Summary
In Holland v. Grote (193 N.Y. 262, 270), Judge HISCOCK, for a unanimous court, said: "The second defense, `that the plaintiff has an adequate and complete remedy at law,' likewise is insufficient.
Summary of this case from Levan v. American Safety Table Co., Inc.Opinion
Argued September 28, 1908
Decided October 23, 1908
William C. Rosenberg for appellant.
Otto B. Schmidt for respondent.
This action is one in equity brought by a judgment creditor after execution returned unsatisfied to reach the proceeds of certain real estate alleged to have been transferred without consideration and with fraudulent intent by the defendant Augustus H. Grote to the appellant Ida F. Grote, and afterwards transferred by the latter to a purchaser for value. Amongst other defenses the appellant affirmatively and separately alleged in effect, first, that the complaint did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action; second, that the plaintiff had an adequate and complete remedy at law; and, third, that the cause of action alleged in the complaint did not accrue within the period prescribed by the Statute of Limitations. The respondent demurred to each of these defenses as insufficient in law upon the face thereof, thus raising the questions presented upon this appeal, and which resolve themselves into the one whether the complaint states a good cause of action on the principle, somewhat informally expressed, that a bad answer is sufficient for a bad complaint, and if this question be answered in the affirmative, then into the ones relating directly to the sufficiency of the answers.
The determination of the first question requires a summary of the material allegations of the complaint. These are to the effect that one Stein, respondent's assignor, September 27, 1888, duly recovered a judgment against the defendant Augustus H. Grote, which on that day was duly docketed in the office of the clerk of the county of New York; that on or about February 13, 1893, said Grote, without any consideration and with intent to hinder, delay, cheat and defraud his creditors, and especially said Stein, purported to convey to the appellant Ida F. Grote real estate of considerable value situate in the city of New York, by a deed which was recorded February 3, 1895; that thereafter and on or about May 8, 1899, said grantee sold and conveyed said premises to a third party for a valuable consideration, and ever since then has had and still has in her possession the proceeds of said sale, amounting to upwards of $20,000; that on or about June 7, 1907, an execution was duly issued on said judgment to the sheriff of the proper county and returned unsatisfied; that said deed was fraudulent, and was kept from record with the intent and for the purpose of misleading and defrauding the judgment creditors of the grantor, and that plaintiff's assignor had no knowledge thereof, "and that knowledge thereof and of the facts as hereinbefore stated has only come to this plaintiff recently, and that said judgment creditors, particularly the said Conrad Stein, were wholly ignorant of the said transfer and conveyance and of the facts hereinbefore set forth until recently;" that before the commencement of this action the judgment above mentioned was transferred to the plaintiff. And upon these allegations it is prayed that the transfer to the appellant be adjudged fraudulent and void, and that the proceeds realized by her on the sale of the real estate fraudulently transferred to her be applied to the payment and satisfaction of the plaintiff's judgment, with a receiver and injunction if necessary.
If appellant's contention that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action were directed against the facts as they existed for ten years after respondent's judgment was recovered I should appreciate its force. The judgment having been recovered and properly docketed before the execution of the alleged fraudulent conveyance, became and for ten years continued a lien on the premises covered by the latter and could be enforced and collected by execution despite any number of transfers. (Code of Civil Procedure section 1251.)
No matter how fraudulent the intent of the grantor may have been in making a conveyance of his real estate, during the continuance of the lien as prescribed by the statute, such conveyance was utterly ineffectual to prevent the judgment creditor by ordinary legal processes from collecting his debt and there was no occasion whatever for application to a court of equity for aid. Even if it should be assumed that under such circumstances there might have been in good faith that issue and failure to collect in whole or part an execution which is one of the requisites of a judgment creditor's action, there still would have been lacking that other essential element of such an action — a barrier fraudulently erected by the debtor between his property and his creditor's judgment whose removal required the assistance of a court of equity. It does not seem to me that the mere allegation of a fraudulent intent on the part of a judgment debtor in making a conveyance is sufficient to sustain a complaint in such an action as this, if it appears from the other allegations of the complaint that such intent has not been consummated by acts which, as a matter of fact, do in the slightest degree hinder and delay the creditor in the enforcement of his ordinary remedies. ( Skinner v. Stuart, 39 Barb. 206.)
The case of Kain v. Larkin ( 141 N.Y. 144), which is cited as authority for the proposition that this would be sufficient, does not seem to sustain the proposition, for in that case it appeared that the fraudulent grantor not only intended to hinder and delay his creditors but that he actually did so by executing his conveyance before recovery of judgment instead of after its recovery as in the present case.
I am not, however, able to agree with the argument that because the respondent's judgment was superior to the alleged fraudulent conveyance for ten years the latter did not, when this action was commenced, operate as a hindrance and a fraud, and that the creditor having failed to enforce his judgment when he might have done so by ordinary process will not be allowed to appeal to equity now that his lien has expired. I am not aware of any principle or authority which prevents a creditor having a valid judgment from asking a court of equity to remove a fraudulent conveyance of his debtor which stands as a barrier to the present enforcement of his claim, simply because through ignorance, as is alleged in the present complaint, or for other sufficient reasons he has failed to collect the same by execution proceedings during the limited period allowed for that process.
The general question presented by a judgment creditor's suit is whether at the time of its commencement a fraudulent transfer of the debtor prevents collection of a valid unpaid judgment, and if this is so equity will not refuse relief because the creditor has not been swift enough with other proceedings to prevent the fraudulent intent to withdraw property from becoming consummated.
In my opinion the allegations of the complaint now before us show sufficient cause for equitable relief. While the lien of the judgment on real estate has expired, the judgment still presumptively constitutes a good and valid claim against the grantor. (Code of Civil Procedure, sec. 376.) If the judgment debtor still retained the title to his real estate, the judgment might still be enforced and collected therefrom under the provisions of section 1252 of the Code. ( Evans v. Hill, 18 Hun, 464; Garczynski v. Russell, 75 Hun, 497.) If he had parted with his real estate and retained the proceeds thereof, there is no question but that collection of the judgment might by enforced by legal methods open to the creditor. (Code of Civil Procedure, sects. 1377, 1378, 2432, etc.) But instead of following either one of these courses, the debtor has with fraudulent intent divested himself of this property and passed it and its proceeds over to a fraudulent transferee by a conveyance which now prevents the creditor from collecting his debt in the ordinary legal methods, and thus the conveyance executed with fraudulent intent, at the time of the commencement of the action operated as an actual and practical barrier and fraud. Under these circumstances it is quite clear that the respondent had a right to appeal to a court of equity as he has done to compel the fraudulent grantee to account for the proceeds of the property which she wrongfully helped to withdraw from the creditors who were entitled to it. ( Burtus v. Tisdall, 4 Barb. 571; Lawrence v. Bank of Republic, 31 How. Pr. 502, 505; Murtha v. Curley, 90 N.Y. 372.)
Although not cited and, therefore, apparently not relied on, the case of Faneuil Hall National Bank v. Bussing ( 147 N.Y. 665) has not been overlooked, in which some things are said which might be regarded as opposed to the views which have been herein expressed. In that case judgment was recovered and docketed and a receiver in supplementary proceedings appointed in New York county and the order appointing the receiver was filed and recorded in Westchester county, where the judgment debtor owned some real estate. This real estate was subsequently sold to a third party, who remained in possession for ten years, when, about eighteen years having elapsed since the entry of the judgment, an order was made requiring the receiver in supplementary proceedings to sell the right, title and interest of the judgment debtor.
It was held that the docket of the judgment and the supmentary proceedings instituted in New York county, and the filing of the order appointing the receiver in Westchester county, where the judgment had not been docketed, were ineffectual to vest in the receiver any interest whatever in the Westchester real estate. It also appeared, as already stated, that the period for the operation of the lien of a judgment had long since expired, and these considerations fully disposed of all the questions before the court. This being so, the court in addition did say: "The judgment creditors had, for ten years from the filing of the judgment rolls, an ample remedy at law against this property which they failed to invoke, and if they were damaged by the conveyance of the executrix of the judgment debtor to Valentine during that period, it was due to their failure to at once docket the judgments in Westchester county and proceed to sale thereunder. Having suffered their remedy at law to lapse, all equitable remedies are also cut off. ( Borst v. Corey, 15 N.Y. 505. )"
The case of Borst v. Corey, thus cited, simply held that where the Statute of Limitations barred an action at law to recover a balance of indebtedness due on the purchase price of land, a creditor would not be permitted to avoid the statute by seeking relief in the form of an equitable action to enforce a lien for the indebtedness.
I do not think that these cases, when interpreted in the light of the questions presented to the court, are authorities against the right of the respondent to maintain this action on the facts which are alleged.
It is suggested as a minor question that the allegation of the mere transfer to respondent of the judgment recovered by his assignor is not sufficient and that there should have been broader allegations of a transfer of the general cause of action claimed to be set forth in the complaint. This contention does not seem to be well founded. ( Strange v. Longley, 3 Barb. Ch. 650; Gleason v. Gage, 7 Paige, 121.)
The conclusion that the complaint sufficiently sets forth a cause of action brings us directly to a consideration of the sufficiency of the various defenses which have been subjected to demurrer.
No argument seems necessary to show that the first of these, "that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action," is not a good or sufficient answer.
The second defense, "that the plaintiff has an adequate and complete remedy at law," likewise is insufficient. In the absence of other allegations this answer must be construed and interpreted by reference to the material allegations of the complaint as they stand. It does not allege any additional facts showing that an adequate remedy at law does exist, but simply asserts that on the complaint as framed such remedy does exist. An inspection of the complaint shows that on the material and substantial facts as there alleged the plaintiff must necessarily resort to equity and cannot secure sufficient relief elsewhere; unless he completely changes his cause of action he must seek equitable relief.
The third defense presents a closer question than the others, but in my opinion it is sufficient on its face. It alleges that the cause of action "alleged in the complaint" did not accrue within ten years before the commencement of the action. Under ordinary circumstances and except for one reason next to be mentioned, it is conceded, or at least perfectly clear, that this form of answer would be sufficient. (Code of Civ. Pro., section 413; Bell v. Yates, 33 Barb. 627; Sands v. St. John, 36 Barb. 628; Budd v. Walker, 29 Hun, 344.)
It is urged as a special reason for holding the answer insufficient in this case that it alleges that the particular cause of action "alleged in the complaint" is barred, and that inasmuch as it was necessary for the plaintiff to allege that an execution had been issued and returned until which time the cause of action did not accrue, and inasmuch as it is specifically alleged that this act did not take place until a short time before the action was commenced, the complaint shows on its face that the cause of action therein alleged had not become barred and, therefore, the defense is insufficient.
It seems to me that this argument is not well founded. It is true that the plaintiff was compelled to allege an issue of execution and failure to collect in whole or part and that his cause of action did not accrue until that took place. It was not, however, necessary to a sufficient statement of his cause of action that he should allege the specific date on which this occurred. While good pleading might dictate a statement of the time, it is settled that time and place are not parts of the cause of action and that for a failure to state them the pleading would not be subject to demurrer, but only to a motion to make more definite and certain. On the trial the defendant would be at liberty to show that the date stated in the complaint was not the one on which the execution was issued and returned. This being so the defendant is not bound by his plea of the Statute of Limitations as to an admission that the execution was issued and that plaintiff's cause of action indisputably accrued on the date which was unnecessarily pleaded, but he may show as a matter of fact that an execution was issued and that plaintiff's cause of action did accrue at some other date and that it is barred by the statute.
These conclusions lead to answering the first two questions certified to us in the negative, and the last one in the affirmative, and lead to a modification of the order of the Appellate Division so as to affirm the interlocutory judgment in sustaining plaintiff's demurrers to the first two defenses and to reverse said judgment in so far as it sustains plaintiff's demurrer to the third defense set up in said answer, with leave to plaintiff to withdraw demurrer to third defense within twenty days, without costs to either party in any court.
CULLEN, Ch. J., EDWARD T. BARTLETT, HAIGHT, VANN, WERNER and CHASE, JJ., concur.
Ordered accordingly.