Opinion
No. 8,138.
Submitted May 27, 1941.
Decided September 27, 1941.
Personal Injuries — Negligence — Injury Sustained by Plaintiff in Elevator in Bank Building — Differentiation Between Invitees and Licensees — When Invitee Becomes Licensee — When Question Becomes One of Law — Doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur — Doctrine Held Inapplicable Under Evidence. Personal Injuries Suffered on Premises of Defendant — Who are Mere Licensees. 1. Persons who enter the premises of an employer for the purpose of paying a visit the latter's employees or transacting business with them in which the owner has no interest, are at best mere licensees to whom the owner owes no duty save to refrain from acts of willful or wanton negligence. Same — Differentiation Between Licensees and Invitees. 2. The difference between an implied invitation to enter the premises of another (in the instant case a passenger elevator), and a license, is that an invitation is inferred where there is a common interest or mutual advantage between the owner and the invitee, while a license is implied where the object is the mere pleasure, convenience or benefit of the licensee. Same — When Invitee Becomes Licensee. 3. Where a person enters the premises of another as an invitee but goes to some part of the premises other than that to which he was invited and uses them for other purposes than the one for which he was invited or remains thereon beyond a reasonable time after his invitation has expired, he becomes a bare licensee for purposes of his own. Same — Injury Sustained in Defendant's Passenger Elevator — Circumstances Under Which Plaintiff was Originally Invitee and Subsequently Became Licensee — When Matter Question of Law for Court. 4. In an action to recover for injuries while plaintiff was riding in a passenger elevator in defendant's eight-story bank building, the injury was sustained under the following circumstances: She entered the bank for the purpose of investigating the status of a checking account. After completing her business she went to the elevators, of which there were two, for the purpose of leaving the building, when one of the elevators, operated by plaintiff's mother, was ascending. The mother asked her to step into her cage for the purpose of discussing a personal matter; the discussion consumed two round trips from the first floor to the eighth and while descending on the third trip the cage abruptly fell a few feet throwing plaintiff on the floor causing the injury complained of. Held, that while the question whether the status of plaintiff had changed from that of an invitee when she entered the building for the purpose of transacting business with the bank, to that of a licensee should under many circumstances be left to the jury, it should have been under the above facts been determined in the affirmative by the court as a matter of law. Same — Injury Suffered in Passenger Elevator — Operator of Elevator Inviting Plaintiff to Enter Cage for Discussion of Private Matters — Operator Held not to Have Acted Within Scope of Authority. 5. Contention of plaintiff that in inviting her to enter the elevator (see par. 4) and to remain in it on the various trips to the eighth floor of the bank building, her mother was acting within the scope of her authority as operator of the elevator and that the owner of the building was bound by her invitation to her daughter, held not meritorious, since the purpose of plaintiff's remaining in the elevator was only for the convenience of mother and daughter. Same — Total Absence of Negligence on Part of Defendant — Denial of Motion to Dismiss Action Held Error. 6. Where the trial court should have determined as a matter of law that one suing for damages sustained by her as an invitee was in fact a mere licensee, but instead instructed the jury that if plaintiff was an invitee it was the duty of defendant to exercise the highest degree of care toward the safety of plaintiff, and that if she were a licensee, the only duty owing to her was to refrain from doing her a willful or wanton injury and to exercise reasonable care to avoid injuring her, and the jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff, whereas there was a total lack of any evidence showing negligence of any kind, the court erred in denying defendant's motion for dismissal of the action. Evidence — Presumptions. 7. A presumption — a deduction which section 10602, Revised Codes, directs to be made from particular facts — is evidence under section 10604, which can only be overcome by other direct evidence. Personal Injuries — Doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur — When Inapplicable. 8. Where in a personal injury case by an alleged invitee for damages suffered while on the premises of defendant, plaintiff failed to offer affirmative proof of negligence and relied solely on the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, but defendant's proof showing that practically every precaution had been taken that could be taken to prevent the elevator (of modern design) in which plaintiff was injured (see par. 4) from abruptly dropping a few feet, and the physical facts so completely rebutted any presumption of willful or wanton negligence (if plaintiff were a licensee) or lack of ordinary care (if she were an invitee) that reasonable men could not disagree, the presumption of negligence on which the doctrine is based "faded away in the face of contrary facts" and with it the doctrine itself.
Appeal from District Court, Cascade County; C.F. Holt, Judge.
Messrs. R.H. Glover, S.B. Chase, Jr., and John D. Stephenson, for Appellant, submitted an original and a reply brief; Mr. Glover and Mr. Stephenson argued the cause orally.
Plaintiff was a mere licensee as a matter of law and, as such, failed to show the breach by defendant of any duty of care owed to her. The general law is well summarized in 89 A.L.R. 757, where the following statement occurs on page 758: "Generally speaking, persons who enter the premises of an employer merely for the purpose of seeing an employee on business unconnected with that of the employer, or for the purpose of paying a social visit to the employee, are at best mere licensees, to whom the employer owes no duty save to refrain from acts of wilful and wanton negligence." (Citing the following cases, among others: Kosba v. Bank Line (1931: D.C.), 46 F.2d 119; Mitchell v. Ozan-Graysonia Lumber Co. (1921), 151 Ark. 6, 235 S.W. 44; Grundel v. Union Iron Works (1904), 141 Cal. 564, 75 P. 184; Mallory v. Day Carpet Furniture Co. (1927), 245 Ill. App. 465; Indian Ref. Co. v. Mobley (1909), 134 Ky. 822, 121 S.W. 657, 24 L.R.A. (n.s.) 497; Dixon v. Swift (1903), 98 Me. 207, 56 A. 761; Freeman v. United Fruit Co. (1916), 223 Mass. 300, 111 N.E. 789; Cato v. Crystal Ice Co. (1915), 109 Miss. 590, 68 So. 853; Castonguay v. Acme Knitting Mach. Needle Co. (1927), 83 N.H. 1, 136 A. 702, 27 N.C.C.A. 609; Fitzpatrick v. Cumberland Glass Mfg. Co. (1898), 61 N.J.L. 378, 39 A. 675; Poock v. Strahl (1932), 237 App. Div. 842; 261 N.Y. Supp. 48; Lange v. St. Johns Lumber Co. (1925), 115 Or. 337, 237 P. 696; Hagan v. Delaware River Steel Co. (1913), 240 Pa. 222, 87 A. 574; Blossom Oil Cotton Co. v. Poteet (1911), 104 Tex. 230, 136 S.W. 432, 35 L.R.A. (n.s.) 449; Woolwine v. Chesapeake O.R. Co. (1892), 36 W. Va. 329, 15 S.E. 81, 32 Am. St. Rep. 859, 16 L.R.A. 271; Muench v. Heinemann (1903), 119 Wis. 441, 96 N.W. 800.)
It would make no difference that plaintiff was in the elevator to visit her mother by permission or acquiescence of the bank officials or by invitation extended by her mother. It is true that under such circumstances she would not be a trespasser. However, since the business did not concern the bank nor any tenant of the bank she would be a licensee and not an invitee. The distinction between licensees and invitees is pointed out in the Montana cases of Chichas v. Foley Bros. Grocery Co., 73 Mont. 575, 236 P. 361, and Jonosky v. Northern P. Ry. Co., 57 Mont. 63, 187 P. 1014; see, also, 45 C.J., sec. 194; Urban v. Focht, 231 Pa. 623, 81 A. 55; Indianapolis Motor Speedway Co. v. Shoup, 88 Ind. App. 572, 165 N.E. 246; Brosnan v. Koufman, 294 Mass. 495, 2 N.E.2d 441, 104 A.L.R. 1177; Stanwood v. Clancey, 106 Me. 72, 75 A. 293, 26 L.R.A. (n.s.) 1213; Indian Refining Co. v. Mobley, supra; Murphy v. Huntley, 251 Mass. 555, 146 N.E. 710, 37 A.L.R. 1447; Gotch v. K. B. Packing Provision Co., 93 Colo. 276, 25 P.2d 719, 89 A.L.R. 753.
It may be argued that plaintiff entered the building in connection with a genuine business purpose involving the defendant. The burden of proving she was an invitee at the time of the accident is on plaintiff. However, it likewise appears that after completing such business, she went into the particular elevator for the purpose either of merely visiting with her mother or of transacting some personal business with her mother. In such event her status is that of a mere licensee. This is especially true as she rode on the elevator for several trips and didn't avail herself of the various opportunities to leave it at the first floor. The analogy to be drawn is that of a person who enters premises as an invitee, but who by going to portions of the premises not covered by the invitation, becomes a mere licensee while on such portions. (See Chichas v. Foley Bros. Grocery Co., supra; Coulombe v. Horne Coal Co., 275 Mass. 226, 175 N.E. 631; Johnson v. Mau, 60 N.D. 757, 236 N.W. 472; Reardon v. Exchange Furniture Store, 37 Del. 332, 188 A. 704.)
The invitation of the operator of the elevator was not binding upon the defendant as an invitation. ( Glover v. Chicago, Milwaukee St. Paul Railway Co., 54 Mont. 446, 171 P. 278; Crawford v. Rice, 36 F.2d 199; Duree v. Wabash Railroad Co., 241 Fed. 454, 154 C.C.A. 286 (C.C.A. 8); Langan v. Tyler, 114 Fed. 716, 51 C.C.A. 503 (C.C.A.2d); Rolfe v. Hewitt, 227 N.Y. 486, 125 N.E. 804, 14 A.L.R. 125.)
Plaintiff utterly failed to produce any evidence of any negligence. This leads to a consideration of whether plaintiff is entitled to invoke a presumption of negligence in this case. As we have heretofore pointed out, it has been conclusively established that at the time of the alleged fall plaintiff was a mere licensee in the elevator. The authorities are clear that under such circumstances, plaintiff is not entitled to invoke the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, or to raise any presumption of negligence from the mere happening of an alleged accident. (See 45 C.J. 1209; Duree v. Wabash Ry. Co., supra; Chicago, Rock Island Pacific Ry. Co. v. Bailey, 157 Okla. 265, 11 P.2d 763; Carnegie Steel Co. v. Byers, 149 Fed. 667, 82 C.C.A. 115, 8 L.R.A. (n.s.) 677 (C.C.A. 6th); Spees v. Boggs, 198 Pa. 112, 47 A. 875, 82 Am. St. Rep. 792, 52 L.R.A. 933.)
Even if applicable the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur does not make out a case for the plaintiff. Even if plaintiff, by testifying that she was injured by a fall of the elevator, has made out a prima facie case under the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, the most that she has thereby made out is a prima facie case of ordinary negligence on the part of the defendant. But ordinary negligence is not sufficient to permit a recovery by the plaintiff. In order to recover she must prove willful or wanton conduct on the part of the defendant. Such proof is utterly lacking in this case, and a mere presumption of ordinary negligence is not going to supply such proof. ( Hardesty v. Largey Lumber Co., 34 Mont. 151, 86 P. 29; Bowman v. Pennsylvania R.R., 299 Pa. 558, 149 A. 877; Barton v. Republican Co., 277 Mass. 299, 178 N.E. 605; Morris v. City Transfer Yellow Taxi Co., 220 Ky. 219, 294 S.W. 1030; Hoover Motor Express Co. v. Thomas, 16 Tenn. App. 664, 65 S.W.2d 621; St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Co. v. Bley, 168 Ark. 814, 271 S.W. 455.)
Mr. E.J. Stromnes and Mr. R.J. Nelson, for Respondent, submitted a brief; Mr. Stromnes argued the cause orally.
"Where an elevator attendant knows that a boy is riding on the top of the elevator, whether such boy is a trespasser or licensee, the attendant must exercise ordinary care to protect him from injury." (18 Am. Jur. 544, footnote 5.) No question in this case but what the elevator operator (plaintiff's mother) and the defendant's engineer, whose duty it was either to keep the elevators in repair, to take them out of service, or to notify the building superintendent to that end, at all times knew that plaintiff was riding in the elevator cage. ( Davis v. Ohio Valley Bank Trust Co., 127 Ky. 800, 106 S.W. 843, 15 L.R.A. (n.s.) 402.) The cases generally draw a distinction between licensees by invitation, or affirmative consent, and licensees by permission, or mere sufferance, and editorial writers of repute, recognize this distinction. (See note to the case cited immediately above, commencing in 15 L.R.A. (n.s.) p. 402; Gohn v. Butte Hotel Co., 88 Mont. 599, 295 P. 262; 20 R.C.L. 69, sec. 60.) "The carrier of a person by elevator is required to exercise the highest degree of care and diligence to prevent injury to such person, which requirement, to a certain extent, is based on the analogy between the carriage by railroads and the carriage of persons by an elevator." (18 Am. Jur., p. 539, sec. 28.) "Where the owner of a building leases different floors or rooms to different tenants, but retains the control and management of elevators in a building, he is responsible for injury to tenants, their employees, and such other persons as may lawfully use the elevator." (Id., p. 538, sec. 26.) "The owner of an elevator run for the use of the tenants of an office building, is a carrier of passengers for hire, the compensation being the rental paid by the tenant." ( Springer v. Ford, 189 Ill. 430, 59 N.E. 953, 82 Am. St. Rep. 464, 52 L.R.A. 930.) "In the trial of actions involving injury or death on or about elevators, if a question arises as to the status of the plaintiff at the time of the accident, the jury should generally determine the status of an injured party." (18 Am. Jur., p. 563, sec. 78.) "Whether a child of five years of age was a trespasser when playing near an elevator in a store used by employees and reached through open doors from the main floor of the street, in which the father of the child was employed, is a question, for the jury if the child was rightfully in the store by invitation of the father." ( Siddall v. Jansen, 168 Ill. 43, 48 N.E. 191, 39 L.R.A. 112.)
In the case at bar, no question but what the plaintiff as a matter of law, was an invitee at the time she first entered the elevator and the court properly left it to the jury to determine whether this status on the part of the plaintiff was ever altered. For the reasons therefore (1) that when plaintiff entered the premises of defendant she was an invitee; (2) that when plaintiff entered the elevator for the purpose of leaving defendant's premises, she was an invitee; and (3) for the reason that the defendant's operator perforce discovered the plaintiff immediately upon her entering the elevator cage, and the defendant's engineer was aware that plaintiff was riding in, or about to ride in it, that at all times the burden of exercising reasonable care in the operation and maintenance of the elevator, both of which elements are charges of negligence in the complaint, the defendant at all times had the duty of either exercising the highest degree of care or ordinary care for the safety of plaintiff, and in either event, plaintiff was entitled to recover under substantial evidence in the record.
Appellant complains that the operator's invitation was not binding upon the defendant as an invitation so as to constitute the plaintiff an invitee. The appellant concedes throughout its brief that the plaintiff had the status of a licensee. Conceding for purposes of argument, that the status of plaintiff was but that of a licensee, nevertheless the defendant owed the duty of exercising reasonable care after the discovery of her presence in the elevator. This rule was first enunciated by this court in 1878 in Higley v. Gilmer, 3 Mont. 90, 35 Am. Rep. 450; in that case, after considering the cases wherein it was sought to define who was a passenger with respect to a common carrier, the court went on to define the duty owed by the carrier to one not a passenger, but nevertheless whose presence on its car the defendant was aware of, and used the following language: "If the respondent was a trespasser, appellants were bound not to wilfully injure him, for that would be attempting to justify one trespass by another. If he were a trespasser, appellants would be bound probably to exercise toward him ordinary care and no more." (See, also, Egan v. Montana C. Ry. Co., 24 Mont. 569, 63 P. 831, and John v. Northern P. Ry. Co., 42 Mont. 18, 111 P. 632, 32 L.R.A. (n.s.) 85; Fusselman v. Yellowstone L. I. Co., 53 Mont. 254, 163 P. 473, Ann. Cas. 1918B, 420.)
In the case of Hayes v. Sampsell, 195 Ill. App. 365, it is held: "Where it appeared that plaintiff boarded defendant's electric car at the invitation of defendant's motorman, such invitation was an act within the scope of such motorman's employment, although such motorman may have acted contrary to defendant's orders and may have been answerable for disobedience of defendant's rules for the reason that such act of such motorman could not affect the status of plaintiff on defendant's car or render his presence thereon unlawful." (See, also, Sink v. Grand Trunk Western Ry. Co., 227 Mich. 21, 198 N.W. 238; Whitehead v. St. Louis Railway Co., 99 Mo. 263, 11 S.W. 751, 753, 6 L.R.A. 409; Garretzen v. Duenckel, 50 Mo. 104, 107, 11 Am. Rep. 405; Cousins v. Hannibal St. J. Ry. Co., 66 Mo. 572, 576; Ramsden v. Boston A. Ry. Co., 104 Mass. 117, 120, 6 Am. Rep. 200; Wilton v. Middlesex Ry. Co., 107 Mass. 108, 9 Am. Rep. 11; St. Joseph W. Railway Co. v. Wheeler, 35 Kan. 185, 10 P. 461; Lake Shore M.S.R. Co. v. Brown, 123 Ill. 162, 14 N.E. 197, 202, 5 Am. St. Rep. 510.) "If in giving the invitation, the employee acted within the scope of his authority, the person invited by him occupies the status of an invitee with respect to the owner." (45 C.J. 822, sec. 232.) Once the status of invitee was created for plaintiff's benefit, that status continued for a reasonable time. "One who goes to a bank to transact some business with the bank regarding the settlement of a sale, and also to see in regard to a township matter, an officer of the bank, who is also the officer of a township and does township business at the bank with the consent of its officers, is more than a mere licensee." ( Downing v. Merchants National Bank, 192 Iowa, 1250, 184 N.W. 722, 20 A.L.R. 1138.) "A person is an invitee, where, for purposes connected with the business conducted on the premises, he enters any place of business, such as a business office building, or a bank." (45 C.J. 814, sec. 22; Konick v. Champneys, 108 Wn. 35, 183 P. 75, 6 A.L.R. 459; Howlett v. Dorchester Trust Co., 256 Mass. 544, 152 N.E. 895; 45 C.J. 812, sec. 221; Gasch v. Rounds, 93 Wn. 317, 160 P. 962.) This court has sufficiently defined the res ipsa loquitur doctrine and when the same is applicable. ( Johnson v. Herring, 89 Mont. 420, p. 426, 300 P. 535; Hardesty v. Largey Lumber Co., 34 Mont. 151, 86 P. 29; Vonault v. O'Rourke, 97 Mont. 92, 33 P.2d 535.) The law is well settled that the doctrine is applicable to passenger elevators. ( Hartford Dep. Co. v. Sollitt, 172 Ill. 222, 50 N.E. 178, 64 Am. St. Rep. 35; Griffen v. Manice, 166 N.Y. 188, 59 N.E. 925; 82 Am. St. Rep. 630, 52 L.R.A. 922; Huey v. Gahlenbeck, 121 Pa. 238, 15 A. 520, 6 Am. St. Rep. 790, 793 and note; Esberg Cigar Co. v. Portland, 34 Or. 282, 55 P. 961, 75 Am. St. Rep. 651, 43 L.R.A. (n.s.) 435.) "Owner of a passenger elevator is liable for injuries to a passenger which results from the negligence or wrongful act of an employee while acting as such and within the scope of her employment." (10 C.J. 887.) "In case of an injury to a passenger on an elevator, it is generally a question for the jury under the evidence, as to whether the owner or proprietor was negligent with respect to the construction and maintenance of elevator, or with respect to the manner in which it was operated at the time of the injury." (Id., 1081, sec. 1473; Lauder v. Currier, 3 Cal.App. 28, 84 P. 217; Perrault v. Emporium Dept. Store Co., 71 Wn. 523, 128 P. 1049; Hartford Deposit Co. v. Sollitt, 172 Ill. 222, 50 N.E. 178, 64 Am. St. Rep. 35; Kelly v. Lewis Investment Co., 66 Or. 1, 133 P. 826, Ann. Cas. 1915B, 568; Blackwell v. O'Gorman Co., 22 R.I. 638, 49 A. 28; Worden v. Central Fire Proof Building Co., 172 Cal. 94, 155 P. 839.) "Sudden drop of an elevator of from twelve to fifteen inches may in connection with surrounding circumstances make a question for the jury as to the negligence of its owner." ( Harris v. Guggenheim, 154 App. Div. 289, 138 N.Y. Supp. 1037.)
This appeal is from a judgment of the district court of Cascade county in favor of the plaintiff. The action was tried to a jury and, after its verdict, a motion was made for a new trial and that motion was denied. At the close of plaintiff's case defendant moved for a judgment of nonsuit and dismissal, and at the close of all the testimony defendant moved for a directed verdict. These motions were denied.
The testimony introduced on behalf of the plaintiff, which for the purpose of determining this appeal we take as true, was that on February 13, 1937, she had occasion to enter the building in question, owned by the defendant, for the purpose of investigating the status of a checking account in the banking offices of the defendant, which were located in the building. Her testimony is that she walked up the flight of stairs to the banking rooms and then, after completing her business there, she went to the elevators, of which there were two, and pressed a button marked "Down," and that as she was standing there waiting for an elevator, one of the elevators operated by the plaintiff's mother and which was then ascending stopped at that floor, and that her mother asked plaintiff to enter that particular elevator even though it was on its way up; that plaintiff would be let out on the ground floor when the elevator had completed its round trip to the eighth floor and return. Her testimony is that she entered the elevator and that at the time her mother asked her to enter it her mother told her that she had some matter to talk over with her. The testimony is that she rode to the eighth floor and then back to the first floor, and that she did not leave the elevator then but went again to the eighth floor, and upon the return of the elevator on that trip she rode in it to the basement; that the reason for going to the basement was in order to allow her mother to report to the building engineer that she thought something was wrong with the elevator. Her testimony is that the engineer did something to the handle mechanism of the elevator and then told plaintiff's mother to go ahead with the elevator; that thereupon the plaintiff and her mother re-entered the car and it was taken to the first floor; that on that trip, when they reached the first floor, she stated that she was going to get out of the elevator and go home, and that in reply her mother said, "Just a minute, I want to finish telling you what I started"; and that her mother went on to tell her to make another trip to the eighth floor with her, and that when she returned to the first floor her mother would then let her out. From her testimony it appears that no fewer than three trips from the first floor to the eighth floor and return were made by the plaintiff after she entered the elevator for the purpose of descending to the first floor, so that she might leave the building. Plaintiff's testimony does not show the subject of the matter under discussion between herself and her mother, but her testimony is clear to the effect that the conversation for which she stayed on the elevator was in no way connected with the business of the defendant or any of the tenants of the building, but that the matter under discussion was one of interest only to the plaintiff and the elevator operator, her mother.
The testimony of the plaintiff and of her mother is that for some reason the elevator, during the course of the morning in question, had not been working properly; that when the handle which operated the elevator was pushed down in order to start it in motion the elevator sometimes failed to respond and that it was necessary to push the handle down several times in order to start the car, and that on those occasions, when the car started, it started with a slight jerk. The testimony on behalf of plaintiff is that this matter was brought to the attention of the engineer of the building, and that he in turn called certain service men, who did not appear until after the alleged fall of the elevator. The testimony as to the actual accident is that on the last trip to the eighth floor, and while the plaintiff and her mother were alone in the car, when the handle was pushed down on the elevator for the purpose of starting the descent from the eighth floor, the elevator fell some feet, and that plaintiff was thrown to the floor and suffered the injuries which are the basis of this suit.
The defendant has assigned many errors and most of them concern the propriety of the instructions of the court which left to the jury the determination of whether or not the plaintiff at the time of the accident was an invitee on the premises of the defendant or merely a licensee. It is the defendant's view that plaintiff was not an invitee, as a matter of law, and with that view we agree.
The court instructed the jury, as a matter of law, that at the time she entered the building plaintiff was an invitee, and that this situation was also true at the time she entered the elevator in the first instance. The court, by appropriate instructions, left to the jury a determination of the question whether or not, between the time she entered the elevator and the time the accident occurred, her status had been changed from that of an invitee to that of a mere licensee. While under many circumstances that question should properly be left to the jury, yet under the facts here that matter should have been determined by the court as a matter of law.
There is no question but that, had plaintiff entered upon the [1, 2] premises of the defendant originally for the sole purpose of discussing personal affairs with defendant's employee, plaintiff's mother, she would have occupied only the status of a mere licensee. The rule is stated in 89 A.L.R. 757, 758: "Generally speaking persons who enter the premises of an employer merely for the purpose of seeing an employee on business unconnected with that of the employer, or for the purpose of paying a social visit to the employee, are at best mere licensees to whom the employer owes no duty save to refrain from acts of wilful and wanton negligence." (Citing many cases.)
In 45 C.J., page 791, it is said: "Persons have been regarded as licensees where they enter premises to visit employees of the owner; to transact with the employees of the owner business in which the owner has no interest."
In the Montana case of Jonosky v. Northern Pacific Ry. Co., 57 Mont. 63, 187 P. 1014, 1015, the court distinguished between an invitee and a mere licensee in this language: "An invitation is inferred where there is a common interest or mutual advantage, while a license is implied where the object is the mere pleasure, convenience, or benefit of the person enjoying the privilege."
It cannot be questioned that, had plaintiff not had occasion to transact business with the defendant or some other tenant of the building, and had she not originally entered upon the premises of the defendant for the purpose of this transaction, and had she been in the elevator only for the purpose originally of discussing matters with defendant's employee, she would never have acquired any status other than that of a licensee. The fact that she had upon her entry into the elevator the standing of an invitee does not mean that that standing would necessarily continue so long as she remained on the premises.
In the case of Chichas v. Foley Bros. Grocery Co., 73 Mont. 575, 236 P. 361, 362, it was said: "An invitee who enters upon portions of the premises upon which he has no right to enter becomes a licensee."
In 45 C.J. 794, the author says: "Where a person has entered [3] on the premises of another by invitation, express or implied, he is bound by that invitation and becomes a bare licensee if he goes for purposes of his own, to some part of the premises other than that to which he was invited, uses the premises for other purposes or in ways other than those for which they are intended, or to which his invitation extends, or remains on the premises beyond a reasonable time after his invitation has expired." And in the same work, at page 830, it is said: "An invitee may lose his status as such by remaining on the premises beyond a reasonable time after his invitation has expired, but a slight delay for a proper purpose after the conclusion of his business does not deprive him of his status as an invitee."
Applying the rules above set out to the fact situation in the [4] present case, it is clear that, as a matter of law, at the time of the accident alleged the plaintiff had ceased to be an invitee and her status was that of a mere licensee on the premises. On the first trip to the eighth floor and return to the first floor it could reasonably be said that the deviation from the necessary route of travel from the banking rooms and the time consumed would be so slight that plaintiff's status as an invitee could not be affected. But the accident in question occurred after the plaintiff had made one other round trip in the elevator and was engaged in making the trip for the third time. The purpose of these trips, as we have said, brings the situation squarely under the rule announced in the Jonosky Case and in the various texts cited. Her business was not with the defendant, or with any of its tenants; nor was her presence in the elevator on these added trips connected with anything that could be of benefit to the defendant or any of its tenants. The purpose of her presence was to discuss matters of a personal nature with one of the defendant's employees, and the matter under discussion was something merely in plaintiff's interest and for her own purposes.
Plaintiff urges that her mother did have authority to invite [5] her to enter and ride in the elevator and to remain in it, and that in so doing she was acting within the scope of her authority, and that the defendant is bound by such an invitation. Under the circumstances, where the purpose of remaining in the elevator was only for the convenience of plaintiff and her mother in discussing personal matters, there is no merit in that argument. ( Crawford v. Rice, (5 Cir.) 36 Fed. 199.)
The facts are not in dispute as to the extra trips made in the elevator, nor of the purposes of those trips. There is no fact situation so far as the determination of plaintiff's status is concerned to be determined by the jury. Therefore the court erred in refusing to instruct the jury that as a matter of law the plaintiff was a mere licensee upon the premises of the defendant at the time of the accident here alleged.
In plaintiff's brief she argues that even though it should be [6] granted that she were not an invitee, yet the court did not err for the reason that even though she were a mere licensee she still could recover from this defendant, and that therefore any errors in the instruction on the point we have discussed would be harmless. With that view we cannot agree.
The degree of duty owing to this plaintiff was entirely different if she were a mere licensee from what it would be if she were an invitee. In instruction 16 the court said that if the jury found "plaintiff was an invitee in the passenger elevator of the defendant at the time of the alleged accident, then you are instructed that at said time it was the duty of the defendant to the plaintiff to exercise the highest degree of care in the operation and maintenance of said elevator." Instruction No. 17 is to the same effect. Other instructions premised upon the theory that plaintiff was an invitee lay down this same rule as to the degree of care owing to the plaintiff in that situation. In Instruction 26 the court said: "If plaintiff did at sometime after first entering said elevator lose her status as an invitee and become a mere licensee and did remain as a licensee until the time of the alleged accident, then the only duty owing by the defendant to the plaintiff was to refrain from doing her a wilful or wanton injury until such time as the defendant discovered her presence in the elevator, at which time it was defendant's duty to the plaintiff to exercise reasonable care to avoid injuring her thereafter." Instruction No. 28 is to the same effect.
It should therefore be obvious that entirely different rules are applicable in the two situations. We cannot tell from the verdict whether the jury determined that there was only a slight degree of negligence on the part of the defendant, but that nevertheless the plaintiff was an invitee and therefore entitled to recover, or whether the jury found that plaintiff was a mere licensee but that the negligence of the defendant was wilful or wanton, under the rule stated in McCulloch v. Horton, 102 Mont. 135, 56 P.2d 1344; Fusselman v. Yellowstone Valley Land Irr. Co., 53 Mont. 254, 163 P. 473, Ann. Cas. 1918B, 420; Jonosky v. Northern P. Ry. Co., supra, and Chichas v. Foley Bros. Grocery Co., supra. This court cannot speculate as to what the jury found on these questions, and therefore the error was material and reversible.
Plaintiff's case, as to the existence of negligence, rests [7, 8] solely upon the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur. No affirmative proof of negligence was offered by her. Defendant contends that since plaintiff was a mere licensee she must, in order to recover, prove affirmatively wilful or wanton negligence or a failure to exercise ordinary care once her presence was known and that the doctrine has no application in this case. Defendant further urges that if the doctrine does apply where plaintiff is a mere licensee in the state of this record the presumption raised by the doctrine has been rebutted and it is no longer effective to prove the required degree of negligence. If either one of these arguments is correct, then the motion of defendant for a directed verdict should have been granted.
The latter argument is considered at some length in Vonault v. O'Rourke, 97 Mont. 92, 33 P.2d 535, 540. That was a malpractice case and it was not necessary to prove either wilful or wanton negligence. Because the discussion is so pertinent, it is here set out fully:
"Defendant argues that, by uncontradicted evidence, he overthrew any inference or presumption of negligence arising from the application of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur; in other words, he takes the position that 'where plaintiff relies upon the presumption ( res ipsa loquitur) to establish his case, the introduction of evidence of due care by defendant will make the case one for the court in the sense that the mere presumption will not be given the effect of evidence so as to raise a conflict for jury decision.' (45 C.J. 1224.) There is authority sustaining this rule. The cases wherein such a rule is followed base their conclusion upon the consideration that the presumption expressed by the doctrine is not itself evidence. (45 C.J. 1224; Lawson v. Mobile Electric Co., 204 Ala. 318, 85 So. 257.) This court has held that such a presumption is evidence. ( Maki v. Murray Hospital, supra [ 91 Mont. 251, 7 P.2d 228].) In that case this court said: 'A presumption, which is "a deduction which the law expressly directs to be made from particular facts" (sec. 10602, Rev. Codes 1921), is "indirect evidence" (sec. 10600, Id.), which can only be overcome by other evidence (sec. 10604, Id.).' Again in the same case it was said: 'The applicable doctrine of res ipsa loquitur furnishes prima facie evidence of any such negligence, entitling the plaintiff to have his case go to the jury, unless the circumstances are so satisfactorily explained by the defendant, as to cause the presumption of negligence to "fade away in the face of the contrary facts" ( Welch v. All Persons, 85 Mont. 114, 278 P. 110, 115), or point to freedom from negligence "with such certainty as to preclude any other reasonable hypothesis." ( Nichols v. New York Life Ins. Co., 88 Mont. 132, 292 P. 253, 255.' See, also, West v. Wilson, 90 Mont. 522, 4 P.2d 469; In re Wray's Estate, 93 Mont. 525, 19 P.2d 1051.)
"'No case should ever be withdrawn from the jury, declared by statute to be the sole judges of the facts, unless the evidence is susceptible of but one construction by reasonable men, and that in favor of defendant, or where the evidence is in such condition that, if the jury were to return a verdict in favor of the plaintiff, it would become the duty of the court to set it aside.' ( Johnson v. Herring, 89 Mont. 420, 300 P. 535, 536.)
"We are unwilling to say that the evidence in this case is susceptible of but one construction by reasonable men. 'The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur does not cast upon the defendant the burden of disproving negligence in the sense of making it incumbent upon him to establish freedom from negligence by a preponderance of the evidence.' (20 R.C.L. 195; Johnson v. Herring, supra; Maki v. Murray Hospital, supra.) The doctrine does not alter the general rule that the burden is upon the plaintiff throughout the case to prove the negligence complained of. ( Lyon v. Chicago, etc., R. Co., 50 Mont. 532, 148 P. 386; Sweeney v. Erving, 228 U.S. 233, 33 Sup. Ct. 416, 57 L.Ed. 815, annotation and collection of cases, Ann. Cas. 1914D, 908.) However, the plaintiff may establish his case (and satisfy the requirement as to burden of proof) by means of indirect or circumstantial evidence. ( Boyd v. Great Northern Ry. Co., 84 Mont. 84, 274 P. 293; Sweeney v. Erving, supra.)
"In the case of Moffett v. Bozeman Canning Co., 95 Mont. 347, 26 P.2d 973, 977, this court held that: 'A fact may be established by indirect evidence, or that which tends to establish the fact by proving another which, though true, does not of itself conclusively establish that fact, but which affords an inference (sec. 10601, Rev. Codes 1921) or presumption (sec. 10605, Id.) of its existence. * * * Further, the solution of any issue in a civil case may rest entirely upon circumstantial evidence; the law makes no distinction as to the probative value of this class of evidence and direct evidence.' ( Williams v. Brownfield Canty Carpet Co., 95 Mont. [364] 365, 26 P.2d 980.)
"In this case, under the rule of res ipsa loquitur, the circumstances proved by plaintiff are such as to point by fair and reasonable inference to the conclusion that the defendant was guilty of negligence. They are sufficient to take the case out of the realm of conjecture and to support a finding by the jury that defendant was guilty of negligence. ( Boyd v. Great Northern R. Co., supra; Johnson v. Herring, supra.)
"The evidence offered by defendant tended to rebut the inference arising from the prima facie case established by plaintiff, but we are unable to say that defendant's evidence was so overwhelming as to cause the presumption of negligence to 'fade away in the face of contrary facts' or point to freedom from negligence 'with such certainty as to preclude any other reasonable hypothesis.' ( Johnson v. Herring, supra.) It was for the jury to weigh the facts and circumstances proved by the defendant against the presumption upon which plaintiff relied. ( Sweeney v. Erving, supra; Johnson v. Herring, supra; Maki v. Murray Hospital, supra; Boyd v. Great Northern R. Co. See, also, annotations and collection of authorities in 16 L.R.A. (n.s.) 527, and in Ann. Cas. 1914D, 908.)"
We agree that what was said by the court in that case is correct; however, when applied to the facts in this case the opposite result must be reached. Defendant's testimony and the physical facts so completely rebut any presumption of willful or wanton negligence or of lack of ordinary care after plaintiff's presence was discovered that reasonable men could not disagree on it. Were plaintiff an invitee and the defendant in a position where the highest degree of care was necessary, the result might be otherwise.
The unrefuted testimony on the part of the defendant shows that the elevator was of modern design, that it had recently been completely overhauled by men trained in the construction and installation of elevators, that it was equipped with many safety devices, including brakes, automatic catches for stopping it within a few inches if it did fall, that it was counterbalanced so that if anything happened the car would rise rather than fall, that the motor operated at a fixed speed which could not be increased, that it was regularly inspected by experts, and that many other precautions were taken to insure that no accident would befall. In addition, the testimony for the defendant shows that on the morning in question an employee could find nothing wrong with the elevator at the time plaintiff's mother complained that it was not working properly, that immediately after the fall testified to by plaintiff the elevator was operated by other employees; that experts examined it carefully and could find nothing wrong with it; that no repairs or changes were made after this incident but that the elevator has been in continuous service from then to the time of the trial without any trouble. All of these things point so strongly to a complete lack of willfulness or wantonness or lack of ordinary care as completely to overcome and wipe away any presumption of negligence that might arise under the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, if it does apply in this case. ( Nichols v. New York Life Ins. Co., 88 Mont. 132, 292 P. 253; Welch v. All Persons, supra; Maki v. Murray Hospital, supra; In re Wray's Estate, 93 Mont. 525, 19 P.2d 1051.) This being so, the position of defendant is well taken and the action should be dismissed.
Reversed and cause remanded with direction to dismiss the action.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE JOHNSON and ASSOCIATE JUSTICES ANGSTMAN, ANDERSON and MORRIS concur.