Summary
In Howard, supra, our Supreme Court defined an exception to the WDCA's exclusive remedy provision, the "dual-persona doctrine," that allows an injured employee to recover both worker's compensation benefits and traditional tort remedies in this type of situation.
Summary of this case from Herbolsheimer v. SMS Holding Co.Opinion
Docket Nos. 96435, 96436.
Decided October 31, 1994.
On application by the defendant City of Detroit for leave to appeal, the Supreme Court, in lieu of granting leave, reversed the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstated the judgment of the circuit court. Rehearing denied post, 1218.
Donald M. Fulkerson for the plaintiff.
Donald Pailen, Corporation Counsel, Leona L. Lloyd, Principal Assistant Corporation Counsel, and Sharon D. Blackmon, Assistant Corporation Counsel, for the defendant.
While employed by the City of Detroit, and while driving one of its vehicles within the city limits, the plaintiffs were involved in a motor vehicle accident caused by a defective traffic signal. They sued the city, but the circuit court awarded summary disposition against them on the ground that worker's compensation was their exclusive remedy. The Court of Appeals reversed, citing the "dual capacity" doctrine.
This case was properly decided by the circuit court. We therefore reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the judgment of the circuit court.
I
This case arises from an accident that occurred at the corner of Lyndon and Hubbell in the City of Detroit, late in the morning of August 2, 1988. A man named Eddie W. White was driving east on Lyndon in an automobile owned by Martha A. White. Meantime, plaintiff Kim Howard was driving a City of Detroit truck north on Hubbell. Plaintiff Dennis Kitchen was her passenger. Ms. Howard and Mr. Kitchen were on a job assignment.
This case has not been tried. At this stage of the proceedings, we accept as true the allegations found in the plaintiffs' complaint.
In the plaintiffs' complaint, the vehicle was described as a "van." At the hearing on the city's motion for summary disposition, plaintiffs' counsel said that the plaintiffs were driving "a City garbage truck." In this Court, the plaintiffs state that they "normally worked as garbage collectors, but on August 2, 1988, were installing signs at a specific site in the City."
In pleadings to this Court, the city states that Mr. Howard was driving.
The plaintiffs' complaint contains the unadorned allegation that they were "on a job assignment" at the time of the events giving rise to this litigation. Later, during discovery, they asserted that the accident had occurred during a lunch break, and so was not within the course of employment. McClure v General Motors Corp (On Rehearing), 408 Mich. 191, 209, 229-230; 289 N.W.2d 631 (1980). In the circumstances of this case, it is not clear whether or how to apply the rule of McClure. Since this case concerns a motion for summary disposition granted under MCR 2.116(C)(8), we base our decision on facts alleged in the plaintiffs' complaint and therefore accept that this accident occurred while they were in the course of their employment.
Traffic passing through the intersection of Lyndon and Hubbell was controlled by a traffic signal. It displayed a flashing yellow light for Hubbell traffic, and it was supposed to display a flashing red light for traffic on Lyndon. Unfortunately, the traffic light was not working properly, and sometimes displayed a flashing green light for traffic on Lyndon.
The circuit file contains papers submitted by the plaintiffs to demonstrate that various city departments had been notified repeatedly of the problem, and that there had been several accidents at the intersection.
With the light malfunctioning, Mr. White drove his car through the intersection, striking Ms. Howard's truck on the driver's door. Both Ms. Howard and Mr. Kitchen were seriously injured.
The plaintiffs sued Mr. White, Ms. White, and the City of Detroit. In response, the city filed a motion for summary disposition, arguing that worker's compensation was the plaintiffs' exclusive remedy with respect to the city. Following a hearing, the circuit court granted the motion, citing MCR 2.116(C)(8) and relying upon "the exclusive remedy provision of the Workers' Compensation Disability Act. . . ."
MCL 418.131; MSA 17.237(131).
The plaintiffs filed separate appeals, which the Court of Appeals consolidated. It then reversed the summary disposition, over the dissent of Judge MACKENZIE. 195 Mich. App. 590; 491 N.W.2d 625 (1992).
After the city moved unsuccessfully for rehearing in the Court of Appeals, it filed an application for leave to appeal to this Court.
II
The dual-capacity doctrine is recognized in Michigan. In some circumstances, an employee may bring a civil action against the employer for a work-related injury caused by the employer in a role other than employer.
A hypothetical application of the doctrine arises where an employee of an automobile manufacturing company is struck and injured away from the work site by a defective automobile manufactured by the employer. Welch, Worker's Compensation in Michigan: Law Practice (rev ed), p 5-2. An actual application arose when a city employee was treated at a municipal hospital for a work-related injury, and later sought to bring an action against other city employees for medical malpractice. Fletcher v Harafajee, 100 Mich. App. 440; 299 N.W.2d 53 (1980).
A leading commentator cautions against "looseness" and "overextension" in the application of the doctrine. 2A Larson, Workmen's Compensation, § 72.81(a), p 14-290.89. The writer continues:
Since the term "dual capacity" has proved to be subject to such misapplication and abuse, the only effective remedy is to jettison it altogether, and substitute the term "dual persona doctrine." The choice of the term "persona" is not the result of any predilection for elegant Latinisms for their own sake; it is dictated by the literal language of the typical third-party statute, which usually defines a third party, in the first instance, as "a person other than the employer." This is quite different from "a person acting in a capacity other than that of employer." The question is not one of activity, or relationship — it is one of identity. The Tennessee Supreme Court, brushing aside all the fictitious sophistry of "dual capacity," nailed down this point with breathtaking simplicity:
See, e.g., MCL 418.827(1); MSA 17.237(827)(1).
"The employer is the employer; not some person other than the employer. It is as simple as that." [ Id., p 14-290.91, quoting McAlister v Methodist Hosp of Memphis, 550 S.W.2d 240, 246 (Tenn, 1977).]
Likewise, this Court has cautioned that "the doctrine is applicable only in those situations in which "the employer has a second identity which is completely distinct and removed from his status as employer." Wells v Firestone Tire Rubber Co, 421 Mich. 641, 653; 364 N.W.2d 670 (1984).
III
In the present case, the Court of Appeals found that "[t]he city clearly had a second persona completely independent from and unrelated to its status as an employer," and that "the employer-employee relationship in this case was a mere coincidence and was entirely unrelated to plaintiffs' cause of action." 195 Mich. App. 593.
Dissenting, Judge MACKENZIE concluded that the "Plaintiffs' cause of action is tantamount to an assertion that the city provided them with an unsafe work environment. . . ." She further rejected the notion that there was only a "coincidental" relationship between the plaintiffs' cause of action and the city's status as an employer. "The reason plaintiffs were on the road at the time they were injured was to perform their job as refuse collectors. Their work was in no sense `coincidental' to their claim." 195 Mich. App. 595.
We agree with the dissent that this is not an appropriate case for application of the dual-capacity doctrine.
A claim similar to that of the current plaintiffs was rejected by this Court in Bross v Detroit, 262 Mich. 447, 450; 247 N.W. 714 (1933), where a police officer attempted to bring suit for injuries suffered in a collision with a city-owned streetcar. Recent decisions are in accord.
For example, in Holody v Detroit, 117 Mich. App. 76; 323 N.W.2d 599 (1982), a police officer brought an action against the city and four firefighters after one of them drove a truck through a stop sign and collided with the officer's police car. Summary disposition in favor of the defendants was affirmed.
Where older cases speak of "summary judgment" or "accelerated judgment," we will instead use the current phrase. MCR 2.116.
In Cassani v Detroit, 156 Mich. App. 573; 402 N.W.2d 1 (1985), an officer was severely injured by a wire cable strung between two metal poles on a city-owned lot, across which the officer was pursuing an escaping felon. The Court of Appeals directed that summary disposition be entered for the city, rejecting a claim that its role as landowner gave it a second persona.
The same result was reached in Benson v Dep't of Management Budget, 168 Mich. App. 302; 424 N.W.2d 40 (1988), where a state employee slipped and fell in the state parking lot at work. Like Officers Holody and Cassani, Ms. Benson was unable to persuade the Court of Appeals that her employer had assumed "a second identity which is completely distinct and removed from his status as employer." Benson at 308; Wells at 653.
Decisions from other jurisdictions lead to the same result. While each state has its own statute, history, and legal culture, the published decisions consistently deny relief to government employees who, while traveling within the employer's jurisdiction in the course of employment, are injured by unsafe road conditions or are struck by government vehicles driven by other persons in the same employ. Thompson v Lewis Co, 92 Wn.2d 204; 595 P.2d 541 (1979) (a county road employee was injured in an accident caused by the county's failure to maintain the roadway); Spencer v Seattle, 104 Wn.2d 30; 700 P.2d 742 (1985) (the city's assistant civil engineer was struck by a city truck while stepping into a crosswalk in the course of employment); Sutmire v Andrews, 108 Pa. Commw. 90; 529 A.2d 68 (1987) (a police officer was injured in a collision caused by an icy roadway); Jones v Kaiser Industries Corp, 43 Cal.3d 552; 237 Cal.Rptr. 568; 737 P.2d 771 (1987) (a police officer was killed in an accident at a dangerous intersection); Murray v City of New York, 43 N.Y.2d 400; 401 N.Y.S.2d 773; 372 N.E.2d 560 (1977) (a city planning employee was fatally injured when struck by a police car while walking in the city as he was making a feasibility study regarding a possible port).
Independent research disclosed that every jurisdiction presented with the issue has rejected the dual capacity doctrine in cases involving an action by a state, county, or city employee against the government, which alleged negligence by another government department. State v Purdy, 601 P.2d 258 (Alas, 1979); Walker v City Cy of San Francisco, 97 Cal.App.2d 901; 219 P.2d 487 (1950); State v Coffman, 446 N.E.2d 611 (Ind App, 1983); Osborne v Commonwealth, 353 S.W.2d 373 (Ky App, 1962); Wright v Moore, 380 So.2d 172 (La App, 1979), cert den 382 So 2d 164 (La, 1980); Bross v Detroit, 262 Mich. 447; 247 N.W. 714 (1933); Holody v Detroit, 117 Mich. App. 76; 323 N.W.2d 599 (1982); De Giuseppe v New York, 188 Misc. 897; 66 N.Y.S.2d 866 (1946), aff'd 273 AD 1010; 79 N.Y.S.2d 163 (1948); Linzee v State, 122 Misc.2d 207; 470 N.Y.S.2d 97 (1983); Freese v Consolidated Rail Corp, 4 Ohio St.3d 5; 445 N.E.2d 1110 (1983); Berger v UGI Corp, 285 Pa. Super. 374; 427 A.2d 1161 (1981). (One Wisconsin case held the State was liable to an employee, national guardsman, but the court found the State had a separate duty under the statutes to act as an insurer and to pay judgments of national guardsmen performing in good faith. Mazurek v Skaar, 60 Wis.2d 420; 210 N.W.2d 691 [1973].) [ Spencer at 33-34.]
[I]t cannot be denied that as to police officers, the streets are commonly the place where they perform their duties. Decedent was charged with patrolling the streets to report violations of law, and he spent most of his working time in that endeavor. In this sense, the streets of the city were his place of work. We discern no rational reason why it cannot be said that the city owes a duty as an employer to maintain safe streets for the benefit of the police officers who are required to work there. The fact that it owes the same duty to the public does not detract from this conclusion. The situation is roughly analogous to a public building in which government employees work. The government's obligation to provide safe premises flows both to the public and the employees working in the building, but this does not mean that it has assumed a separate role toward its employees as a landowner which renders it liable to civil suit. [ Jones at 561.]
Murray is largely devoted to an issue regarding conformance of pleadings to proofs. However, the facts and the disposition signal the agreement of the New York Court of Appeals regarding the proper outcome in a case such as this.
Perhaps the most frequently cited of these cases is Freese v Consolidated Rail Corp, 4 Ohio St.3d 5; 445 N.E.2d 1110 (1983). There, a motorcycle officer for the City of Cincinnati was injured while crossing railroad tracks within the city. He sued the railroad and the city on the ground that the crossing and the street were not properly maintained. The Ohio Supreme Court denied relief, saying:
Here, the facts indisputably are that at the time of the accident the appellant was performing his duties as a motorcycle officer which required him to travel the city's streets in the regular course of his employment. At all times relevant herein, the city was the appellant's employer and there never arose another independent relationship between the two. However, the appellant claims that by virtue of [Ohio Revised Code Annotated] 723.01, which statute requires the city to keep its streets open, in repair, and free from nuisance, the city owes him an unrelated and independent duty. This assertion is, in the main, an allegation that the city employer as owner of the "premises" upon which the appellant as a police officer works, has an obligation toward him to maintain a safe place to work.
We must reject this latter proposition. First, although R.C. 723.01 imposes a duty upon the city to keep the streets clear and free from nuisance for the benefit of the general public, the statute does not generate obligations to this employee independent of and unrelated to the city's obligations as an employer.
Further, an action brought against the city based upon its negligence in maintaining its streets is exactly the nature of action precluded by the exclusivity provisions of Section 35, Article II of the Ohio Constitution, as implemented by R.C. 4123.74 of the Workers' Compensation Act. Thus, as stated in Kottis v United States Steel Corp [ 543 F.2d 22, 26 (CA 7, 1976)]:
". . . Failure of the employer to provide a safe place to work is the cause, or can plausibly be alleged to be the cause, of a substantial proportion of industrial accidents. It was one of the most important grounds for master-servant actions at common law . . . which the workmen's compensation remedy was designed to replace. Allowing a remedy in addition to workmen's compensation for such cases would make substantial, if not devastating, inroads on the Indiana workmen's compensation scheme."
It seems to be rather universally held that a complying employer is not obligated to his employee as the owner or occupier of land, whether the cause of action is based on the common law obligations of landowners or on safe-place-to-work statutes or so-called structural work acts. . . .
Similarly, it would appear that many courts across the country have rejected the dual-capacity claims against governmental entities, when the claims rely upon the theory of safe place to work, or upon the basis that the claimant is an employee of one department of the employer government and that the injury had been occasioned by an employee of another department of that governmental entity. . . .
We find the exclusivity of the workers' compensation remedy as reached in these cited cases to be proper and applicable to the instant case. Otherwise, injured municipal employees, such as firemen, policemen, sanitation workers, who regularly work and travel upon the public streets, highways and sidewalks of our cities would be legally permitted to circumvent the exclusivity provisions of the Workers' Compensation Act and both obtain the benefits of the Act and recover in tort based upon allegations of negligence of the municipal employer. [ Freese at 11-12. Emphasis supplied; citations omitted.]
The present case is similar. In their complaint, the plaintiffs allege that they were driving a city vehicle within the City of Detroit while on a job assignment. While there is some uncertainty with regard to exactly where they were going at the time of the accident, there is no doubt that travel in city vehicles within the city (to, from, and during job assignments) was an ordinary part of their job.
As stated earlier, summary disposition was granted under MCR 2.116(C)(8). Therefore, our review ordinarily would be based on the facts alleged in the plaintiffs' complaint, which does not state their occupation. However, as noted in n 2, the plaintiffs describe themselves to this Court as employees of the City of Detroit's Department of Public Works, who "normally worked as garbage collectors, but on August 2, 1988, were installing signs at a specific site in the City."
Neither the plaintiffs' research nor our own has located an appellate decision in which a municipal employee who travels about the city as part of the job has invoked successfully the dual-capacity doctrine to allow recovery against the employer for defective road conditions. We are likewise persuaded that the dual-capacity doctrine is inapplicable to the facts of this case as alleged in the plaintiffs' complaint.
The plaintiffs direct our attention to Wright v Moore, n 9 supra, p 174. However, we find in that decision no support for their position.
We therefore reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the judgment of the circuit court. MCR 7.302(F)(1).
CAVANAGH, C.J., and BRICKLEY, BOYLE, RILEY, GRIFFIN, and MALLETT, JJ., concurred.
I would deny leave to appeal, and dissent from the peremptory reversal of the Court of Appeals. I could join in an order granting leave to appeal to consider the jurisprudentially significant issue, decided without oral argument or plenary consideration in the majority opinion.
I
While the majority prefers the assessment of the circuit judge, who granted the defendant summary disposition, and the reasoning of the dissenting judge in the Court of Appeals, the determination of the majority of the Court of Appeals was not so devoid of reason as to justify peremptory reversal. The majority's decision to peremptorily reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals belittles its efforts, in the disposition of this case, as reflected in its carefully written published opinion, and deprives Kim Howard and Dennis Kitchen and their counsel of an opportunity to fully brief and orally argue in support of the decision of the Court of Appeals.
195 Mich. App. 590; 491 N.W.2d 625 (1992).
Because the circuit judge granted summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8), failure "to state a claim on which relief can be granted," the motion was decided on the basis of the pleadings without factual development, and thus this is, in a sense, an interlocutory appeal.
The court rule provides that "[o]nly the pleadings may be considered when the motion is based on subrule (C)(8) or (9)." MCR 2.116(G)(5).
Today's peremptory order reflects an increasingly common method of deciding cases, a method that does not provide safeguards against hasty and ill-considered decisions, a method that is unsafe.
When this Court grants leave to appeal, there is an opportunity to educate the justices concerning the state of the record and the law through oral argument, as well as visually through briefs. A justice who may have missed a significant point of law or fact on perusal of the materials considered before voting for peremptory reversal might be enlightened and persuaded in the course of oral argument.
Also lost, when this Court acts without plenary consideration, is the opportunity for conference discussion after oral argument, and further conference discussion after an opinion has been prepared and circulated.
Peremptory disposition, without plenary consideration, full briefing, oral argument, and an opportunity for the profession to file briefs as amici curiae, should be reserved for cases in which the law is settled and factual assessment is not required. In the instant case, factual and legal assessment is required. Peremptory disposition is not appropriate.
People v Wright, 439 Mich. 914, 914-915 (1992) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); Roek v Chippewa Valley Bd of Ed, 430 Mich. 314, 322; 422 N.W.2d 680 (1988) (LEVIN, J., separate opinion); Grames v Amerisure Ins Co, 434 Mich. 867, 868-875 (1990) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); People v Little, 434 Mich. 752, 769-770; 456 N.W.2d 237 (1990) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); People v Wrenn, 434 Mich. 885, 885-886 (1990) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); Harkins v Northwest Activity Center, Inc, 434 Mich. 896, 899 (1990) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); Dep't of Social Services v American Commercial Liability Ins Co, 435 Mich. 508, 515; 460 N.W.2d 194 (1990) (LEVIN, J., separate opinion); Yahr v Garcia, 436 Mich. 872, 872-873 (1990) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); Universal Underwriters Ins Co v Vallejo, 436 Mich. 873, 873-874 (1990) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); People v Stephens, 437 Mich. 903, 903-910 (1991) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); People v Berkey, 437 Mich. 40, 54; 467 N.W.2d 6 (1991) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); Turner v Washtenaw Co Rd Comm, 437 Mich. 35, 38-39; 467 N.W.2d 4 (1991) (LEVIN, J., separate opinion); Lepior v Venice Twp, 437 Mich. 955, 956-966 (1991) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); Rochester Hills v Southeastern Oakland Co Resource Recovery Authority, 440 Mich. 852, 852-856 (1992) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); In re Reinstatement of Eston (Grievance Administrator v Eston), 440 Mich. 1205, 1205-1207 (1992) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); In re Reinstatement of Callanan, 440 Mich. 1207, 1207-1209 (1992) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); McFadden v Monroe Civil Service Comm, 440 Mich. 890, 890-891 (1992) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); Holly Twp v Dep't of Natural Resources (Holly Twp v Holly Disposal, Inc), 440 Mich. 891, 891-893 (1992) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); Marzonie v ACIA, 441 Mich. 522, 535-539; 495 N.W.2d 788 (1992) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); People v Waleed, 441 Mich. 902, 902-903 (1992) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); People v Hardison, 441 Mich. 913, 914-916 (1993) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); People v Justice, 441 Mich. 916, 917-919 (1993) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); People v LaClear, 442 Mich. 867, 867-871 (1993) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); Auto-Owners Ins Co v City of Clare, 446 Mich. 1, 16-18; 521 N.W.2d 480 (1994) (LEVIN, J., dissenting); Weisgerber v Ann Arbor Center for the Family, 447 Mich. 963, 964-969 (1994) (LEVIN, J., dissenting).
See Schweiker v Hansen, 450 U.S. 785, 791; 101 S Ct 1468; 67 L Ed 2d 685 (1981) (Marshall, J., dissenting) ("A summary reversal is a rare disposition, usually reserved by this Court for situations in which the law is settled and stable, the facts are not in dispute, and the decision below is clearly in error"); Leis v Flynt, 439 U.S. 438, 457-458; 99 S Ct 698; 58 L Ed 2d 717 (1979) (Stevens, J., dissenting) ("Summary reversal `should be reserved for palpably clear cases of . . . error.' Eaton v Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697, 707 [ 94 S Ct 1228; 39 L Ed 2d 693 (1974)] [Rehnquist, J., dissenting]").
II
Kim Howard and Dennis Kitchen, employees of the City of Detroit, commenced this action against Eddie W. and Martha Ann White and the City of Detroit, seeking damages for injuries suffered when the city-owned vehicle in which they were riding collided with the White vehicle. Howard and Kitchen claimed that the collision was caused in part by the failure of the city to maintain a traffic signal at the intersection where the collision occurred in reasonable repair and in condition reasonably safe and fit for travel as required by § 2 of the governmental tort liability act.
MCL 691.1402; MSA 3.996(102).
The circuit judge granted the city summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) on the basis of the exclusive remedy provision of the Worker's Disability Compensation Act. The Court of Appeals reversed, stating that "[t]he dual capacity doctrine is an exception to the exclusive remedy provision and allows an employee to state a cause of action in tort against his employer where the employer occupies a second capacity that confers upon it obligations independent of those imposed on it as an employer." The Court of Appeals said that the city's duty under § 2 was "totally unrelated to the obligations the city had as plaintiffs' employer."
MCL 418.131; MSA 17.237(131).
195 Mich. App. 592.
Id., p 593.
The duty imposed on the City of Detroit by § 2 of the governmental tort liability act, "to keep any highway under its jurisdiction in reasonable repair, and in condition reasonably safe and fit for travel," does not depend on whether the user of the highway is an employee of the City of Detroit. The duty is imposed for the benefit of all users of the highway, without regard to whether they work for the city. It is, therefore, at least arguable — with the consequence that peremptory disposition is not appropriate — that, with regard to its duty under § 2, "the employer [the city] has a second identity which is completely distinct and removed from [its] status as employer" within the meaning of Wells v Firestone Tire Rubber Co, 421 Mich. 641, 653; 364 N.W.2d 670 (1984).
The majority states, and I agree: "The dual-capacity doctrine is recognized in Michigan. In some circumstances, an employee may bring a civil action against the employer for a work-related injury caused by the employer in a role other than employer." (Emphasis in original.)
Ante, p 398.
Recovery is not here sought for a failure of the city to maintain a safe place to work, but rather for injury claimed to have been caused by the city's failure to discharge a duty imposed on it by statute to keep a highway in reasonable repair, and in condition reasonably safe and fit for travel for all users of the highway. A duty imposed on the city for the benefit of all users of the highway, without regard to whether they are employees of the city, is imposed on it "in a role other than employer."