Summary
holding trial court was authorized to find that a traffic stop escalated to an arrest when the officer, who was waiting for assistance from other officers, told the driver that he was not free to leave
Summary of this case from Quint v. StateOpinion
46585.
DECIDED MAY 10, 1989.
Certiorari to the Court of Appeals of Georgia — 189 Ga. App. 671.
Mary A. Stearnes, Melvin S. Nash, for appellant.
Patrick H. Head, Solicitor, Melodie H. Clayton, Beverly M. Hartung, Assistant Solicitors, for appellee.
After observing appellant Hughes' erratic driving, an off-duty police officer pulled behind Hughes' parked car, showed Hughes his identification, called for assistance, and refused to let Hughes leave. After talking with Hughes, the officer asked another officer who had arrived on the scene to give Hughes a sobriety test. The officers then placed Hughes under formal arrest for driving under the influence.
The trial court granted Hughes' motion to suppress. The trial court held that the situation had progressed beyond the point of an investigatory stop and that the officer had effected an arrest when he told Hughes he was not free to leave. Because Miranda warnings were not given at that time, the trial court suppressed the conversations and sobriety tests.
In State v. Hughes, 189 Ga. App. 671 ( 377 S.E.2d 192) (1988), the Court of Appeals reversed. The Court of Appeals held that the detention and refusal to let Hughes leave did not result in an arrest. Because the brief investigatory stop did not become an arrest until after Hughes performed the field sobriety tests, the Court of Appeals concluded that Miranda warnings were not necessary before the conversations or the tests.
On February 8, 1989 we granted certiorari to consider whether the Court of Appeals was correct in reversing the trial court's determination that the officer effected an arrest when he informed Hughes that he was not free to leave the scene of the initial stop.
1. The test for determining whether a person is "in custody" at a traffic stop is if a reasonable person in the suspect's position would have thought the detention would not be temporary. Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 442 ( 104 S.C. 3138, 82 L.Ed.2d 317) (1984). Because there is evidence in the record to support the trial court's determination that Hughes was arrested when he was told he was not free to leave, we will not disturb it. State v. Louis, 185 Ga. App. 529 ( 364 S.E.2d 896) (1988). Therefore, we reverse the Court of Appeals' determination that this was not an arrest.
2. Because the police did not give Hughes Miranda warnings at the time of the arrest, the trial court suppressed all conversations between the officers and Hughes after the officer told Hughes he was not free to leave. The trial court also suppressed all reference to the field sobriety tests.
a) In Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 478 ( 86 S.C. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694) (1966), the Supreme Court held that "when an individual is taken into custody . . . and is subjected to questioning, the privilege against self-incrimination is jeopardized." Because the trial court found that Hughes was under arrest at the scene of the initial stop and the officer failed to give the required warnings, the trial court correctly suppressed reference to conversations between Hughes and the police.
b) Hughes' motions were based solely on the United States Constitution. He did not argue that the field sobriety tests should be suppressed under OCGA § 24-9-20. Therefore, we hold that the alphabet test and the physical dexterity tests are not inadmissible under the fifth amendment of the United States Constitution because they were not evidence of a testimonial or communicative nature. Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 761 ( 86 S.C. 1826, 16 L.Ed.2d 908) (1966).
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part. All the Justices concur, except Marshall, C. J., who dissents as to Division 1 and the judgment of reversal.