Summary
In Hollis v. Bryan, 1932, 166 Miss. 874, 880, 882, 143 So. 687, 689, the plaintiff, who had obtained a divorce in 1924 from Marvin Bryan, and the custody of their minor child, with an award of $20 per month alimony for fifteen years, no part of which was paid, brought action against John L. Bryan, the guardian of Marvin, to recover the amounts past due and unpaid.
Summary of this case from In re Guardianship of BagnallOpinion
No. 30049.
October 10, 1932. Suggestion of Error Overruled November 21, 1932.
1. DIVORCE.
Wife not demanding alimony within seven-year statutory period held guilty of laches, barring recovery of installments due more than seven years (Code 1930, section 2303).
2. EXEMPTIONS. Demand for alimony held not within terms of statute exempting soldier's compensation from claims of creditors, wife not being "creditor," within statute ( World War Veterans' Act, section 22 [38 U.S.C.A., section 454]).
Term "creditor," as used in World War Veterans' Act, section 22 (38 U.S.C.A., section 454), has reference to an ordinary contractual obligation by which creditors and debtors are created, or to statutory debt.
APPEAL from Chancery Court of Neshoba County.
Frank L. Reich and R.W. Boydstun, both of Louisville, for appellant.
Counsel for appellee attempt to treat alimony as a debt and deal with the wife who has been adjudged alimony as the judgment creditor and the husband against whom alimony has been adjudged as the judgment debtor. We take no issue with the authorities cited upon the question of debtor and creditor, but aver that these authorities are not in point here. Were they controlling or even in point, a husband could not be imprisoned for failure to pay alimony.
Mississippi Constitution, section 30.
The wife to whom alimony has been adjudged has all the rights of a judgment creditor for the enforcement of her claims for alimony, and in addition thereto has the support of the strong arm of chancery and may call upon the chancery court to exercise plenary powers to collect alimony.
1 R.C.L. 866.
The purpose of the exemption laws are to protect the family and dependents of the exemptionist and not to protect the exemptionist.
Mosely v. Larson, 38 So. 234, 86 Miss. 288.
The court in the cases cited below were construing 38 U.S.C.A., pars. 454 and 618, which is section 22 of the World War Veterans Act of 1924, and amendments thereto, and held that the Congress did not intend to create any iron-clad exemptions by said act, and certainly if Congress did not intend to exempt money paid by the government to its ex-soldiers from taxation, it did not intend that said money so received by veterans should be exempt from the payment of alimony.
A. Martin v. Gilford County et al., 158 S.E. 847, 76 A.L.R. 978; Lambert v. Gilford County, 158 S.E. 849; Smith, Attorney-General, v. Board of Commissioners of Shawnee County, 132 Kan. 233, 294 P. 915.
Allen Crenshaw, of Washington, D.C., R.R. Dinsmore and D.G. Fountain, both of Jackson, for Veterans' Administration, and Harry M. Bryan, of Jackson, for appellees.
The holding of the chancellor in the last paragraph of his decree is decisive of this case. The court held that the funds sought to be reached being payments by the United States Government under the World War Veterans' Act, as amended, were exempt.
Section 454, United States Code Annotated, Act of June 7, 1924, chapter 320, section 22, 43 United States Statutes 613.
That the alimony decree of May 13, 1924, created the relationship of creditor and debtor as between appellant and appellee's ward cannot be successfully controverted. She was and is a judgment creditor and up to the time the decree was entered this status existed regardless of the facts that made up the reason for its entry.
Irrespective of the right in appellant to enforce an alimony decree by citation for contempt or otherwise, she is undoubtedly, so far as appellee's ward is concerned, the owner of a judgment debt.
18 Corpus Juris 24; Black's Law Dictionary, page 355; Black's Law Dictionary 297; Loughridge v. Bowland, 52 Miss. 546; Pickett v. Banks, 19 Miss. 445; Dixon v. Doe, 9 Miss. 70.
A decree for alimony is generally considered a debt of record as much as any other judgment for money. Accordingly the wife in whose favor an allowance has been made occupies the position of a judgment creditor of her husband, and as such she is entitled to avail herself of all the remedies given to judgment creditors.
1 R.C.L. 951; Jackson v. Coleman, 115 Miss. 535, 76 So. 545.
The case of Jackson v. Coleman, supra, is absolutely decisive of this case and, in our opinion, answers the contention of appellant irrespective of the fact that the act of Congress creating this gratuity to its ex-soldier absolutely rendered the funds paid to him exempt from the claims of creditors.
The question presented here is one of first impression in this state. The only direct authority, in fact the only case in the United States, which the United States Veterans' Administration, or we, as counsel for appellee, have been able to find bearing directly on the question at issue here is that of C.D. Glendy, Committee of Lemuel O. Smith, an Insane Person, v. Mary Haga Smith, decided by the circuit court of Smyth county, Virginia, August 28, 1931.
U.S. v. Hall, 98 U.S. 343, 25 L.Ed. 180; Manning v. Spry, 128 Iowa 191, 96 N.W. 873; U.S. v. Moyers, 15 Fed. 411; U.S. v. Ryckman, 12 Fed. 46.
Congress has the constitutional authority to exempt its compensation and insurance from all claims of creditors of its donees.
Rucker v. Merck (Ga.), 159 S.E. 501.
Other courts of last resort have treated decrees of divorce in granting alimony as judgments of record.
Barber v. Barber (U.S.), 21 How. 582, 16 L.Ed. 226; Dow v. Blake, 148 Ill. 87, 39 Am. St. Rep. 163, 35 N.E. 764; Allen v. Allen, 100 Mass. 374; Bullock v. Bullock, 51 N.J. Eq. 446, 27 A. 436; Knapp v. Knapp, 59 Fed. 641; Ulman v. Ulman, 148 Mich. 353, 111 N.W. 1072; Conrad v. Everich, 50 Ohio State 476, 35 N.E. 58, 40 A.S.R. 679.
The appellant was formerly the wife of Marvin C. Bryan, a disabled soldier receiving compensation from the United States government. In 1924, the appellant secured a divorce from Marvin C. Bryan and the custody of their minor child, in which proceeding the court allowed the appellant twenty dollars per month as alimony for a period of fifteen years to be paid monthly. Subsequent to this decree, and between two or three months thereafter, the appellant married a man named Hollis, giving, as appears from the record, a different name from Letha Pearl Bryan.
The court, in addition to the twenty dollars per month, allowed her an attorney's fee of a fixed amount.
Nothing appears to have been done under the decree until the filing of this suit to require the guardian of Marvin C. Bryan (who had been declared to be non compos mentis) to pay the amounts past due and unpaid under this former decree.
It was alleged in the petition that Marvin C. Bryan had been allowed additional compensation, and that his guardian had considerable funds in his possession, and the bill prayed that the guardian be directed to pay to the complainant (appellant here) the past-due installments.
The guardian demurred to the petition or bill on the ground that the action was barred by the statute of limitations, section 2303, Code 1930, and that the decree was inoperative under section 22 of the World War Veterans' Act as amended (38 U.S.C.A., section 454), and that as the petitioner had remarried, she was barred from receiving alimony. The demurrer was overruled, and thereupon the guardian answered admitting the decree in 1924, and the validity of the divorce therein granted, alleging that on July 19, 1924, after her divorce, she had remarried another under the name of "Miss Lee Cumberlin," and that said person is the same person who was formerly the wife of Marvin C. Bryan.
It was further alleged in the answer that the clerk of the chancery court of Winston county was appointed guardian of the minor child of Marvin C. Bryan and the appellant, and that from that time on the minor child had received monthly allowances from the government which would otherwise have been allowed to Marvin C. Bryan, and at the time the answer was filed forty dollars a month was being paid by the government (from which funds were allowed to Marvin C. Bryan) for the support of the child. It was further alleged that no demand or request had been ever made for the payment of the installments under the decree, and that the seven-year statute of limitations was applicable to this demand.
It was also contended that, by not asserting her rights for the period mentioned, she was guilty of gross laches and was not entitled to recover, and the answer prayed that the judgment heretofore rendered be canceled.
The court, after hearing the matter, decided that the seven-year period of limitations was applicable to all that part of installments of alimony due more than seven years before the filing of the petition, but declared that the installments of alimony within seven years constitute a valid judgment against Marvin C. Bryan. The court also decided that the money in the hands of the guardian was not subject to the claim for alimony under the federal statute exempting money so allowed to disabled soldiers from the claim of all creditors.
The effect of the chancellor's holding is that said claim was a debt, and that the appellant was a creditor within the meaning of the federal statute.
No appeal has been prosecuted from that part of the decree holding the former decree valid, and the installments within the seven-year period to the date of the filing of this suit as a valid claim.
We think the court was correct in disallowing any part more than seven years old, whether the statute was applicable or not. The complainant was guilty of laches in not bringing suit, or not asserting her rights, within the period allowed by the statute for that purpose.
However, we think the court was in error in holding that the money due the wife under a decree as alimony was a debt and that the appellant was a creditor, within the meaning of the federal statute. In Franchier v. Gammill, 155 Miss. 316, 124 So. 365, we held that the obligation of a husband to support his wife is not merely a contractual obligation, but is founded, in part, upon public policy; that it is a public duty established by law, and not a debt within the sense of that term, or in the sense of the Constitution prohibiting imprisonment for debt; but that the husband may be held to perform this duty by a contempt proceeding or criminal statute. The suit, Fanchier v. Gammill, supra, was brought in the chancery court in Mississippi, to enforce an alimony allowance made in a foreign state. It was contended that a judgment rendered by a foreign state was a mere debt, and that it could only be collected by execution, and that no contempt proceedings or proceedings of that nature to coerce payment could be brought against a husband to compel him to carry out the alimony decree of a foreign state. We held that under our Constitution the chancery court had jurisdiction to enforce an alimony decree rendered by another state, and power to coerce the performance of that duty be contempt proceedings.
We are of the opinion that the term "creditors" used in the federal act has reference to an ordinary contractual obligation by which creditors and debtors are created, and that a wife is not a creditor within the meaning of the statute; and that, therefore, a demand for alimony does not come within the terms of the statute exempting soldiers' compensation from the claims of creditors.
In Drainage District v. Evans, 136 Miss. 178, 99 So. 819, a statute providing that, upon the dissolution of a drainage district under the conditions named in the statute, publication be made to all creditors, and that such creditors come into court on a day certain, not earlier than four months from the date of the first publication of notice, and establish their claims against the drainage district, and all claims against said drainage district, except the claims of bondholders not filed on the return day of said notices in accordance herewith, shall be forever barred, did not embrace within the term "creditor" a person who had a suit pending. At page 184 of 136 Miss. 99 So. 819, 820, the court said: "We do not think a claim for damages is one for probate against the estate of a deceased person, under Code 1892, section 1933. That section has reference to contractual claims, and not to those ex delicto. It must be such a claim as might be paid, if the estate were solvent, by an executor or administrator, and which, if bona fide and proper, would afford him protection." At page 185 of 136 Miss., 99 So. 819, 821, it is said that: "There is a distinction betweens `claims' and liabilities. `All claims' must be registered, but not all liabilities. The claims required to be registered are those for the proof and registration of which provision is made by section 2027 of the Code; those which might be paid by the personal representative when proved and registered. If the decedent was liable in damages for a trespass or the like, or to account as a partner, there could not be any registration of a claim against his estate. This shows the distinction between liabilities and claims, which latter are required to be registered, a distinction pointed out by Sharkey, C.J., in Gordon v. Gibbs, 3 Smedes M. 473. To bar the appellants because the claim was not registered would be to inflict loss on them for not doing what they could not do, and to make them suffer for the negligence of the defendant in the attachment from whom they were trying to coerce payment, by the process of garnishment."
We do not think it was the purpose of the government to prevent the states from coercing payment of a public duty by a disabled soldier by holding him to apply, to the needs of his wife and children, a part of the funds possessed by him, although derived from the government. We cannot assume that the federal government intended to throw this protection around the disabled soldiers, so as to enable them to refuse to discharge their duty to support their wives and children.
The case here must be tested by general principles. The duty of a soldier to support his wife and children, if he has the means to do so, should be coerced in case he is recalcitrant. The protection the government intended to give him, in our opinion, was protection against "creditors," using that term in a contractual sense, or in the sense of a statutory debt. Where a claim is a mere debt, the purpose of giving exemption was to keep the allowance for the soldier and his dependents.
We are therefore of the opinion that the court erred in holding that the money was exempt from this particular demand.
The judgment of the court below will therefore be reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceeding in accordance with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.