Opinion
No. 240553.
Submitted September 9, 2003, at Lansing.
Decided September 23, 2003, at 9:10 a.m. Updated November 21, 2003.
Appeal from Sanilac Circuit Court, LC No. 00-027591-NO.
Hohauser Law Firm (by Michael S. Hohauser) for the plaintiff.
Stertz Weaver, P.C. (by H. William Stertz, Jr.), for the defendants.
Before: Whitbeck, C.J., and O'Connell and Cooper, JJ.
Following a jury trial, the trial court awarded plaintiff Lillian Hill $8,000, plus costs, for injuries that she sustained from a poodle dog belonging to defendants Donald and Marge Hoig. Defendant appeals as of right. We affirm. This appeal is being decided without oral argument pursuant to MCR 7.214(E).
Plaintiff was walking on the sidewalk when she witnessed a truck hit defendants' dog. The dog was lying in the middle of the road and plaintiff decided to move him to safety. In the process of moving the dog, plaintiff sustained a bite on her right hand. Defendants asserted that their dog did not have a history of aggressive behavior or running loose. Plaintiff filed a complaint against defendants alleging liability pursuant to the Michigan dog-bite statute, MCL 287.351, or, in the alternative, common-law negligence.
At trial, defendants requested that the trial court instruct the jury that provocation was a complete defense under both of plaintiff's theories. The trial court denied defendants' request, noting that the case law defendants relied on was decided before Michigan became a comparative negligence state. The trial court concluded that while provocation was clearly an available defense under the dog-bite statute, it would not serve to bar plaintiff's common-law negligence claim. The jury ultimately denied plaintiff's claim under the dog-bite statute because it determined that defendants' dog was provoked. However, the jury granted plaintiff's common-law negligence claim, finding that defendants' negligence was the proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries. The jury did not find any negligence on the part of plaintiff.
On appeal, defendants argue that the trial court erroneously instructed the jury on common-law negligence where the dog-bite statute abrogates such claims. We disagree. Claims of instructional error are reviewed de novo on appeal. Cox v. Flint Bd. of Hosp. Managers, 467 Mich. 1, 8; 651 N.W.2d 356 (2002). However, the trial court's determination that a jury instruction is accurate and applicable to the case is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Stevens v. Veenstra, 226 Mich. App. 441, 443; 573 N.W.2d 341 (1997). "Jury instructions should include `all the elements of the plaintiff's claims and should not omit material issues, defenses, or theories if the evidence supports them.'" Cox, supra at 8, quoting Case v. Consumers Power Co., 463 Mich. 1, 6; 615 N.W.2d 17 (2000). To the extent this case presents an issue of statutory construction, our review is de novo. In re RFF, 242 Mich. App. 188, 198; 617 N.W.2d 745 (2000).
Defendants have failed to cite any authority in their appellate brief specifically indicating that the dog-bite statute abrogates recovery under common-law comparative negligence for dog-bite injuries. See Chapdelaine v. Sochocki, 247 Mich. App. 167, 174; 635 N.W.2d 339 (2001). More importantly, when the Supreme Court interpreted the current dog-bite statute in Nicholes v. Lorenz, 396 Mich. 53, 59; 237 N.W.2d 468 (1976), it noted that "[t]o provide redress for dog-bite victims, the Legislature by statute retained the common-law remedy but in addition enacted the [instant dog-bite] statute . . . ." (emphasis added); see also Bradacs v. Jiacobone, 244 Mich. App. 263, 265 n. 1; 625 N.W.2d 108 (2001) (noting that the dog-bite statute did not supersede or extinguish a common-law cause of action against negligent dog owners). Consequently, defendants have failed to establish any error.
Defendants further contend that even if common-law negligence is a viable claim, the trial court erroneously refused to instruct the jury that provocation was a complete defense. Again we disagree.
Defendants' argument at trial revolved around Grummel v. Decker, 294 Mich. 71, 77; 292 N.W. 562 (1940), which held that "[u]nder the common law, contributory negligence upon the part of the plaintiff is a defense" in a dog-bite case. Grummel concluded that any provocation by the plaintiff was therefore a complete defense to a common-law negligence action. Id. Since the Supreme Court decided Grummel, however, Michigan has replaced the doctrine of contributory negligence with the doctrine of comparative negligence. MCL 600.2959; see also Placek v. Sterling Hts, 405 Mich. 638, 650; 275 N.W.2d 511 (1979). Comparative negligence only serves to reduce the amount of damages a plaintiff may recover to the extent that the plaintiff was negligent, whereas any negligence on the part of the plaintiff would bar recovery under the doctrine of contributory negligence. Lugo v. Ameritech Corp., Inc., 464 Mich. 512, 523; 629 N.W.2d 384 (2001); Grummel, supra at 77. Thus, the trial court properly refused to instruct the jury that a finding of provocation would bar plaintiff's recovery under the common law.
Affirmed.
Whitbeck, C.J., concurred.
I respectfully dissent. In Grummel v. Decker, 294 Mich. 71, 77; 292 N.W. 562 (1940), our Supreme Court expressly held that provocation was a complete defense to a common-law dog-bite claim. Our Supreme Court has not overturned Grummel. The majority opinion essentially concludes that our state's adoption of comparative fault extinguished the defense of provocation in common-law dog-bite cases. But this analysis overlooks the fact that contributory negligence and provocation are distinct defenses. VonBehren v. Bradley, 266 Ill. App.3d 446, 449-450; 640 N.E.2d 664 (1994). While contributory negligence eliminates a plaintiff's claim because public policy demands that a plaintiff reasonably act to protect his own safety, provocation eliminates a dog owner's duty to prevent the dog from doing damage. Id. at 448-450. So the provocation defense resembles the "open and obvious danger" doctrine and other duty-based defenses that remain unaltered by the adoption of comparative fault. Glittenberg v. Doughboy Recreational Industries (On Rehearing), 441 Mich. 379, 403; 491 N.W.2d 208 (1992); see also O'Sullivan v. Shaw, 431 Mass. 201, 206; 726 N.E.2d 951 (2000) (listing the authorities and majority jurisdictions that find accordingly).
I again note that our Supreme Court established the defense, so we should resolve any doubt about its continued viability in favor of deference. Boyd v. W G Wade Shows, 443 Mich. 515, 523; 505 N.W.2d 544 (1993). In my opinion, the trial court erred when it failed to determine initially whether the defense eliminated the common-law claim and later refused to instruct the jury on the defense's applicability. I would vacate the judgment and remand for a new trial on plaintiff's common-law claim.