Summary
In Husted v. Thomson (supra) the court said (p. 335): "It is the peculiar province of that court [equity] to supervise the execution of trusts, the distribution of trust property and the conduct of trustees in managing trust estates.
Summary of this case from Hoffman v. NaglerOpinion
Argued January 31, 1899
Decided February 28, 1899
A. Edward Woodruff for appellant.
Geo. Putnam Smith for respondent.
This is an action at law brought against a trustee to recover the part of a trust estate to which the plaintiff deems himself entitled.
In 1851 Benjamin Lord died, leaving a last will and testament by which he gave all his real and personal property to his executors in trust for his brothers and sisters and one Lavinia Knapp, who afterwards died, and by her will left her interest to the plaintiff. Only one of the executors named in Mr. Lord's will, Caleb Barstow, qualified, and subsequently he resigned and was succeeded by Gilbert N. Marshall, who in turn resigned and was succeeded by Augustus Cruikshank, who by an order, made February 20th, 1883, was appointed in the place of his predecessors and of the executors named in the will. This action was commenced in April, 1890, against said Cruikshank, as trustee, but he died in 1894, and David Thomson, the present defendant, was appointed in his place, and in June, 1895, upon motion of the plaintiff, he, as such trustee, was substituted as sole defendant in the action in the place of the original defendant.
In an action commenced by Mr. Cruikshank in his lifetime against the plaintiff and others for the construction of the will of Mr. Lord, a decree was entered on the 28th of December, 1887, adjudging that it was the intention of the testator that Lavinia Knapp should take a one eleventh part of his estate, and that such share passed under her will and became vested in Gilbert M. Husted, the present plaintiff. After the commencement of this action, and on the 21st of April, 1893, said judgment was vacated on a motion made upon technical grounds, but before the trial hereof it had again been tried and the same judgment rendered. The last judgment, which was entered on the 11th of September, 1894, settled the aliquot part or proportion of the estate that the plaintiff herein was entitled to receive, but it did not fix the amount of that part in any way, although it directed the trustee to convert the trust estate into money and to distribute the same, and authorized any party to apply for further directions.
On the 7th of March, 1890, a judgment was rendered at the suit of one Burrowes and two or three hundred other plaintiffs against said Cruikshank as trustee under the will of Benjamin Lord, but Husted, the plaintiff in this action, was not a party thereto. That judgment decreed that Cruikshank, as trustee, had a balance of $87,653.33, and directed him to divide the same among the several cestuis que trustent according to their several interests after deducting about $10,000 allowed for costs and expenses. It further provided that upwards of 150 plaintiffs should be paid a certain sum each, and finally adjudged "that any person or persons having or claiming to have any interest in the estate of the defendant's testator, either as devisee, assignee or otherwise, of the whole or any fractional share of any interest in said estate, and not provided for in this judgment, may come in or be made a party to this action and have his interest in said estate adjudicated and determined, and that all persons now parties to this action having an interest in said estate, which has not been determined by this judgment, may hereafter have such interest adjudicated and determined."
The plaintiff did not avail himself of the privilege afforded by either of said judgments, but commenced this action at law to recover his share of the Lord estate, including certain dividends alleged to have been declared by Mr. Cruikshank, as trustee, prior to May 23rd, 1888. He demanded judgment for $11,402.89, with interest on different portions thereof from different dates.
After the death of Mr. Cruikshank and the substitution of the present defendant, Thomson, as trustee in his place, the plaintiff filed a supplemental complaint, alleging that the present defendant had been appointed and had qualified as trustee and had "received into his hands a large amount of money belonging to said estate," and in addition thereto had "brought an action against the executrix of said deceased trustee, Augustus Cruikshank, for an accounting" in order to recover other funds or moneys belonging to said estate; that said suit was pending "and thereby a large amount of money will or should come into the hands of this defendant as trustee of the estate of Benjamin Lord from the estate of" his deceased predecessor.
The original defendant, Mr. Cruikshank, alleged in his answer, among other things, that the plaintiff, on June 16th, 1887, assigned one-half of his interest in the estate to one George W. Savage, Jr., through a power of attorney to collect the whole and retain fifty per cent for his compensation; that after the execution of said instrument said defendant paid Savage upon account of said eleventh interest the sum of $2,500, and that subsequently he paid the plaintiff all that he was entitled to receive from the estate; that said Savage had executed and delivered by separate and independent instruments an assignment of either the whole or one-half of said eleventh to each of the following persons: Edward Van Ness, A. Edward Woodruff, Charlotte E. Savage, Everett M. Marshall, Edwin N. Doll and William M. Johnson, and that each of said persons claimed the whole or a part of said share by virtue of the assignment to him or her respectively.
The original defendant also alleged that he had brought an action making the plaintiff and the various claimants defendants, so as to have it judicially determined who were entitled to said shares, and that the action was still pending.
In answer to the supplemental complaint the present defendant denied that he had received a large amount of money belonging to the estate of Mr. Lord, but admitted that he had received from a former trustee of said estate $3,318.49, and from the Union Trust Company $67.09.
He further alleged that he also had commenced an action against the plaintiff and all persons having or claiming an interest in said shares to determine who were entitled to the same, and that the plaintiff appeared and answered, but the action was still undetermined.
Upon the trial, which was before a jury, the foregoing facts, aside from those alleged in the answers, appeared in substance. It also appeared that the present defendant had received as trustee of the estate of Benjamin Lord less than $4,000 in money, and that he had received no securities or other property belonging to the estate; that he had commenced an action against the executrix of Augustus Cruikshank, the former trustee, for an accounting, and that the proceeding was still pending, nothing having yet been realized therefrom; that Mr. Husted, the plaintiff herein, had been paid for and had released to the estate one-half of the one-eleventh that he was originally entitled to; that the former trustee, Mr. Cruikshank, and the present trustee, Mr. Thomson, had commenced suits in equity for the purpose of determining the validity of the various claims made on the trust estate by virtue of the different assignments set forth in the answer; that the suit brought by Mr. Cruikshank was revived after his death, and that both suits were pending and undetermined at the time of the trial of this action.
At the close of the evidence the defendant moved to dismiss the complaint, while the plaintiff moved for the direction of a verdict, and the court, after denying the former motion, directed a verdict in favor of the plaintiff for the sum of $6,244.85. Upon appeal the Appellate Division reversed the judgment entered on the verdict and dismissed the complaint upon the merits.
An action at law, by beneficiary against trustee, to recover a share of a trust estate is a hazardous venture. If the trust is still open, the accounts of the trustee unsettled and the amount going to the particular beneficiary unknown, resort must be had to a court of equity. It is the peculiar province of that court to supervise the execution of trusts, the distribution of trust property and the conduct of trustees in managing trust estates. With all interested persons before it, its decrees protect all interests and enforce all rights. It is not confined to an execution for the enforcement of its judgments, but with its varied and plastic process can compel performance of the precise act that the situation requires.
We do not think that an action at law can be maintained by the plaintiff under the allegations of his complaint or the facts developed by the evidence. Nothing in the nature of non-feasance, misfeasance or malfeasance on the part of the present trustee was alleged or proved, and he cannot be held responsible for any omission or misconduct on the part of his predecessor. The trust created by Mr. Lord's will had not been closed, but was still open and continuing when this action was tried. The accounts of the defendant as trustee had not been settled or adjusted, and no balance had been ascertained since the decree of March 7th, 1890. At that time the defendant had not been appointed trustee, the action to construe the will had not been finally determined, and the additional expenses incurred by the former trustee in that and other actions had not been adjusted. The plaintiff was not even a party to that decree, and there was no attempt in that action to fix the amount of his share, although, under the permission granted therein, he could, at any time, have made himself a party thereto, and could have had the amount going to him definitely settled. A further accounting was obviously essential before the trustee could safely pay the beneficiaries, for the amount to be distributed was not known.
Moreover, the present defendant was appointed trustee while this action was pending, and he has received no property, and but very little money from his predecessor. He has an action pending to recover a large amount from the estate of the trustee whom he succeeded, and until that suit is determined it cannot be known how much there will be to divide, or how much the plaintiff is entitled to receive. The present trustee can be held liable only for such assets as have come into his hands, for there is no claim that he has been guilty of negligence in reducing the estate to possession. The judgment rendered against him by the trial court was for $6,717.62, yet, without fault on his part, he had less than $4,000 on hand at that time. How could he have paid that judgment? Could he have applied even what he had on hand upon it without using money belonging in part to others? A judgment in an action at law is enforced by execution, and if the sheriff, under an execution, took from him trust funds, he might take that which should go to other beneficiaries. Even if the plaintiff was willing to withhold his execution until the result of the action brought against the Cruikshank estate could be known, still he had the right to issue an execution as soon as the judgment was rendered, although it was for an amount almost twice as large as the entire trust fund that the defendant had received. The fact that he had a right to issue an execution whenever he saw fit to collect the entire amount of his judgment, regardless of the amount in the hands of the trustee, shows that the remedy at law adopted by the plaintiff was not the remedy adapted to the situation. Assuming that a person entitled to a portion of a trust estate can sue the trustee, as an individual, in an action at law for the personal appropriation of trust funds, for negligence or for a breach of his trust, the execution in such a case would issue against his individual property, and the property of the estate would not be affected, but an action against him as trustee, to be enforced by execution out of trust property, might deplete the estate and take property held in trust for others.
An action at law by one of several beneficiaries to recover for himself alone from a trustee, as such, a share of a trust estate belonging to all, cannot be maintained, at least until the trust has been closed and the balance ascertained. ( Van Camp v. Searle, 147 N.Y. 150, 161; Davis v. Coburn, 128 Mass. 377, 382.) Such an action, as has already been pointed out, might virtually subvert the trust by taking the property of many for the benefit of one.
Mr. Perry, in his work on Trusts (§ 843), discussing the remedies of a cestui que trust, says, "Unless some legal debt has been created between the parties or some engagement, the non-performance of which may be the subject of damages at law, a court of equity is the only tribunal to which he can have recourse for redress. An action at law for money had and received will not lie against a trustee while the trust is still open; but if a final account is settled, and a balance struck, an action may be maintained. ( Dias v. Brunell, 24 Wend. 9; Duval v. Covenhoven, 4 Wend. 561.) * * * Where a trust is fully executed, and the amount settled, and there remains nothing to be done but for the trustee to pay over the amount to the cestui que trust, an action at law may be maintained in all the states for the payment of the amount found due."
So in Hill on Trustees it is said: "Courts of equity, from their inherent jurisdiction, assumed from the beginning the exclusive control over trustees in the discharge of their duties, whether affecting real or personal estate. There are few cases arising from matters of trust * * * of which the courts of common law are capable of taking cognizance (p. 42). * * * Indeed, unless some legal debt has been created between the parties, or some engagement, the non-performance of which may be the subject of damages at law, a court of equity is the only tribunal to which the cestui que trust can have recourse for redress."
We do not deem it necessary to further discuss the subject or to review the authorities, for it is clear that the plaintiff has mistaken his remedy. A simple, certain and inexpensive method of relief was open to him without commencing any action whatever. He could have made himself a party to the Burrowes' suit, according to the express provisions of the judgment therein, and had his interest in said estate adjudicated and determined, with proper directions for the payment thereof as soon as the funds were all collected and the accounts adjusted. Doubtless the same speedy relief could have been had under the judgment rendered in the action for the construction of the will, which fixed the proportion of the estate to which the plaintiff was entitled, directed the trustee to convert the estate into money and distribute the same, and authorized any party, the plaintiff being one, to apply for further directions. So far as appears, these remedies are still available.
It is insisted that the learned Appellate Division erred in dismissing the complaint, without affording the plaintiff an opportunity to show additional facts upon a new trial, but, we think, this is a case in which it is entirely plain, from the pleadings and the nature of the controversy, that the plaintiff cannot succeed, because it is an action at law, and he must resort to another remedy. ( Benedict v. Arnoux, 154 N.Y. 715; New v. Village of New Rochelle, 158 N.Y. 41.)
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
All concur.
Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.