Summary
In Home Life Insurance Co. v. Franklin (1940), 303 Ill. App. 146, 24 N.E.2d 875, the plaintiff caused the depositions of the defendant and his wife to be taken.
Summary of this case from Security Sav. v. Comm'r of Sav. Loan Ass'nsOpinion
Gen. No. 40,744.
Opinion filed January 22, 1940. Rehearing denied February 5, 1940.
1. TRIAL, § 146 — promise to connect up evidence, striking upon failure. In action for rent where tenant introduced deposition of earlier tenant as to condition of heating plant during his tenancy, upon promise to connect it up with condition of premises at time of defendant's lease, upon defendant's failure to make the connection denial of plaintiff's motion to strike the evidence constituted reversible error.
See Callaghan's Illinois Digest, same topic and section number.
2. DEPOSITIONS, § 53fn_ — use in evidence, presence of witnesses as bar. In action for rent where defendant introduced into evidence depositions which had been taken by plaintiff, depositions could be used for proper purposes such as impeachment or possibly admissions, but it was not proper to permit defendant to offer his own answers and at the same time testify orally.
3. HARMLESS AND PREJUDICIAL ERRORS, § 55fn_ — admission of self-serving letters. In action for rent, self-serving letters written by defendant were inadmissible where they were not necessary to an understanding of answers thereto, and their admission constituted reversible error.
4. SAVING QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW, § 37fn_ — objections to instructions. In action for rent where no objection was made to instruction before jury retired, under rule 171 of the municipal court of Chicago the question was not properly raised and could not be urged upon appeal.
5. LANDLORD AND TENANT, § 247fn_ — heating system, fraud in concealing defects. In action for rent, there was no fraud in concealing defects in heating system from tenant, where a new plant had been installed and used without complaint by three preceding tenants, lessor and his agents had no reason to believe equipment was defective, and tenant was shown the heating system by the agents but no representations were made by them concerning its condition.
6. LANDLORD AND TENANT, § 177fn_ — constructive eviction, defective heating system. Where lessor did not covenant to furnish heat, at time of execution of lease he had no reason to believe that the heating system was defective, and tenant covenanted to repair, in action for rent tenant could not defend on ground of constructive eviction because of defects in heating system.
7. LANDLORD AND TENANT, § 301fn_ — lease under seal, parol release. Lease under seal may be discharged or released by a parol agreement for a valuable consideration, and the surrender of the premises may be such a consideration.
8. LANDLORD AND TENANT, § 306fn_ — surrender of premises, authority of agent to accept. Where agents of lessor were not only agents to collect but also to manage the property, in action for rent jury could reasonably find that agents had authority to release tenant and accept surrender of premises.
Appeal by plaintiff from the Municipal Court of Chicago; the Hon. N.J. BONELLI, Judge, presiding. Heard in the first division of this court for the first district at the June term, 1939. Reversed and remanded. Opinion filed January 22, 1940. Rehearing denied February 5, 1940.
BURKE, JACKSON BURKE, of Chicago, for appellant; EDMUND W. BURKE and RICHARD G. FINN, both of Chicago, of counsel.
LAMBERT KASPERS, of Chicago, for appellee.
In an action to recover rent, interest and attorneys' fees under written lease, upon trial by jury there was a verdict for defendant with judgment. The defenses interposed were that at the time of the leasing the heating plant was known by plaintiff to be defective and that this was concealed from defendant; further, that an oral release, followed by surrender of the premises, had been given.
On trial the lease was introduced with prima facie proof of the amount due. The lease appears to have been executed on July 25, 1936, demised a two-story brick residence and garage at 445 Green Bay road in Glencoe for use as a private residence, for rent of $125 per month, payable in advance at the offices of Quinlan and Tyson, Inc. in Evanston. The lease was for a term of two years beginning October 1, 1936. Defendant went into possession and paid rent until May 1, 1937. He moved and refused to make further payments.
It was stipulated that plaintiff had been the owner of the premises since December, 1932; that Quinlan and Tyson, Inc. was plaintiff's agent, and that Mr. Gibson, an employee of the agent, was authorized to deal with defendant.
John T. Henry, a former tenant, occupied the premises from April 19, 1933 to March, 1934. While such tenant he informed plaintiff that the heating plant was defective. Plaintiff investigated and found the complaints of Henry justified. As a consequence, a new oil burner was installed about April 30, 1934, and a new combustion chamber was installed also and the plant scientifically tested. It is stipulated three other tenants occupied the premises prior to the lease made to defendant. No one of these tenants at any time complained of any defect in the heating plant.
Defendant caused the deposition of Henry to be taken and on the trial offered it in evidence. It purported to describe the imperfect manner in which the heating plant functioned during Henry's tenancy. Plaintiff objected unless the conditions as described by the witness were connected up with the condition of the premises at the time of the lease, namely, July 25, 1936. Defendant promised to connect it up but did not do so. Plaintiff made a motion to strike this evidence, which was denied. This was reversible error. Willson v. Logan, 139 Ill. 204; Rotche v. Buick Motor Co., 358 Ill. 507; Merchants' Loan Trust Co. v. Boucher, 115 Ill. App. 101; Swift Co. v. Rennard, 119 Ill. App. 173; Streeter v. Humrichouse, 261 Ill. App. 556.
Plaintiff caused the depositions of defendant and Mrs. Franklin to be taken under rule 135a of the municipal court, providing for discovery upon oral interrogatories. Plaintiff did not file the depositions in court. Defendant obtained a rule upon plaintiff to do so. At the trial Mr. and Mrs. Franklin were both present and testified. Plaintiff did not offer these depositions in evidence. Defendant offered them and they were received over plaintiff's objection not only to the depositions as a whole but as to specific answers to particular questions. All objections were overruled, the court holding plaintiff might not object to any question or answer unless objection was made thereto upon the taking of the deposition. Rule 135a of the municipal court is found in Part XI, entitled "Discovery by Deposition and Interrogatories." The rule is in four paragraphs. The first provides the deposition may be taken in the manner provided by law for taking chancery depositions; paragraph three, that the party taking the deposition on demand of the opposing party shall cause it to be filed; paragraph four, that the party taking the deposition without justification shall pay the costs. The use which may be made of such depositions is authorized by rule 149, which provides that any party may use in evidence any one or more of the answers or any part of an answer of any other party or person "to interrogatories propounded by him," as provided by rules 131 and 135a, without putting in the others or the whole of such answer. Plaintiff argues it was improper to permit the whole deposition to be put in evidence by defendant while defendant himself and Mrs. Franklin were present and testified on the trial that the effect of this was to permit the testimony of defendant and Mrs. Franklin to be given twice to the jury. These rules of the municipal court are intended (substantially) to perform the same functions as Supreme Court Rules 17, 18 and 19, adopted in conformity with section 58 of the Civil Practice Act (Smith-Hurd Ill. Ann. Stats., ch. 110, par. 182, p. 502, sec. 259.19 [Jones Ill. Stats. Ann. 104.058, 105.19]; Revised Rules of the Municipal Court, p. 108). The general rule is that depositions are taken de bene esse, subject to the contingency of the witness not being able to attend the trial. R. C. L., vol. 8, p. 1136. Many cases, none of which are in Illinois, so hold. Cote v. Sears, Roebuck Co., 86 N.H. 238, 166 A. 279; Dailey v. Lexington E. R. Co., 180 Ky. 668, 203 S.W. 569; Schmitz v. St. Louis I. M. S. Ry. Co., 119 Mo. 256, 24 S.W. 472; Beem v. Farrell, 135 Iowa 670, 113 N.W. 509; Nauts v. Stahl, 128 Ohio St. ( Nisi Prius) 115. These decisions seem to be based upon the theory that the depositions are only secondary evidence. There are Illinois decisions which seem to hold, however, that depositions are original evidence. Frink v. Potter, 17 Ill. 406; Bradley v. Geiselman, 17 Ill. 571; Illinois Mich. Canal v. Adler, 49 Ill. 311; Kristel v. Michigan Cent. R. Co., 213 Ill. App. 518; and section 34 of the Evidence Act (Smith-Hurd Ill. Ann. Stats., ch. 51, p. 831 [Jones Ill. Stats. Ann. 107.099]) would seem to sustain this view. It has, however, been suggested that the Supreme Court might possibly hold that section 34 of the Evidence Act applies only to the taking of depositions for discovery and not to their use at the trial. Ill. Law Rev., vol. 28, 1933-34, p. 184. These depositions were taken pursuant to rules of the municipal court. In Ptacek v. Coleman, 364 Ill. 618, the Supreme Court held that the municipal court of Chicago under sections 19 and 20 of the Municipal Court Act has power to make its own rules, and that those prescribed under the Civil Practice Act are not applicable except when adopted by the municipal court. While the depositions were filed in court and could be used for proper purposes, such as impeachment, or possibly admissions, we think it was not proper practice to permit the defendant to introduce and read the whole of them to the jury and at the same time testify orally. In using these depositions defendant was not attempting to put in evidence the "answer of any other party." He was offering his own answers. He was not putting in answers to interrogatories propounded "by him" but interrogatories propounded by the opposite party. Such practice, if adopted, would make the taking of the evidence of the opposite party upon oral interrogatories prior to the trial and for purposes of discovery extremely hazardous. We are disposed to hold the court erred in this ruling also.
Defendant offered in evidence and the court, over objection of plaintiff, received a series of letters written by defendant concerning the matters in controversy between them. The letters were not part of a mutual correspondence and contained many self-serving declarations. The first of these letters was written on October 5, 1936, and the last after defendant had moved out of the property and this controversy between the parties was under way. In a letter dated April 15, 1937, defendant said in part:
"Our position is that it is not possible to live in the house when the furnace is on, that the house should not have been rented to us in the condition it was and is now in, and finally we could not conscientiously rent the house in its present condition to anyone else. The responsibility for renting the house without making the necessary changes in the heating plant must rest on the landlord and the renting agents. We refuse to accept any responsibility for what may happen nor for rent after May 1, 1937, and as stated before will not sublease the house. In conclusion, it was our understanding that the Home Life Insurance Company had left the matter entirely in your hands to do as you pleased under all the circumstances. As you know, we have been inconvenienced and have suffered enough in health last winter until we were really driven out of the house. The effect of the oil fumes is apparently cumulative and without we had left when we did the results might have been very serious. If you had put in a new furnace and done any other necessary things in connection therewith, we would have gladly stayed in the house.
"If you insist upon your present position, we shall have to place the matter in the hands of a lawyer to defend our just interests." This letter was purely self-serving and inadmissible. Of the many cases which might be cited are City of Chicago v. McKechney, 205 Ill. 372; George J. Cooke Co. v. Fred Miller Brewing Co., 316 Ill. 46; Schwarzschild Sulzberger Co. v. Pfaelzer, 133 Ill. App. 346; Illinois Tuberculosis Ass'n v. Springfield Marine Bank, 282 Ill. App. 14. In the Schwarzschild case Judge BAKER said that there was no just distinction between oral conversation and written correspondence in this respect; that the question of whether certain letters were admissible in favor of plaintiff turned upon the question whether such letter was helpful or necessary to the understanding of the answer thereto. If it was helpful or necessary or useful in ascertaining or completing the sense of the answer, then it was admissible, but if not, it was inadmissible. These letters, the record indicates, were admitted without even undertaking to ascertain the contents of them, and their admission must be held to be reversible error.
Plaintiff also contends the court erred in instructing the jury that as a matter of law the burden of proof was on the plaintiff to prove his case by a preponderance of the evidence, etc. The instruction directed a verdict and plaintiff says since the only defenses offered by defendant were affirmative in their nature this was erroneous, citing Rich v. Naffziger, 248 Ill. 455; Cutler v. Pardridge, 182 Ill. App. 350; Burns v. Landrum, 238 Ill. App. 191. However, rule 171 of the municipal court provides that objections to the instructions must be made before the jury retires and the objector must specifically point out wherein the part objected to is erroneous and must indicate clearly the correction desired to be made. No such objection was made to this instruction and in view of the rule of court the instruction cannot now be urged here. Greenburg v. S.D. Childs Co., 242 Ill. 110; Zeman v. North American Union, 263 Ill. 304; Illinois Tuberculosis Ass'n v. Springfield Marine Bank, 282 Ill. App. 14; Zorger v. Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 282 Ill. App. 444.
It appears from the foregoing that this judgment must be reversed. Plaintiff, however, contends as a matter of law that it is entitled on this record to judgment in this court for the amount of its claim. It says in the first place there was no evidence from which the jury could reasonably find for defendant on the issue as to whether there was fraud on the part of plaintiff in concealing from defendant alleged defects in the heating plant. It argues that in leasing the premises the rule of caveat emptor was strictly applicable, citing the general rule as stated in the American English Encyclopedia, 2d Ed., vol. 18, p. 613, et seq. and Illinois cases following that rule. Russell v. Clark, 173 Ill. App. 461; Cromwell v. Allen, 151 Ill. App. 404; Lazarus Cohen v. Parmly, 113 Ill. App. 624; Carpenter v. Stone, 112 Ill. App. 155; Soibel v. Oconto Co., 299 Ill. App. 518. The written lease is under seal and recites that the lessee has examined and knows the condition of the premises and has received them in good condition except as specified and there are no specifications. By the terms of the lease the lessee agrees to keep the premises in repair. Mr. Franklin testified that he read this clause of the lease before he signed it and knew what it meant. He also said that no representations were made as to the condition of the heating equipment by plaintiff or its agents. He said, "They took me down and showed it to me, and I suppose we had some chatter, and I assumed it was all right. . . . I don't remember any specific conversation or any representations about the heating equipment." Clearly there is no proof of fraudulent concealment, and there is an absence of evidence tending to show plaintiff or its agents had any reason to believe the heating equipment was defective at the time the lease was executed. Defendant says, however, that the jury could reasonably find in its favor on the theory that the actual condition of the heating plant amounted to constructive eviction. He says that the theory of caveat emptor is not applicable and that Gibbons v. Hoefeld, 299 Ill. 455; Kinsey v. Zimmerman, 329 Ill. 75; Automobile Supply Co. v. Scene-In-Action Corp., 340 Ill. 196, have in effect overruled prior cases holding the rule of caveat emptor applicable. Scudder v. Marsh, 224 Ill. App. 355; Allmon v. Davis, 248 Ill. App. 350, are also relied on. All these cases follow the rule stated in Gibbons v. Hoefeld, a case where the plaintiff landlord demised premises for use in carrying on a retail clothing business, the lessee covenanting the lessor would have the right to enter in to make repairs and alterations as stipulated in the lease, and that the lessee could not make repairs without the lessor's written consent. At the time the lease was executed the building was in process of construction. Before it was ready for occupancy water began to come into the basement to an extent which made it impossible to carry on the business for which the premises were demised. Defendant lessee refused to go into possession. Whereupon, the lessor promised to repair and put the walls in a satisfactory condition and make them watertight. Relying on this promise defendant took possession and paid rent. The lessor did not make the walls watertight. The water came in to such an extent that the lessee was compelled to remove from the premises. The court held this amounted to constructive eviction and that the lessor could not collect rent. In Automobile Supply Co. v. Scene-In-Action Corp., the lessor covenanted to furnish heat, which he failed to do. There is no covenant of that kind in this lease. In Scudder v. Marsh the evidence showed the lessor knew the premises had a defective furnace, and the lessee did not and could not know of the defect. What the lessor knew in that case the lessor here did not know. It had every reason to believe the heating plant was adequate. In Allmon v. Davis the demise was of a two-apartment building in Chicago. The lessor covenanted to repair and remodel the building and exterminate rodents. The lease provided the premises were to be used as a dwelling. The evidence showed it was impossible at any time to get water for the use of the occupants either for drinking or bathing. Following the case of Gibbons v. Hoefeld and these other cases, we held this amounted to a constructive eviction. All these cases are distinguishable. As a matter of fact, this defendant occupied the premises during the winter and moved out only upon the coming of the milder season of the year. Three prior tenants, after the premises had been repaired, occupied the building without complaint. We must hold as a matter of law there was no fraud and no constructive eviction. The lessor by this lease did not covenant or agree to furnish heat.
There remains, however, the second question as to whether the jury could on the facts find that plaintiff released defendant from the obligations of the lease upon his surrender of the premises. As to this plaintiff contends that as the lease was under seal it could not be released by parol agreement except by another agreement based on a valuable consideration and the cases cited so hold. It is equally well settled that such a lease may be discharged or released by parol agreement for a valuable consideration and that the surrender of the premises may be such a consideration. Plaintiff questions the authority of Quinlan Tyson to release defendant and accept the surrender of the premises. It cites Scanlan v. Hoerth, 151 Ill. App. 582, where the evidence showed the agent had only authority to collect. Here the agents were not only agents to collect but also to manage the property. It is stipulated their employee, Gibson, was duly authorized to act in their behalf during defendant's occupancy. Moreover, plaintiff wrote defendant: "We must rely on our managing agents when we are so far removed from the scene of action." We think the jury could reasonably find that there was sufficient authority. Northern Ill. Coal Corp. v. Cryder, 361 Ill. 274; McNeill v. Harrison Son, Inc., 286 Ill. App. 120.
As the case must be tried another time we shall not discuss the weight of the evidence as to whether there was an agreement to release defendant from his obligations under the lease. Both Mr. and Mrs. Franklin testified positively to such an agreement which is denied by witnesses for plaintiff.
For the errors indicated the judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.
O'CONNOR and McSURELY, JJ., concur.