Opinion
Argued October 4, 1963.
November 12, 1963.
Negligence — Automobiles — Backing up case — Vehicle operator — Standard of care — Failure to warn pedestrian — Contributory negligence.
1. The amount of care required of the operator of a motor vehicle who is backing into a parking space is different from that required of an operator of a forward moving vehicle in between intersections. [436]
2. In such a case it is reversible error for the court to charge the jury "A pedestrian who crosses a street between intersections is held to a higher degree of care than one who crosses on a crosswalk at a street intersection, and by the same token the driver of an automobile is held to a correspondingly lesser degree of care". [436]
3. The backing of a vehicle necessarily entails more or less limitation of view by the driver over the road to be traversed, and thus demands a corresponding increase of vigilance on his part to avoid causing injury to persons likely to be in his path. [436] Practice — New trial — Grounds — Charge of court — Irrelevant issues — Clarification of issues.
4. One of the absolute ingredients of a fair trial is for the trial judge to so clarify the relevant issues that the jury may clearly understand the questions for determination. [436-7]
5. In charging a jury, issues which are not relevant under the pleadings and proofs should not be submitted to the jury. [437]
6. It was Held that generalities in the charge should have been avoided. [438]
Before MUSMANNO, JONES, COHEN, EAGEN, O'BRIEN and ROBERTS, JJ.
Appeal, No. 114, March T., 1963, from judgment of Court of Common Pleas of Indiana County, June T., 1961, No. 156, in case of Teddy Hronis v. Marietta Wissinger. Judgment reversed.
Trespass for personal injuries. Before CLARK, P. J.
Verdict entered in favor of defendant, plaintiff's motion for new trial denied and judgment entered on the verdict. Plaintiff appealed.
Earl R. Handler, with him Handler Malcolm, for appellant.
James W. Mack, Jr., for appellee.
In this personal injury action, the jury returned a verdict for the defendant. A new trial was denied and the plaintiff appeals from the judgment entered upon the verdict.
The basic facts, which are not in serious dispute, are as follows: The plaintiff, a pedestrian, was walking across a public street between intersections. He had succeeded in traversing almost the entire roadway when he was struck by an automobile operated by the defendant. At the time of contact, the plaintiff was completely beyond the traffic area of the street, and had reached a point two or three feet from the curbline, in an open area adjacent to the curb reserved for parallel parking. The defendant's automobile was backing into the parking space. No horn or warning signal was sounded.
In defining the responsibilities of the parties involved, the trial judge treated the case as if it were one wherein a pedestrian was hit by a forward moving automobile in between intersections. He charged, inter alia, "A pedestrian who crosses a street between intersections is held to a higher degree of care than one who crosses on a crosswalk at a street intersection, and by the same token the driver of an automobile is held to a correspondingly lesser degree of care." (Emphasis supplied).
While this is a correct statement of the law, it has no application to the facts here present. As noted before, this is a "backing up" case and the vigilance required of the defendant-driver was much different than that demanded of the operator of a forward moving automobile in between intersections.
As stated in Potter Title and Trust Co. v. Young, 367 Pa. 239, 80 A.2d 76 (1951), at 245, 246: "The backing of a vehicle necessarily entails more or less limitation of view by the driver over the road to be traversed, and thus demands a corresponding increase of vigilance on his part to avoid causing injury to persons likely to be in his path." Accord, Caulton v. Eyre Co., Inc., 330 Pa. 385, 199 A. 136 (1938); Lacaria v. Hetzel, 373 Pa. 309, 96 A.2d 132 (1953).
This issue should have been presented to the jury in its proper perspective. Failure to do so constituted prejudicial error.
One of the absolute ingredients of a fair trial is for the trial judge to so clarify the relevant issues that the jury may clearly understand the questions for determination: McEwan v. Yellow Cab Company, 182 Pa. Super. 219, 126 A.2d 816 (1956); Sears v. Birbeck, 321 Pa. 375, 184 A. 6 (1936); Pleasant v. Carr, 387 Pa. 634, 130 A.2d 189 (1957); Commonwealth v. Jordan, 407 Pa. 575, 181 A.2d 310 (1962); Com. of Pa., Dept. of Hwys. v. Eldridge, 408 Pa. 391, 184 A.2d 488 (1962). In this connection, it is equally important that issues should not be submitted to the jury which are not relevant under the pleadings and proof. See, Fredrick v. Kobaly, 196 Pa. Super. 642, 176 A.2d 152 (1961); Parker v. Yellow Cab Co., 391 Pa. 566, 137 A.2d 317 (1958).
Another portion of the charge is also open to serious question.
The plaintiff testified that he looked in both directions for approaching traffic before entering upon the street, and continued to look as he progressed. He specifically stated that he looked again as he stepped into the empty parking space and did not see the defendant's car. The defendant testified that she stopped her car beyond the parking space, looked in the rear view mirror and not seeing the plaintiff started to back up slowly. As the car started to move in reverse, the plaintiff came into her view for the first time, and she immediately attempted to come to a stop.
The court charged the jury, "Also it has been suggested, and I believe it is correct, that where there is an empty parking space and a car would be stopped parallel to another car that is parked already, one would have reason to believe that that car was stopped there, double parked at that time, you might say, and it was contemplating backing into the parking place; that we believe is just common sense."
Whether or not the plaintiff saw or should have seen the defendant's automobile, and should have anticipated its backward movement was a question for the jury to determine under the facts of the present case. Generalities in the charge should have been avoided.
Defendant's counsel argues that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law, and that any errors in the charge are beside the point. With this, we cannot agree. Under the evidence given at trial, the case was for the jury.
Judgment reversed and new trial ordered.