Summary
finding that high school coaches have a "duty to criticize the actions of the players with respect to their performance as members of the team and to act in a fashion which would promote maximum team effort"
Summary of this case from Wooten v. Pleasant Hope R-VI School DistrictOpinion
Docket No. 24502.
Decided August 4, 1976. Leave to appeal applied for.
Appeal from Clare, William R. Peterson, J. Submitted January 8, 1976, at Lansing. (Docket No. 24502.) Decided August 4, 1976. Leave to appeal applied for.
Complaint by Daniel A. Iacco against John Bohannon and the School District of Clare for damages for libel and slander. Summary judgment for defendants. Plaintiff appeals. Affirmed.
Gorte Brady, for plaintiff.
Hughes Trucks, for defendants.
Before: DANHOF, P.J., and V.J. BRENNAN and M.J. KELLY, JJ.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from the May 19, 1975, order granting summary judgment in favor of defendants in plaintiff's action for libel and slander.
In April of 1973, plaintiff, a high school student at Clare High School, commenced this action for libel and slander against defendant Bohannon, a teacher and basketball coach at said school, and defendant school district, Bohannon's employer. The complaint averred that plaintiff was a good student, a good athlete and of a good reputation in the community. It was alleged that plaintiff was the captain of the varsity basketball team of which Bohannon was the coach. The complaint further alleged that on March 5, 1973, as the basketball team was preparing to enter the state basketball tournament playoffs, defendant Bohannon "did intentionally call and gather together the other members of the Clare High School varsity basketball team and in their presence announced the suspension of your plaintiff from the aforesaid basketball team, and furthermore accused your plaintiff of conduct which was detrimental to the harmony of said basketball team" by way of the following statement:
"You are suspended from the March 5th game against Beaverton. To be reinstated there must be an advert [overt?] and sustained demonstration of team loyalty. We must see and hear your faith in your team's ability to win."
The amended complaint further averred that subsequent to the above-noted statement, Bohannon distributed to the returning lettermen, reserves and basketball prospects for the 1973-74 high school basketball season a written statement containing the following language:
"The prime factor that hindered our Varsity basketball effort this past season was a lack of loyalty. This lack of loyalty was evident in some of the students, and even some of our teammates.
"I cannot stress enough my conviction to go with those players on the varsity, junior varsity, and freshman team that display appropriate attitude.
"Therefore, if you plan to play high school basketball for Clare (1) Develop and, or maintain loyalty."
On appeal, plaintiff assigns as error the granting of summary judgment in favor of defendants on the basis that words imputing disloyalty on the part of plaintiff to his high school basketball team did not constitute actionable libel or slander. He also argues that the trial court should not have ruled that defendant school district was clothed with governmental immunity.
The motion for summary judgment, as it pertains to both defendants, was on the basis that plaintiff failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. GCR 1963, 117.2(1). The trial court held that the language was not of so serious a nature as to hold a person up to ridicule and contempt, and, thus, was not actionable as a matter of law. Accordingly, the "question that must be decided by this Court is whether, accepting all well-pleaded facts as being true, the * * * [language] so published is capable in law of a defamatory meaning". Robbins v Evening News Association, 373 Mich. 589, 590; 130 N.W.2d 404 (1964).
The Supreme Court, in Nuyen v Slater, 372 Mich. 654, 662; 127 N.W.2d 369 (1964), in addressing itself to the question of whether there was actionable defamation, relied upon the definition of actionable defamation contained in 3 Restatement of Torts, § 559, p 140, wherein it is stated:
"A communication is defamatory if it tends so to harm the reputation of another as to lower him in the estimation of the community or to deter third persons from associating or dealing with him."
The question in the instant case would thus seem to become whether the imputation on the part of defendant Bohannon that plaintiff was disloyal to his high school basketball team by reason of his lack of faith in that team's ability to win tends to so harm plaintiff's reputation as to lower him in the estimation of the community or to deter others from associating or dealing with him.
Plaintiff concedes that the language used was not actionable per se, or in other words that language used was not so noxious that injury from the language could be presumed at law. See 50 Am Jur 2d, Libel and Slander, § 9, pp 522-524. Since the language used is not actionable per se, its defamatory nature, if any, must be established from the totality of the circumstances.
We find that defendant Bohannon was clothed with a qualified privilege to make such statements. See generally, Bostetter v Kirsch Co, 319 Mich. 547, 555-560; 30 N.W.2d 276 (1948), Everest v McKenny, 195 Mich. 649, 655-659; 162 N.W. 277 (1917). As coach of the Clare team, defendant Bohannon had a duty to criticize the actions of the players with respect to their performance as members of the team and to act in a fashion which would promote the maximum team effort. Further, he was not an employer and so authority finding no privilege in this context is inapplicable. Sias v General Motors Corp, 372 Mich. 542, 548; 127 N.W.2d 357 (1964).
Where one is clothed with a qualified privilege, liability for defamation attaches only when the statements are made with actual malice and activated by improper motives and ill will. Grist v The Upjohn Co, 16 Mich. App. 452, 485-489; 168 N.W.2d 389 (1969). In this case, were all plaintiff's allegations taken as true, still we do not find a showing or motive sufficient to defeat the qualified privilege defendant Bohannon possessed and so allow plaintiff to recover on a libel allegation under these facts.
Further, as to the allegation of slander, since plaintiff acknowledges that there was not slander per se, plaintiff would have to show special damages (i.e., damages of a pecuniary nature) in order to recover. Since plaintiff failed to plead and prove such damage, but only pleaded general damage to his reputation and feelings, summary judgment as to the slander allegation was proper. See Swagman v Swift and Co, 7 Mich. App. 608, 612; 152 N.W.2d 562 (1967).
Plaintiff's argument that the trial court incorrectly ruled that defendant school district was clothed with governmental immunity has previously been decided by this Court. Lovitt v Concord School District, 58 Mich. App. 593, 596; 228 N.W.2d 479 (1975).
The order granting summary judgment is affirmed.
Costs to defendants-appellees.