Debtor's Chapter 13 Plan is denied.
Because the Court finds confirmation of the Debtor's plan is not appropriate under Section 1325(a)(3), the Court need not reach the question of feasibility under 11 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(6). However, the Court agrees with those Courts that have held that “some gratuitous contributions are allowed, particularly when the funds come from a non-filing spouse or pursuant to a legal obligation.” See In re Page, 519 B.R. 908, 915 (Bankr.M.D.N.C.2014), and cases cited therein. Depending on the facts of a given case, a family member's gratuitous payments to a debtor may not constitute “regular income” within the scope of 11 U.S.C. § 109(e).
B. Section 1325(a)(7) Factors
In addition to the good faith required in the filing of the plan as stated above, good faith is also required in the filing of the Chapter 13 petition. See 11 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(7). The 2005 addition of Section 1325(a)(7) in BAPCPA has vexed courts and commentators regarding how the provision interacts with Section 1325(a)(3) and Section 1307(c). As one commentator has noted, the addition of Section 1325(a)(7) may have “had more to do with resolving a judicial split over whether prepetition conduct should be considered in determining good faith rather than with codifying the court's dismissal authority” considering that “some courts excluded prepetition conduct from the pre-BAPCPA plan good-faith analysis.” Under Section 1325(a)(7), “if a lack of good faith in filing a chapter 13 petition mandates a denial of confirmation, it would appear that this defect would be irremediable,” and “[i]f so, a chapter 13 case in which the debtor is unable to confirm any plan warrants dismissal under section 1307(c).” In re Manno, 2009 WL 236844, at *7 n. 9, 2009 Bankr.LEXIS 142, at *22 n. 9 (citing Carolin Corp. v. Miller, 886 F.2d 693, 700–01 (4th Cir.1989) ).
See, e.g., In re Manno, No. 08–15588BF, 2009 WL 236844, at *7 n. 9, 2009 Bankr.LEXIS 142, at *22 n. 9 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. Jan. 30, 2009) (discussing the confusion among courts following the enactment of 11 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(7) and its interaction with 11 U.S.C. § 1307(c) ); Bloomberg Bankruptcy Treatise, Part VII: Adjustment of Debts of Individuals with Regular Income, Chapter 232: Bankruptcy Code § 1325 —Confirmation of Plan (BNA 2015) (“Few courts have had occasion to interpret section 1325(a)(7) and there is scant legislative history to suggest why Congress added the new provision.”).
Connelly, supra note 13, at 53.
Like under Section 1325(a)(3), the debtor “bears the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that her plan was proposed in good faith” under Section 1325(a)(7). In re Page, 519 B.R. at 913–14 (internal citations omitted). However, “[u]nder § 1307(c), the party seeking to dismiss the debtor's case has the burden of proving that the debtor's bad faith warrants dismissal.” Id. at 913 (citing Love, 957 F.2d at 1355 ). Thus, where the debtor does not meet her burden of proving her Chapter 13 petition was filed in good faith under Section 1325(a)(7), denial of plan confirmation is the appropriate remedy, whereas where the movant proves by a preponderance of the evidence that the debtor filed her bankruptcy petition in bad faith under Section 1307(c), dismissal or conversion of the case is warranted.
While limited guidance exists on what a debtor must prove to obtain confirmation under Section 1325(a)(7), the standards used in a Section 1307(c) good faith analysis are helpful. See In re Bland, 2008 WL 2002647, at *3, 2008 Bankr.LEXIS 1331, at *8 ; In re Tomer, 2009 WL 2029798, at *4–5, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 60261, at *12–15. Moreover, the debtor's intent is central to determining good faith in the filing of a petition, but less so when considering confirmation of the Chapter 13 plan. Tomer, 2009 WL 2029798, at *5, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 60261, at *17. Factors generally accepted in determining good faith under Section 1307(c) include: “the nature of the debt, including the question of whether the debt would be nondischargeable in a chapter 7 proceeding; how the debt arose; the debtor's motive in filing the petition; how the debtor's actions affected creditors; the debtor's treatment of creditors both before and after the petition was filed; and whether the debtor has been forthcoming with the bankruptcy court and the creditors.” Love, 957 F.2d at 1360. “Ultimately, at the heart of the inquiry is ‘whether the filing is fundamentally fair to creditors and, more generally, is ... fundamentally fair in a manner that complies with the Bankruptcy Code.” In re Dickenson, 517 B.R. 622, 634 (Bankr.W.D.Va.2014) (citing Love, 957 F.2d at 1357 ). This is consistent with the Fourth Circuit's more holistic statement in In re Bateman that the “proper good faith inquiry is ‘whether or not under the circumstances of the case there has been an abuse of the provisions, purpose, or spirit of [the Chapter] in the proposal or plan.’ ” Bateman, 515 F.3d at 283 (quoting Deans, 692 F.2d at 972 ).
Numerous courts have applied the Love factors to good faith in the context of a Chapter 13 petition. In re Uzaldin, 418 B.R. 166, 173–74 (Bankr.E.D.Va.2009) (citing Love, 957 F.2d at 1355 ). In Uzaldin, the court stated as follows:
Situations where a debtor seeks to misuse the Bankruptcy Code to hinder or prejudice one particular creditor and where the underlying debt could be nondischargeable have been addressed in other cases. In one, the debtor filed a chapter 7 petition and announced his intention to pay every debt except his support and equitable distribution obligations owed to his former spouse. The Fourth Circuit upheld the dismissal of his case as an abuse of the bankruptcy process. In re Kestell, 99 F.3d 146 (4th Cir.1996). In another, the debtor owed money to a creditor whom he had assaulted and who had obtained a judgment against him. The court found that the motivation for filing the petition was solely to hinder and delay collection of the debt by the creditor. The filing was not precipitated by any negative financial event. The chapter 13 case was dismissed with prejudice. In re Shaheen, 268 B.R. 455 (Bankr.E.D.Va.2001). In a third case, the debtor listed on her schedules in her chapter 13 case money allegedly owed due to her fraud and embezzlement. The embezzlement claim constituted by far the largest unsecured debt of the debtor. The court dismissed her case because of the likely nondischargeability of the embezzlement claim and the relatively small six-percent distribution proposed in her chapter 13 plan. In re Herndon, 218 B.R. 821 (Bankr.E.D.Va.1998).
In re Uzaldin , 418 B.R. at 174. See also In re Bland , 2008 WL 2002647, at *3–5, 2008 Bankr.LEXIS 1331, at *8.
This case has the hallmarks of a petition not filed in good faith. Not unlike in In re Shaheen, where the debtor's motivation was solely to hinder and delay collection efforts by a creditor, the Debtor in the instant case filed her bankruptcy petition shortly before the scheduled trial date of the Virginia Beach Circuit Court action in order to avoid an adverse judgment against her individually. That, in itself, is not unusual. If every two-party dispute resulting in litigation automatically resulted in a bad faith filing, there would be little for this Court to do. However, the last minute filing coupled with a de minimis offering to Ms. Alexander on her claim based on a potentially, if not highly likely, nondischargeable undue influence debt does support a finding of lack of good faith. Ms. Colston's lack of disclosure about the generator transfer bolsters that point. Ms. Colston's intent in filing this case is manifest. Her design was to stop Ms. Alexander from attempting to recover what was improperly taken from her, and setting good faith aside under Section 1325(a)(3), confirm a plan using contributions from her mother that would put Ms. Alexander in her past by paying Ms. Alexander the bare minimum the law would permit in an effort to confirm a plan and get a discharge. The circumstances of this case call for far more.
Concluding that Ms. Colston has filed her petition with a lack of good faith, the Court must determine the proper remedy. Because Section 1325(a)(7) arises in the context of confirmation, “Congress has presumably indicated that denial of confirmation, rather than dismissal, is the appropriate way to prevent such conduct.” 8 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 1325.08, at 1325–51 (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer eds.-in-chief, 16th ed. rev.2014). However, under Section 1307(c), the Court may dismiss a case, or convert a case to one under Chapter 7, whichever is in the best interest of creditors, “for cause,” including “denial of confirmation of a plan under section 1325 of this title and denial of a request made for additional time for filing another plan or a modification of a plan.” 11 U.S.C. § 1307(c)(5). The Debtor has proposed two unsuccessful plans. The first proposed to sell a piece of real estate not owned by the Debtor, but owned by one of her limited liability companies. When it became apparent the state court litigation would go forward and that was no longer an option, the Debtor proposed the most recent plan. The Court concludes that authorizing additional time to file a second amended plan is not in the best interests of creditors as such a plan would no doubt suffer the same infirmities of the last plan. See In re Keith's Tree Farms, 519 B.R. 628, 643 (Bankr.W.D.Va.2014), aff'd, Keith's Tree Farms v. Grayson Nat'l Bank, 535 B.R. 647 (W.D.Va.2015). As stated by the District Court in Keith's Tree Farms, “ ‘Bankruptcy courts are given a great deal of discretion to say when enough is enough’ when it comes to granting or denying the opportunity to amend reorganization plans.” 535 B.R. at 653 (citing Matter of Woodbrook Assocs., 19 F.3d 312, 322 (7th Cir.1994) ).
Keith's Tree Farms interpreted 11 U.S.C. § 1208(c)(5) as opposed to Section 1307(c)(5), but the provisions are virtually identical.
Because further amendment of the plan would be fruitless given the facts before the Court, the Court believes dismissal is appropriate at this juncture. Ms. Colston has limited assets and limited income. Ms. Colston's primary creditors are Ms. Alexander, the holder of the mortgage on her house, her mother, an ex-girlfriend, and the law firm formerly representing her in the litigation with Ms. Alexander. The evidence reflects the only creditor seriously pressing her is Ms. Alexander. Increasing her contribution to an amended plan from her own income sources is unlikely given the evidence before the Court. Given that over half the funding from her “bare minimum” plan is proposed to come from monthly gifts from her mother, some of which would go right back to her mother in the form of a distribution on her own claim, it is unlikely that Ms. Colston could propose a more advantageous plan for the repayment of her debts. The Court believes the best remedy for the Debtor's lack of good faith in filing her Chapter 13 petition is to dismiss her Chapter 13 case under Section 1307(c)(5). Further, as Ms. Colston does not appear to have significant assets to be liquidated for the benefit of her creditors, and there is no allegation of any significant avoidable transfers to be recovered for the estate (other than the potential generator transfer), the Court does not believe that conversion to Chapter 7 is in the best interests of her creditors. With the passage of time, should Ms. Colston gain more lucrative employment or obtain additional assets from which she can refile and perhaps file a more meaningful plan, she is not precluded from doing so. As the Court will dismiss the case under its own volition, the Court need not reach Ms. Alexander's motion to dismiss. CONCLUSION
Dismissal is also consistent with 11 U.S.C. § 105(a), which allows the Court to “issue any order that is necessary to carry out the provisions of the Code.” While the Debtor has not made a formal request “for additional time for filing another plan or a modification of a plan,” the Court will not require the Debtor to do a useless act. See In re Marett, No. 96–75003–W, 1996 WL 33340790, at *13 (Bankr.D.S.C. Nov. 13, 1996) (“[Where] no plan which the debtor could propose would be feasible,” the case should be dismissed without leave to amend.).
Chapter 13 relief may or may not be available to Ms. Colston, depending on the amount of her noncontingent, liquidated unsecured debts at the time she files. The claim against her personally has yet to be liquidated in state court. The current limit on such unsecured debt is $383,175.00. 11 U.S.C. § 109(e).
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For the foregoing reasons, the Court will deny confirmation of Ms. Colston's Chapter 13 Plan and dismiss her bankruptcy case by Order entered contemporaneously herewith.