KATZ, J.

This appeal arises from a dispute over whether "absolute pollution" exclusions in the plaintiff's commercial liability policies with the defendants exclude coverage for damages caused by a fuel oil spill from the plaintiff's property into Stamford Harbor. The plaintiff, Heyman Associates No. 1, brought suit against the defendants, the Insurance Company of the State of Pennsylvania (ISOP) and National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (National Union), after the defendants denied coverage based on the exclusions. Both the plaintiff and the defendants moved for summary judgment on select counts of the plaintiff's six count complaint. The trial court ruled in favor of the defendants on both motions and rendered judgment nunc pro tunc on the remaining counts. The plaintiff appealed and raises three primary issues for consideration. We affirm.

The following facts are not disputed. The plaintiff is a general partnership in the business of owning and operating commercial real estate. Late in January, 1991, the United States Coast Guard discovered that a large quantity of fuel oil had leaked from the plaintiff's property into Stamford Harbor. By letter dated February 1, 1991, the Coast Guard informed the plaintiff that as the party responsible for the spill, it was "liable for, among other things, removal costs and damages resulting from th[e] incident." In its letter, the Coast Guard required that, inter alia, the plaintiff "[i]dentify and remediate" the oil's impact on the water, shoreline and affected wildlife. Further, the Coast Guard explained that under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the plaintiff's failure to remediate the incident or to comply with necessary administrative orders would subject it to substantial civil penalties. In response to the Coast Guard's letter, the plaintiff undertook the required remediation of the affected harbor area.

On February 14, 1991, the plaintiff sent to ISOP notice of a claim on its primary comprehensive general liability insurance policy in effect with ISOP. On April 19, 1991, the plaintiff notified National Union of a claim on its excess liability policy in effect with National Union. After numerous communications between the parties concerning the fuel oil spill and purported insurance coverage, ISOP denied coverage on March 13, 1991, and National Union denied coverage on June 10, 1991. Each defendant denied coverage relying on an exclusion contained in its insurance policy with the plaintiff.

In response to the denials of coverage, the plaintiff filed in the Superior Court a six count complaint against the defendants alleging that: (1) the policies issued by the defendants provide coverage for property damage claims, and that the defendants have failed to assume their obligation under the policies to defend and indemnify the plaintiff; (2) the defendants waived any defenses to coverage that they may have had because they failed to provide the plaintiff with timely notice of their denials of coverage; (3) National Union acted in violation of the common law and General Statutes § 38a-321 in "wrongful[ly] attempt[ing] to alter and cancel the plaintiff's insurance policy after the plaintiff notified [National Union] of its claim"; (4) the defendants' conduct violated General Statutes §§ 38a-815 and 38a-816(6) of the Connecticut Unfair Insurance Practices Act (CUIPA) and General Statutes § 42-110a et seq. of the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act (CUTPA); (5) the defendants' conduct violated CUIPA under General Statutes §§ 38a-815 and 38a-816(1) and (2); and (6) the defendants breached their duty of good faith and fair dealing. The defendants filed an answer to the complaint, along with thirty-five "affirmative defenses," on September 3, 1991. The plaintiff filed its reply to the defendants' affirmative defenses on November 13, 1991.

On September 30, 1991, the plaintiff moved the trial court to grant partial summary judgment and to declare that: (1) the defendants "are obligated under either or both of their insurance policies to pay on behalf of [the plaintiff] any expenses, by way of defense and/or liability, incurred by [the plaintiff] in connection with the fuel oil product spill from [its] property into Stamford Harbor; (2) . . . [the defendants] have waived any purported defenses to coverage as a result of their untimely denials of coverage; and (3) . . . National Union violated [CUIPA] and [CUTPA]." In response, on October 28, 1991, the defendants filed a motion for summary judgment requesting that the trial court declare that, in light of the policy exclusions, they had no duty to defend or to indemnify the plaintiff for costs arising from the fuel oil spill.

On January 7, 1992, the plaintiff served on the defendants a set of requests for the production of documents, seeking, inter alia, broad disclosure of all writings pertaining to the existence and extent of its own insurance coverage. On February 6, 1992, the defendants countered the plaintiff's motion, moving that the trial court grant a protective order authorizing them to withhold disclosure of their responses to the plaintiff's requests for production of documents. In its memorandum of decision of February 25, 1993, the trial court granted the motion for summary judgment in favor of the defendants on the first, second, fourth and fifth counts of the complaint. Further, the trial court denied the plaintiff's request to compel discovery.

On March 12, 1993, the plaintiff filed a motion to open the judgment and/or to reargue the trial court's decision of February 25, 1993, claiming that: (1) newly received information from the commissioner of insurance revealed that the defendants had failed to file the exclusions properly, thereby invalidating the exclusions and requiring summary judgment in its favor as a matter of law; and (2) it had moved for summary judgment only on the first, second and third counts and that the trial court therefore acted improperly in rendering judgment on the first, second, fourth and fifth counts.

On May 17, 1993, the trial court denied the plaintiff's motion, concluding that: (1) the plaintiff had waived consideration of the filing issues by failing to raise them in its memoranda in support of its motion for partial summary judgment and in opposition to the defendants' motion for summary judgment; and (2) it properly had rendered summary judgment on those counts of the complaint that contained CUIPA and CUTPA causes of action. The plaintiff appealed to the Appellate Court, and we thereafter transferred the case to this court pursuant to Practice Book § 4023 and General Statutes § 51-199(c).

I

The plaintiff first claims that the trial court improperly granted the motion for summary judgment in favor of the defendants on the first and second counts of the complaint, the counts related to the defendants' duty to defend and to indemnify it for claims arising from the fuel oil spill. More specifically, the plaintiff claims that the trial court erroneously granted the motion for summary judgment on the basis of its incorrect conclusion that the policy provisions excluded all coverage for its fuel oil spill into Stamford Harbor. In support of this claim, the plaintiff asserts two primary arguments: (1) that the trial court improperly interpreted the meaning of the insurance contracts and the exclusions; and (2) that the trial court wrongly found that the defendants did not waive their right to rely on the policy exclusions. We disagree.

A

On the issue of the trial court's interpretation of the insurance contracts and the pollution exclusions, the plaintiff principally argues that the pollution exclusions do not exclude a fuel oil spill of any type. In the alternative, the plaintiff avers that even if the clauses may exclude fuel oil spills under certain circumstances, they do not exclude coverage for a spill of the particular nature involved in this case. Moreover, the plaintiff contends that, at a minimum, the exclusions are ambiguous and therefore should be interpreted against the defendants, requiring summary judgment in its favor. In opposition, the defendants argue that the pollution exclusions unambiguously exclude coverage for damages caused by the release of fuel oil into a waterway such as Stamford Harbor. We agree with the defendants' interpretation of the exclusions and hold that coverage for the plaintiff's fuel oil spill into Stamford Harbor was excluded by the applicable exclusions. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court properly granted the motion for summary judgment in favor of the defendants on the first and second counts of the complaint.

"Under our law, the terms of an insurance policy are to be construed according to the general rules of contract construction. See, e.g., Weingarten v. Allstate Ins. Co., 169 Conn. 502, 509-10, 363 A.2d 1055 [(1975), overruled in part, Streitweiser v. Middlesex Mutual Assurance Co., 219 Conn. 371, 593 A.2d 498 (1991)]; A. M. Larson Co. v. Lawlor Ins. Agency, Inc., 153 Conn. 618, 622, 220 A.2d 32. The determinative question is the intent of the parties, that is, what coverage the . . . [plaintiff] expected to receive and what the defendant was to provide, as disclosed by the provisions of the policy. Marcolini v. Allstate Ins. Co., 160 Conn. 280, 283, 278 A.2d 796. If the terms of the policy are clear and unambiguous, then the language, from which the intention of the parties is to be deduced, must be accorded its natural and ordinary meaning. Weingarten v. Allstate Ins. Co., supra, 509. However, [w]hen the words of an insurance contract are, without violence, susceptible of two [equally responsible] interpretations, that which will sustain the claim and cover the loss must, in preference, be adopted. Raffel v. Travelers Indemnity Co., 141 Conn. 389, 392, 106 A.2d 716; see also 4 [S.] Williston, Contracts (3d Ed. [1961]) § 621." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Griswold v. Union Labor Life Ins. Co., 186 Conn. 507, 512-13, 442 A.2d 920 (1982); see Hammer v. Lumberman's Mutual Casualty Co., 214 Conn. 573, 583-84, 573 A.2d 699 (1990). "[T]his rule of construction favorable to the insured extends to exclusion clauses." Griswold v. Union Labor Life Ins. Co., supra, 514; Smedley Co. v. Employers Mutual Liability Ins. Co., 143 Conn. 510, 513, 123 A.2d 755 (1956).

Our jurisprudence makes clear, however, that "[a]lthough ambiguities are to be construed against the insurer, when the language is plain, no such construction is to be applied." Izzo v. Colonial Penn Ins. Co., 203 Conn. 305, 309-10, 524 A.2d 641 (1987); Gottesman v. Aetna Ins. Co., 177 Conn. 631, 634, 418 A.2d 944 (1979); Smedley Co. v. Employers Mutual Liability Ins. Co., supra, 143 Conn. 513. Indeed, "courts cannot indulge in a forced construction ignoring provisions or so distorting them as to accord a meaning other than that evidently intended by the parties." Plainville v. Travelers Indemnity Co., 178 Conn. 664, 675, 425 A.2d 131 (1979); Porto v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 120 Conn. 196, 200, 180 A. 289 (1935); Komroff v. Maryland Casualty Co., 105 Conn. 402, 405, 135 A. 388 (1926); see Hammer v. Lumberman's Mutual Casualty Co., supra, 214 Conn. 584; Horak v. Middlesex Mutual Assurance Co., 181 Conn. 614, 617, 436 A.2d 783 (1980); see also Aschenbrenner v. United States Fidelity Guaranty Co., 292 U.S. 80, 84, 54 S.Ct. 590, 78 L.Ed. 1137 (1934).

Accordingly, in order to determine whether the exclusions within the plaintiff's policies exclude the fuel oil spill into Stamford Harbor, we must determine whether the policies are clear and unambiguous on this point. More precisely, we must examine whether the language of each policy clause clearly and unambiguously defines "pollutant" to include fuel oil released into a waterway such as the Stamford Harbor. If we so determine, we must then accord that language its natural and ordinary meaning. In other words, if the clauses unambiguously define "pollutant" to include fuel oil spilled into a waterway such as Stamford Harbor, we may not "indulge in a forced construction"; Plainville v. Travelers Indemnity Co., supra, 178 Conn. 675; distorting that plain meaning. This case presents a question of first impression regarding the meaning of "pollutant" as expressed within the context of this exclusion.

The trial court found that the exclusion in ISOP's policy, also known as an "absolute pollution" exclusion due to the breadth and depth of its exclusionary language, excludes coverage for, inter alia, "`bodily injury' or `property damage' arising out of the alleged or threatened discharge, dispersal, release or escape of pollutants . . . ." Further, it found that the clause excludes coverage for "any loss, cost or expense arising out of any governmental direction or request that you test for, monitor, clean up, remove, contain, treat, detoxify or neutralize pollutants." The exclusion clause also specifies that "[p]ollutants means any solid, liquid, gaseous or thermal irritant or contaminant, including smoke, vapor, soot, fumes, acids, alkalis, chemicals and waste material. Waste material includes materials which are intended to be or have been recycled, reconditioned or reclaimed. " The trial court found that the exclusion contained in National Union's policy embodies similar exclusionary language.

The plain language of the absolute pollution exclusion clause therefore makes clear that a liquid is an excluded "pollutant" if it may be characterized as an "irritant" or "contaminant." The dictionary defines "contaminant" as "something that contaminates," and it defines "contaminate" as "to soil, stain, corrupt, or infect by contact or association" or "to render unfit for use by the introduction of unwholesome or undesirable elements." Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1986). Similarly, the dictionary defines "pollutant" as "something that pollutes . . . a polluting substance, medium, or agent," and it defines "pollute" as "to . . . impair the purity of . . . to make physically impure or unclean." Id.

There is no question that the introduction of fuel oil into a waterway such as Stamford Harbor "soils," "corrupts," "infects," and/or "renders unfit for use" the affected water. Fuel oil does not naturally occur in the waters of Stamford Harbor. Moreover, it cannot seriously be disputed that the introduction of fuel oil served to "impair the purity of" the water in the harbor. Indeed, the Coast Guard's swift and intensive investigation of the spill, followed by the plaintiff's substantial remediation efforts, illustrates that the presence of fuel oil in the harbor represents a substantial hazard to the quality of the water and to the wildlife in the area. Thus, an ordinary, lay definition of "pollutant" includes fuel oil spilled in a waterway such as Stamford Harbor.

Additionally, statutory definitions of "pollutant" or "pollution" indicate that "pollutant" within an absolute pollution exclusion includes fuel oil spilled into a waterway. General Statutes § 22a-451(a) provides in relevant part: "Any person, firm or corporation which directly or indirectly causes pollution and contamination of any land or waters of the state or causes an emergency through the discharge, spillage, uncontrolled loss, seepage or filtration of oil or petroleum. . . deemed by the commissioner to be a potential threat to human health or the environment and removed by the commissioner shall be liable for all costs and expenses . . . ." (Emphasis added.) General Statutes § 22a-448(4) defines "oil or petroleum" for the purposes of § 22a-451(a) as "oil or petroleum of any kind or in any form including but not limited to . . . fuel oil . . . ." Thus, we find that the plain meaning of the exclusions demonstrates the intention of the parties to exclude from coverage as a "pollutant" oil spilled into Stamford Harbor.

Moreover, we find persuasive those authorities recognizing that a petroleum product, when released into a waterway, clearly constitutes a "pollutant" within the meaning of the absolute pollution exclusion. Union Mutual Fire Ins. Co. v. Hatch, 835 F. Sup. 59, 64-66 (D. N.H. 1993) (under New Hampshire law, gasoline that leaked into soil and ground water is "pollutant" within meaning of absolute pollution exclusion); Guilford Industries Inc. v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., 688 F. Sup. 792, 793 (D. Me. 1988) (under Maine law, fuel oil that spilled into river is "pollutant" within meaning of absolute pollution exclusion), aff'd, 879 F.2d 853 (1st Cir. 1989); see United States v. Standard Oil Co., 384 U.S. 224, 226, 86 S.Ct. 1427, 16 L.Ed.2d 492 (1966) ("[the] presence [of gasoline] in our rivers and harbors is both a menace to navigation and a pollutant"); see also American States Ins. Co. v. F.H.S., Inc., 843 F. Sup. 187, 189-90 (S.D. Miss. 1994) (absolute pollution exclusion unambiguously excludes coverage for harm caused by accidental release of ammonia into atmosphere).

Despite this clear and unambiguous meaning of "pollutant," the plaintiff argues that we must look beyond the plain language to uncover an intended, yet unexpressed, limitation on the scope of the definition of "pollutant." The plaintiff contends that because some courts have interpreted the absolute pollution exclusion as not excluding coverage in certain instances, we should not rely on the exclusions here without a clear expression of the parties' intent to include a fuel oil spill within the meaning of "pollutant." Each of these cases is distinguishable and none answers whether oil in a waterway is a pollutant. Further, the plaintiff's citation of cases finding an "ambiguity" in the absolute pollution exclusion, either on its face or as applied, fails to convince us that the clause is ambiguous as applied to the particular facts of this case.

We conclude, therefore, that the clear and unambiguous language of the absolute pollution exclusions excludes coverage for the plaintiff's spill of fuel oil into Stamford Harbor. Accordingly, we may not look to evidence outside the insurance contracts to vary or distort that plain meaning. See Leathermode Sportswear, Inc. v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., 150 Conn. 63, 66, 186 A.2d 79 (1962) ("[t]he effect of the [insurance] contract must be determined by the intent expressed in it and not by an extraneous intent which may be claimed or believed to have been in the minds of the parties"); see also Hammer v. Lumberman's Mutual Casualty Co., supra, 214 Conn. 584.

B

The plaintiff also argues that the trial court incorrectly determined that the defendants did not waive their right to rely on the policy exclusions. Specifically, the plaintiff argues that the lapse in time between the filing of its claims with the defendants and the subsequent denials of coverage amounted, as a matter of law, to a waiver of their policy defenses. We disagree.

Waiver is the intentional relinquishment of a known right. Wadia Enterprises, Inc. v. Hirschfeld, 224 Conn. 240, 251, 618 A.2d 506 (1992); Olean v. Treglia, 190 Conn. 756, 772, 463 A.2d 242 (1983); Multiplastics, Inc. v. Arch Industries, Inc., 166 Conn. 280, 286, 348 A.2d 618 (1974); Brauer v. Freccia, 159 Conn. 289, 295, 268 A.2d 645 (1970). A waiver occurs, therefore, only if there is both knowledge of the existence of the right and intent to relinquish it. Novella v. Hartford Accident Indemnity Co., 163 Conn. 552, 562, 316 A.2d 394 (1972); see 16B J. J. Appleman, Insurance Law and Practice (1981) § 9081, p. 491.

In the insurance context, moreover, it has been recognized that "a contract, under the guise of waiver, [may not] be reformed to create a liability for a condition specifically excluded by the specific terms of the policy." 16B J. J. Appleman, supra, § 9090, pp. 584-85. This limitation on the applicability of waiver to an insurance contract recognizes that because waiver requires the relinquishment of a known, and therefore existing, right within the insurance contract, a party cannot create through waiver coverage for a claim that the parties expressly had excluded from that contract. See id., p. 588.

Nonetheless, the plaintiff argues that we should follow the precedent of those courts recognizing, in the plaintiff's view, that an insurer may waive its right to assert an exclusion under certain circumstances. See, e.g., Val Drugs, Inc. v. Lynn, 402 F. Sup. 174 (W.D.N.Y. 1975); Hartford Ins. Co. v. Nassau, 46 N.Y.2d 1028, 389 N.E.2d 1061, 416 N.Y.S.2d 539 (1979). These cases are distinguishable from the present case, however, because they are based not on the requirements of waiver, but on either equitable principles of estoppel; see, e.g., Val Drugs, Inc. v. Lynn, supra, 177; or a court's interpretation of a specific statute regulating disclaimers of coverage. Hartford Ins. Co. v. Nassau, supra, 1029 (citing New York insurance statute governing timeliness of disclaimers). Because the plaintiff failed to establish the elements of estoppel at trial, it has no basis to argue estoppel on appeal and these cases are inapposite. Consequently, we find that the trial court properly rejected the plaintiff's waiver claim.

II

The plaintiff next claims that the trial court improperly denied it the opportunity to conduct discovery to oppose the defendants' motion for summary judgment. In support of its claim, it argues that its motion for partial summary judgment "is based on the premise that the exclusions at issue are limited and do not apply to fuel oil, or that the exclusions are ambiguous and are inapplicable as a matter of law. If this Court is not persuaded by these arguments, however, [the plaintiff] is entitled to conduct discovery to prove that the exclusions are limited and do not apply to the facts of this case." (Emphasis added.) Further, the plaintiff contends that it may move for summary judgment on its interpretation of the policies, yet seek discovery to defend against the defendants' motion for summary judgment on the very same issue. The plaintiff specifies that it is entitled to discovery for the following reasons: (1) to prove a latent ambiguity in the absolute pollution exclusion; (2) to show the intent of the drafters of the absolute pollution exclusion; (3) to ascertain the existence of the defendants' filings with state insurance regulators or any representations made by the defendants in marketing the policies; and (4) to determine the actual terms of its policy with National Union. Although we agree in principle that a plaintiff can move for summary judgment on some claims and still receive discovery as to the remaining ones; see, e.g., American Fidelity Casualty Co. v. London Edinburgh Ins. Co., 354 F.2d 214, 216 (4th Cir. 1965); we find that the trial court properly denied the plaintiff further discovery in this case.

A

Our analysis and holding in part I of this opinion necessarily dictates our rejection of the plaintiff's first and second discovery arguments. As we discussed therein, there is no ambiguity in the absolute pollution exclusions as applied to the facts of this case. Instead, we find that the clear and unambiguous language of the absolute pollution exclusions in the plaintiff's policies with the defendants excludes coverage for the fuel oil spill into Stamford Harbor. Discovery as to these materials is therefore inappropriate here because any evidence possibly derived from them would be inadmissible under the parol evidence rule.

"As we have so often noted, the parol evidence rule is not a rule of evidence, but a substantive rule of contract law. Security Equities v. Giamba, 210 Conn. 71, 77-78, 553 A.2d 1135 (1989); Damora v. Christ-Janer, 184 Conn. 109, 113, 441 A.2d 61 (1981); Cohn v. Dunn, 111 Conn. 342, 346, 149 A. 851 (1930); see also 2 Restatement (Second), Contracts § 213, comment (a) [1981]; 3 A. Corbin, [Contracts (1960)] § 573; 4 S. Williston, [Contracts (3d Ed. 1961)] § 631. The rule is premised upon the idea that `when the parties have deliberately put their engagements into writing, in such terms as import a legal obligation, without any uncertainty as to the object or extent of such engagement, it is conclusively presumed, that the whole engagement of the parties, and the extent and manner of their understanding, was reduced to writing. After this, to permit oral testimony, or prior or contemporaneous conversations, or circumstances, or usages [etc.], in order to learn what was intended, or to contradict what is written, would be dangerous and unjust in the extreme.' Glendale Woolen Co. v. The Protection Ins. Co., 21 Conn. 19, 37 (1851).

"The parol evidence rule does not of itself, therefore, forbid the presentation of `parol evidence,' that is, evidence outside the four corners of the contract concerning matters governed by an integrated contract, but forbids only the use of such evidence to vary or contradict the terms of such a contract. Parol evidence offered solely to vary or contradict the written terms of an integrated contract is, therefore, legally irrelevant. When offered for that purpose, it is inadmissible not because it is parol evidence, but because it is irrelevant. By implication, such evidence may still be admissible if relevant `(1) to explain an ambiguity appearing in the instrument; (2) to prove a collateral oral agreement which does not vary the terms of the writing; (3) to add a missing term in a writing which indicates on its face that it does not set forth the complete agreement; or (4) to show mistake or fraud.' Jay Realty, Inc. v. Ahearn Development Corporation, 189 Conn. 52, 56, 453 A.2d 771 (1983). These recognized `exceptions' are, of course, only examples of situations where the evidence (1) does not vary or contradict the contract's terms, or (2) may be considered because the contract has been shown not to be integrated; or (3) tends to show that the contract should be defeated or altered on the equitable ground that `relief can be had against any deed or contract in writing founded in mistake or fraud.' Noble v. Comstock, 3 Conn. 295, 299 (1820); see also Dale v. Gear, 38 Conn. 15, 18-19 (1871) (agency, trust, equitable relation or equity may be shown by parol evidence)." TIE Communications, Inc. v. Kopp, 218 Conn. 281, 288-89, 589 A.2d 329 (1991).

Because we hold that the absolute pollution exclusions are unambiguous as applied to the facts of this case, the parol evidence rule bars the introduction of any extrinsic evidence to vary or contradict the plain meaning of the term "pollutant" as it is used in those exclusions. Because we determine that the plain meaning of "pollutant" includes fuel oil that has been spilled into a waterway such as Stamford Harbor, we may not look to extrinsic evidence of the exclusion's drafting history to find a contrary meaning. Such evidence is "irrelevant" to the case. Thus, because a party is entitled to discovery only as to information material to the case or likely to lead to admissible evidence; Practice Book § 218; the trial court properly denied the plaintiff's discovery request as to these materials.

The plaintiff also argues that the trial court wrongly denied its request for discovery to prove a "latent ambiguity" in the absolute pollution exclusions. The plaintiff suggests that it is entitled "to make a reasonable attempt to discover evidence on the issue of applying the contract to the subject matter with which it deals, and thereby raise a fact issue on latent ambiguity." See CBI Industries v. National Union Fire Ins. Co., 860 S.W.2d 662, 665-66 (Tex.App. 1993), writ granted, 37 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 670 (1994). Because we find that the plaintiff has failed to proffer any evidence suggesting the existence of a latent ambiguity, we conclude that the trial court correctly denied the plaintiff's request for discovery on this issue.

The concept of "latent ambiguity" has been described as follows: "A latent ambiguity arises from extraneous or collateral facts which make the meaning of a written instrument uncertain although the language thereof be clear and unambiguous. The usual instance of a latent ambiguity is one in which a writing refers to a particular person or thing and is thus apparently clear on its face, but upon application to external objects is found to fit two or more of them equally." 4 S. Williston, supra, § 627, p. 898. In Connecticut, the vast majority of cases considering a claim of latent ambiguity have arisen in three limited contexts: (1) interpretation of statutes; see, e.g., Rose v. Freedom of Information Commission, 221 Conn. 217, 226-27, 602 A.2d 1019 (1992); Elections Review Committee of the Eighth Utilities District v. Freedom of Information Commission, 219 Conn. 685, 693-94, 595 A.2d 313 (1991); (2) interpretation of wills or trusts; see, e.g., Connecticut National Bank Trust Co. v. Chadwick, 217 Conn. 260, 269-73, 585 A.2d 1189 (1991); Beardsley v. Merry, 136 Conn. 573, 576-77, 72 A.2d 829 (1950); and (3) interpretation of deeds to real property. See, e.g., Apostles of the Sacred Heart v. Curott, 187 Conn. 591, 598, 448 A.2d 157 (1982); Young Men's Christian Assn. v. Zemel Bros., Inc., 171 Conn. 310, 311-12, 370 A.2d 937 (1976).

In fact, the plaintiff can offer no Connecticut precedent to support its reliance on latent ambiguity. Instead, it contends that this court should follow the approach adopted by an intermediate appellate court in Texas. See CBI Industries v. National Union Fire Ins. Co., supra, 860 S.W.2d 665-66. In CBI Industries, the plaintiff, a contractor at an oil refinery, brought suit against its various insurers seeking a declaration of coverage for claims arising from its accidental release of hydrofluoric acid into the atmosphere. Id., 664. The insurers subsequently brought a motion for summary judgment based on the absolute pollution exclusions in their insurance policies with the plaintiff. In response, the plaintiff claimed that the terms "pollution," "pollutants," and "to pollute," were ambiguous, and that discovery was required in order to show the ambiguities and permit an accurate construction of the exclusions. Id. Thereafter, the trial court granted the motion in favor of the insurers after the plaintiff had time only to procure affidavits from its own personnel and some unauthenticated documents of testimony presented to the state insurance agency. Id.

On appeal, the Court of Appeals of Texas reversed the trial court's grant of the motion for summary judgment. Id., 665-67. In doing so, the court held that the plaintiff was entitled to a reasonable period of time to attempt to locate evidence of a "latent ambiguity." Id., 665. Further, the court listed four pieces of summary judgment evidence, including testimony before the state insurance agency, filings made to the state and communications between third parties, to support its conclusion that the plaintiff had raised an issue of "latent ambiguity." Id., 666.

We decline to follow the rationale of the CBI Industries decision. Although the opinion couches its result in terms of "latent ambiguity," its reference to extrinsic pieces of evidence such as drafting history and third party communications suggests that the court uses the phrase "latent ambiguity" actually to mean nothing more than "varying the plain and unambiguous language of the exclusion with extrinsic evidence of intent." In essence, this decision has little to do with external facts creating an ambiguity in otherwise clear and unambiguous language, the traditional view of latent ambiguity, but seems to require a court, regardless of the clarity of the language utilized and the absence of irreconcilable external facts, always to consider extrinsic evidence of the parties' intent. Taken to its logical conclusion, this rule likely would prohibit a motion for summary judgment on any contract claim as long as a litigant proffers some extrinsic evidence of the parties' unexpressed intent. Consequently, we find that the trial court properly denied the plaintiff discovery on this issue.

B

The plaintiff also argues that the trial court improperly denied it the opportunity to obtain discovery regarding whether the defendants had filed the exclusions with state insurance regulators and received approval for the use of those exclusions. The plaintiff contends that such discovery would show that the defendants failed to file the exclusions or to obtain approval before using them in their policies. It asserts that if the defendants had failed to file the exclusions and to receive prior approval, the exclusions are invalid and it would be entitled to summary judgment in its favor on the issues of the defendants' duties to defend and to indemnify.

In its memorandum of decision on the plaintiff's motion to open the judgment and/or to reargue, the trial court found, however, that the plaintiff had waived its right to assert the defendants' alleged failure to file and receive approval for the exclusions. The trial court noted that the plaintiff, by moving for summary judgment on its claims based on the insurance contracts, necessarily represented that there existed no genuine issue of material fact on the issue of contractual interpretation and that the trial court could therefore rule on those claims as a matter of law.

Refusing to permit discovery on this filing issue, the trial court recognized that the plaintiff had failed to raise that particular legal argument in any of its memoranda in support of its motion for partial summary judgment or in opposition to the defendants' motion for summary judgment. Further, the trial court determined that the plaintiff had discussed the filing and approval requirements of General Statutes § 38a-676 for the first time in its motion to reargue, dated March 12, 1993. The trial court also emphasized that the plaintiff, before moving for partial summary judgment, should have sought and could have received full discovery as to whether the defendants had filed the exclusions properly. We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the plaintiff's motion to open the judgment and/or to reargue and therefore conclude that it properly denied the plaintiff the opportunity to seek discovery on this issue.

"The principles that govern motions to open or set aside a civil judgment are well established. Within four months of the date of the original judgment, Practice Book § 326 vests discretion in the trial court to determine whether there is a good and compelling reason for its modification or vacation. . . . Gillis v. Gillis, 214 Conn. 336, 340-41, 572 A.2d 323 (1990); Sanchez v. Warden, 214 Conn. 23, 35, 570 A.2d 673 (1990); Acheson v. White, 195 Conn. 211, 214-15, 487 A.2d 197 (1985); Steve Viglione Sheet Metal Co. v. Sakonchick, 190 Conn. 707, 713, 462 A.2d 1037 (1983). Hirtle v. Hirtle, 217 Conn. 394, 398, 586 A.2d 578 (1991). In determining whether the trial court abused its discretion, this court must make every reasonable presumption in favor of its action. State v. Bitting, 162 Conn. 1, 11, 291 A.2d 240 (1971); E.M. Loew's Enterprises, Inc. v. Surabian, 146 Conn. 608, 612, 153 A.2d 463 (1959). . . . Walton v. New Hartford, 223 Conn. 155, 169, 612 A.2d 1153 (1992)." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Somers v. LeVasseur, 230 Conn. 560, 570-71, 645 A.2d 993 (1994).

Similarly, the trial court may, in its discretion, permit reargument on the judgment, and we may disturb its decision only if it is an abuse of that discretion. See Ideal Financing Assn. v. LaBonte, 120 Conn. 190, 195-96, 180 A. 300 (1935). We must find such abuse of discretion if the trial court's decision results in "a miscarriage of justice." Id., 196.

We cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion in denying the plaintiff's motion to open the judgment and/or to reargue. Although the plaintiff now argues that it had no meaningful opportunity to seek discovery from the commissioner of insurance and that the trial court's protective order precluded it from obtaining any information related to the filings from the defendants, it is noteworthy that the plaintiff, not the defendants, moved for summary judgment on the contract claims. Indeed, the defendants moved for and received a protective order permitting them to withhold discovery related to the insurance contracts only after the plaintiff filed its motion for partial summary judgment. We cannot find fault in the trial court's rejection of the plaintiff's pleas of insufficient time when the plaintiff's own actions had accelerated the very process of which it complained.

Further, although the plaintiff claims that it clearly had raised this precise filing issue in its motion for partial summary judgment and supporting memoranda, our reading of the record shows that the plaintiff had sought discovery on the defendants' filings with the commissioner of insurance only to show the defendants' intent regarding the exclusionary language and to raise an issue of material fact about the actual contents of the exclusions. For example, the plaintiff cited in its memorandum in support of its motion for partial summary judgment Gerrish Corp. v. Universal Underwriters Ins. Co., 947 F.2d 1023 (2d Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 973, 112 S.Ct. 2939, 119 L.Ed.2d 564 (1992), which concluded that a filing with the state by an insurance rating organization bound that organization's member-insurer to the terms of its policy as amended by the filing. Because this case and the plaintiff's other references do not discuss the consequences of an insurer's failure to file an exclusion and therefore certainly did not go so far as to raise a claim that such a failure to file renders an exclusion void, we cannot hold that the trial court abused its discretion in not granting the motion to open the judgment and/or to reargue based on the force of these vague references. Our conclusion on this point is further buttressed by our determination that the exclusions are clear and unambiguous as applied to the facts of this case.

C

The plaintiff also claims that the trial court improperly denied it access to discovery on the issue of what pollutants exclusion, if any, can be considered part of its National Union policy. In support of this claim, the plaintiff argues that because one binder issued by National Union refers to "Pollution" and another binder refers to "Absolute Pollution," there remains an issue of fact as to which version of the pollution exclusion was supposed to be in its policy. The plaintiff emphasizes that its inability to obtain a copy of the policy or policies reflected in the binders heightens its need for discovery to ascertain the exact policy language. We reject this argument as directly contrary to the plaintiff's own admissions and the findings of the trial court.

In moving for partial summary judgment, the plaintiff expressly stated to the court that "there are no facts in dispute which would prevent this Court from ruling on either [the plaintiff's] insurance coverage or CUTPA and CUIPA claims. Therefore, summary judgment is appropriate under Connecticut law." In doing so, the plaintiff acknowledged, in effect, that the trial court could treat its insurance coverage claim as a matter of law. See Practice Book § 384. Indeed, the plaintiff stated in its memorandum accompanying the motion that "[a]s explained below, this policy [the original ten million dollar policy with National Union containing the exclusion in question] was extended to cover the period at issue in this case." Despite these clear statements to the trial court, the plaintiff later responded to the defendants' motion for summary judgment by claiming that the actual language of its policy with National Union remained an issue of material fact.

On the basis of the prior admissions of the plaintiff, the trial court permissibly disregarded the plaintiff's subsequent protest that there existed an issue of fact relating to its National Union policy. See C. Tait J. LaPlante, Connecticut Evidence (2d Ed. 1988) § 6.7.1 (discussing conclusive effect of judicial admissions). The trial court appropriately considered the affidavits and other proof in making its factual determination concerning the contents of the relevant insurance policies. As to the plaintiff's policy with National Union, the trial court found that it contained an exclusion equivalent to that in the ISOP policy. Because the plaintiff submitted ample evidence with its motion for partial summary judgment to support this determination, we conclude that the trial court's finding was not clearly erroneous. See Practice Book § 4061; Doyle v. Kulesza, 197 Conn. 101, 105, 495 A.2d 1074 (1985). Consequently, the trial court properly denied the plaintiff's request for further discovery on that issue.

III

Finally, the plaintiff claims that the trial court improperly rendered summary judgment in favor of the defendants on the third, fourth and fifth counts of the complaint. The plaintiff contends that the third count of the complaint alleged a violation of General Statutes § 38a-816, specifically § 38a-816(1)(f), and that the trial court mistakenly granted the motion for summary judgment against it on that count applying an analysis inappropriate to a claim under that statutory subsection. Further, the plaintiff asserts that the trial court erred in granting the motion for summary judgment on the fourth and fifth counts of the complaint because neither the defendants nor the plaintiff had moved for summary judgment on those counts. We reject these claims.

We have previously recognized that CUTPA and CUIPA claims both "ordinarily involve different factual inquiries" and that "the duties ordinarily associated with them derive from different sources" than claims that rely instead on an underlying insurance contract. Lees v. Middlesex Ins. Co., 219 Conn. 644, 653, 594 A.2d 952 (1991). In a CUTPA or CUIPA claim, "the insurer's liability is ordinarily based on its conduct in settling or failing to settle the insured's claim and on its claims settlement policies in general. The factual inquiry focuses, not on the nature of the loss and the terms of the insurance contract, but on the conduct of the insurer. . . . In a CUIPA and CUTPA claim, the insurer's duty stems not from the private insurance agreement but from a duty imposed by statute." Id. Thus, when the plaintiff moved for partial summary judgment on the issue of whether "National Union violated the Connecticut Unfair Insurance Practices Act and the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act" and expressly stated that "there are no facts in dispute which would prevent this Court from ruling on . . . [its] CUTPA and CUIPA claims," it acknowledged that the court could treat the issue as a question of law. See Practice Book §§ 380, 384. Further, the defendants filed no affidavits in connection with this claim and thereby raised no genuine issue of material fact.

We have scrutinized the plaintiff's motion for partial summary judgment, the defendants' motion for summary judgment and all the supporting memoranda, and conclude that the trial court properly rendered summary judgment in favor of the defendants. Although the plaintiff contends that the trial court "confused" the various counts in the complaint and granted summary judgment on the wrong counts, we are persuaded that the trial court carefully reviewed the plaintiff's factual allegations in light of the defendants' motion for summary judgment. Moreover, it is clear that the trial court reasonably construed the plaintiff's motion for partial summary judgment, and correctly ruled on the merits of those arguments presented to the court.

A

In its motion for partial summary judgment, the plaintiff moved the trial court to find that: (1) the defendants "are obligated under either or both of their insurance policies to pay on behalf of [the plaintiff any expenses, by way of defense and/or liability, incurred by [the plaintiff] in connection with the fuel oil product spill from [its] property into Stamford Harbor; (2) . . . [the defendants] have waived any purported defenses to coverage as a result of their untimely denials of coverage; and (3) National Union violated the Connecticut Unfair Insurance Practices Act and the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act." The plaintiff supported this motion with a memorandum referring generally to "the Connecticut Unfair Insurance Practices Act" and "the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act", while also referring more specifically to §§ " 38a-815 et seq.," " 38a-816" and " 38a-816(1)(f)" of CUIPA and "§ 42-110(b)" of CUTPA.

Although the plaintiff now claims that the third count of the complaint alleged a violation of General Statutes § 38a-816, that count made no mention whatsoever of that statute. The third count alleged in relevant part: "National Union's wrongful attempts to alter and to cancel insurance policies subsequent to notification of a claim from their policyholder constitute breach of contract, misrepresentation, and violations of common law as well as C.G.S. Sections 38a-321, all to the harm and detriment of the Plaintiff." (Emphasis added.) Section 38a-321 is entitled "Liability of insurer under liability policy," and it is not within either CUTPA or CUIPA. It is evident that the trial court applied its CUTPA and CUIPA analysis only to the fourth and fifth counts, the two counts stating causes of action under CUTPA and CUIPA. Indeed, it became clear that the trial court had not expressly analyzed the third count in its memorandum of decision on the motion for summary judgment when it subsequently, and without opposition, granted judgment nunc pro tunc on the third and sixth counts. See footnote 15. Thus, this claim relating to the third count is meritless.

B

The plaintiff also claims that the trial court improperly granted the motion for summary judgment in favor of the defendants on the fourth and fifth counts of the complaint. The plaintiff contends that because it had moved for partial summary judgment only on the third count and not on the fourth and fifth counts, the trial court improperly granted the motion for summary judgment sua sponte on the fourth and fifth counts.

As discussed previously, the plaintiff broadly moved in its motion for partial summary judgment that the court declare "that National Union violated the Connecticut Unfair Insurance Practices Act and the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act." By doing so, it represented to the court, in effect, that there existed no genuine issue of material fact relative to those claims. The wording of this portion of the motion, however, implicitly created two problems for the trial court. First, the language failed to specify the particular count or counts in the complaint upon which the plaintiff was moving. Second, this language failed to articulate the specific section or sections of CUTPA or CUIPA upon which the plaintiff was relying.

As to the first problem, it is clear from the memorandum of decision that the trial court, despite the plaintiff's numbering of this part of its motion as "(3)," recognized that the plaintiff was not moving for summary judgment on the third count of its complaint. As stated previously, the third count of the complaint specifically referenced only § 38a-321. Instead, the trial court correctly discerned that the substance of the plaintiff's argument related only to the fourth and fifth counts, the counts expressly referencing sections of CUTPA and CUIPA, and that the designation "(3)" referred only to that claim's relative position within the motion for partial summary judgment.

As to the second problem, the trial court obviously treated the plaintiff's motion as one for summary judgment on the fourth and fifth counts of the complaint. In doing so, the trial court necessarily ruled on the plaintiff's claims under § 38a-816(1), (2) and (6) of CUIPA, as well as General Statutes § 42-110 et seq. of CUTPA. The plaintiff now argues that it had moved for summary judgment only on its count grounded in § 38a-816(1) and (2), which the plaintiff now argues is the third count but, in fact, is the fifth count of the complaint. More precisely, the plaintiff contends that the trial court: (1) improperly granted the motion for summary judgment in favor of the defendants on its claim under § 38a-816(1) and (2); and (2) improperly had considered on the motion its claim pursuant to § 38a-816(6) because it had not moved for summary judgment on that claim. We disagree.

1

Section 38a-816(1) prohibits misrepresentations and false advertising of insurance policies. Section 38a-816(2) prohibits false information and advertising generally. The plaintiff alleges in its complaint that the defendants have violated, inter alia, these sections by the following conduct: their "wrongful attempts to alter and to cancel the Plaintiff's insurance policies"; the response to the plaintiff's notice and claims for coverage; misrepresentations as to the terms, facts, conditions, and provisions of insurance policies; false advertising; and/or false information and/or advertising generally. The factual basis for this motion was substantiated through affidavits; the defendants filed no affidavits.

On appeal, the plaintiff argues, as it did to the trial court on its motion for partial summary judgment, that National Union made two misrepresentations that "induced" or "tended to induce" a lapse of insurance coverage in violation of § 38a-816(1)(f). First, it contends that National Union's failure to issue a policy, while charging a premium, "tended to induce" it into letting its coverage lapse. Second, it claims that National Union misrepresented that it had failed to pay its premiums and "induced lapse" by sending the cancellation notice following the claim for the fuel oil spill. We conclude that the trial court correctly granted the motion for summary judgment on this issue because these facts, even though uncontroverted, fail to support a CUIPA claim under § 38a-816(1)(f) and therefore fail to support a CUTPA claim.

Although the plaintiff emphasizes that § 38a-816(1)(f) prohibits misrepresentations inducing or tending to induce a lapse in insurance coverage, it ignores the fact that the subsection actually prohibits misrepresentations " for the purpose of inducing or tending to induce . . . [a lapse in coverage.]" (Emphasis added.) General Statutes § 38a-816(1)(f). As a result, regardless of whether there is a misrepresentation that induces or tends to induce a lapse in coverage, the plain language of the statute permits recovery only if an insured establishes that its insurer made a purposeful misrepresentation. To show such a purposeful misrepresentation, an insured must necessarily produce evidence that the insurer acted intentionally. See Wadia Enterprises, Inc. v. Hirschfeld, supra, 224 Conn. 248-49 (the plaintiff must show intentional conduct to establish "dishonest purpose"). Because the plaintiff moved for summary judgment on this count and there were no contradictory affidavits, the court properly decided the motion by looking only to the sufficiency of the plaintiff's affidavits and other proof. See Practice Book § 384. Thus, this claim must fail because although the plaintiff places great emphasis on its uncontradicted affidavits from one of its corporate officers, the affidavits show, at most, that National Union used somewhat lax clerical or administrative procedures, and not that National Union intended to induce or to tend to induce a lapse in coverage. See Wadia Enterprises, Inc. v. Hirschfeld, supra, 248-49 (proof of mere negligence fails to support showing of dishonest purpose); see also Haesche v. Kissner, 229 Conn. 213, 216, 640 A.2d 89 (1994) (summary judgment appropriate if "fair and reasonable" person could conclude only one way).

2

Section 38a-816(6) prohibits unfair claim settlement practices. Under this section of CUIPA, the claimant must allege and prove facts sufficient to show that the insurer was "[c]ommitting or performing [certain specified acts] with such frequency as to indicate a general business practice . . . ." General Statutes § 38a-816 (6). The plaintiff admits that it failed to show the requisite "general business practice" under this section, but contends that it never moved for summary judgment on this issue. Moreover, it contends that it should be entitled to obtain discovery on this issue to prove a sufficient "general business practice." We are unpersuaded.

As the party moving for summary judgment, the plaintiff is required to support its motion with supporting documentation, including affidavits. Practice Book § 380. Further, because the plaintiff moved on its statutory claims under CUTPA and CUIPA, it was required to identify the specific numbers of those statutes. Practice Book § 109A. Although we have held that Practice Book § 109A is directory rather than mandatory; Rowe v. Godou, 209 Conn. 273, 550 A.2d 1073 (1988); the purpose underlying the requirements of Practice Book § 109A is instructive. "The purpose of this rule, adopted in 1979, is self-evident. No such procedural rule existed prior to that time. It was clearly designed to make future pleadings more specific, detailed and particularly informative by pinpointing statutory authority. Such a rule promotes the often expressed judicial policy of full, informative, comprehensive and open disclosure of legal claims, which promotes the identification, narrowing and resolution of issues before the court." (Emphasis added.) Rowe v. Godou, 12 Conn. App. 538, 543-44, 532 A.2d 978 (1987), rev'd on other grounds, 209 Conn. 273, 550 A.2d 1073 (1988).

In light of this policy and the plaintiff's failure to articulate its motion clearly, we cannot conclude, as a matter of law, that the trial court improperly construed the scope of the plaintiff's motion for partial summary judgment. Faced with a broadly worded motion and supporting memoranda containing general references to CUIPA and CUTPA, the trial court reasonably interpreted the pleadings to mean that the plaintiff sought summary judgment on all of its CUIPA and CUTPA claims. Although we acknowledge that the plaintiff made a few isolated references in its memoranda and at oral argument on the motion which might have indicated that it did not seek summary judgment on its claim under § 38a-816(6), these references must be considered in the light of the expansive language and general citations to "CUTPA" and "CUIPA" also presented to the trial court. Thus, we cannot find that the trial court's failure to interpret these references as limiting the motion constituted an abuse of discretion. Consequently, the trial court properly granted the motion for summary judgment on this claim in favor of the defendants and correctly denied the plaintiff's request for discovery.