Opinion
No. 14-02-00620-CR
Opinion filed July 24, 2003. Do Not Publish — Tex.R.App.P. 47.2(b).
On Appeal from the County Criminal Courtat Law No. 7, Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 1095971.
Panel consists of Justices ANDERSON, SEYMORE, and GUZMAN.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
After waiving his right to a trial by jury, appellant Simon Herrera pleaded not guilty to the misdemeanor offense of carrying a weapon and was sentenced to thirty days in jail. In his sole point of error, appellant contends the trial court erred in denying the motion to suppress. In support of his argument, appellant maintains (1) the officer did not have reasonable suspicion to initially detain appellant; and (2) the length of the detention, assuming the initial stop was permissible, was unreasonable. We affirm.
Factual Background
On January 11, 2002, Houston police officer Mark McClinton was on routine patrol in a marked police cruiser in an area commonly referred to as Denver Harbor. McClinton, a ten and one half year veteran of the Houston Police Department and an eight year veteran of the Northwest Patrol, had made many arrests in the area and knew it as one with a reputation for gang and drug-related activities. At approximately 6:00 p.m. that evening, McClinton noticed an individual in a parked Chevrolet truck talking to another person standing outside the vehicle, at the passenger's side window. As McClinton drew closer to investigate, the individual outside the truck noticed the police cruiser and rapidly walked to a nearby residence. The vehicle quickly pulled away from the curb and began to drive westbound. McClinton described the encounter as "kind of strange." McClinton had noticed that the vehicle had an "old" temporary dealer's license tag which, under the circumstances, he considered to be improperly used. He decided to follow the vehicle and turned on his cruiser's flashing lights. The vehicle continued to drive for six or seven blocks, and McClinton called dispatch for assistance as he believed the driver of the vehicle was refusing to stop. Shortly thereafter, the vehicle finally pulled over. McClinton shined his spotlight into the vehicle and saw that the driver was moving around inside the vehicle, particularly toward the glove compartment area. McClinton testified the behavior was "very, very suspicious," as if the individual was trying to hide or dispose of an item. He approached the vehicle and immediately detected the odor of marijuana from both the vehicle and the driver. McClinton then asked the driver why he did not stop after the cruiser's lights were flashing. The driver, later identified by McClinton as appellant, stated that he did not see the lights. Shortly thereafter, back-up units arrived at the scene in response to McClinton's call to dispatch. McClinton directed appellant to exit the vehicle and walked him back to the cruiser for a pat-down search. Although he found no weapons on appellant, McClinton did notice a "large bulge" in his pocket, which appellant refused to identify. Reaching into appellant's pocket, McClinton discovered the bulge to be a "large amount of cash." Appellant and McClinton then began to discuss why appellant's vehicle displayed a temporary dealer's license tag. McClinton testified that appellant offered multiple conflicting stories as to the ownership of the vehicle. According to McClinton, appellant first told him that the reason the vehicle displayed a temporary dealer's license tag was because he was test driving the vehicle from a nearby automobile dealership. The cash was to be used as a down payment for the vehicle. McClinton then followed appellant to the location of the automobile dealership to verify his claims. Upon arriving at the dealership, appellant quickly exited his vehicle and yelled at one of the salesman. McClinton directed appellant not to speak with any of the employees until he had an opportunity to discuss the matter with them. McClinton then spoke with an individual identifying himself as "the part owner or son of the owner," who told McClinton that he did not know appellant or the vehicle in question. After telling appellant he had a reason to suspect that the vehicle was stolen, McClinton asked appellant if the vehicle belonged to him. According to McClinton, appellant first said he bought the vehicle from a person who worked for the lot but was unable to describe the seller. Finally, according to McClinton, appellant admitted he did not own the vehicle. McClinton then placed appellant in the rear of his police cruiser and requested a drug-sniffing canine be sent to the scene. Officer Mark Condon testified that he arrived at the scene after McClinton had initially detained appellant at the roadside. While there, Condon performed a "wingspan" search of the vehicle appellant had been driving. Later, after following appellant and McClinton to the dealership and while waiting for the canine to arrive, Condon and Officer Reuben Trevino performed an inventory and contraband search of the vehicle. In a space behind the glove compartment, he discovered an "Uzi type handgun" and magazines. Appellant was ultimately charged with the misdemeanor offense of carrying a handgun. Appellant waived his right to a trial by jury and pleaded not guilty to the offense. Appellant filed a "Motion to Suppress Evidence Obtained During Illegal Search And Seizure." After conducting the bench trial and carrying the motion to suppress, the trial court found appellant guilty. Appellant was sentenced to 30 days in jail.Standard of Review
In reviewing a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress evidence, we apply a bifurcated standard of review. We give almost total deference to the trial court's determination of historical facts, while conducting a de novo review of the trial court's application of the law to those facts. See Maxwell v. State, 73 S.W.3d 278, 281 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002) During a motion to suppress hearing, the trial court is the sole trier of fact; accordingly, the trial judge may choose to believe or disbelieve all or any part of a witness's testimony. Id. When, as here, no explicit findings of fact are filed, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the ruling and sustain the decision if it is correct on any applicable theory of the law. Id.Standing
As a preliminary matter, the State contends appellant has not demonstrated standing to contest the search of the vehicle because he gave conflicting stories regarding the vehicle's ownership and ultimately admitted to the officer that he did not own it. The State has the burden to establish a valid exception to the warrant requirement. See Franklin v. State, 976 S.W.2d 780, 781 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. ref'd). However, a defendant who asserts a Fourth Amendment claim has the initial burden to establish, as an element of that claim, a legitimate expectation of privacy in the premises searched. State v. Klima, 934 S.W.2d 109, 110-11 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). A defendant who does not meet that burden has no standing to assert a claim to suppress evidence seized without a warrant, and the trial court may deny the motion to suppress. See id. The State argues that the vehicle was stolen and therefore appellant does not have the requisite standing to challenge the constitutional validity of the search. Appellant, however, asserts that he has standing to object to the search "based upon his legitimate expectation of privacy while driving alone in his automobile." It is true that an appellant lacks standing to contest the search of a stolen vehicle. Busby v. State, 990 S.W.2d 263, 270 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999) (noting that "[b]ecause the truck was stolen, appellant had no standing to object to a search of that vehicle"); Walbey v. State, 926 S.W.2d 307, 312 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996) (finding that "appellant has no standing to contest seizure of items from a stolen vehicle"). Any expectation of privacy an appellant might claim in a stolen vehicle is not one that society is prepared to recognize as reasonable. Hughes v. State, 897 S.W.2d 285, 305 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994); Patel v. State, 856 S.W.2d 486, 488 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, pet. ref'd) (holding that "appellant did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy and thus lacked standing to contest the search of the stolen automobile"). Thus, in the instant case, if appellant acquired the vehicle only by reason of his criminal conduct, then he is in no position to challenge the search. See Jackson v. State, 745 S.W.2d 4, 7 (Tex.Crim.App. 1988); Viduarri v. State, 626 S.W.2d 749, 750 (Tex.Crim.App. 1981). Although the vehicle was not reported stolen, appellant admitted that he did not own it. Even if we were to assume that appellant manifested an actual and subjective expectation of privacy in the vehicle, the record does not reflect that he established a lawful right of possession to the vehicle with the concomitant rights. See Jackson, 745 S.W.2d at 7. Thus, we conclude appellant has not met his burden to establish a legitimate expectation of privacy in the vehicle. See Klima, 934 S.W.2d at 110-11. However, even if appellant could meet his burden to establish his Fourth Amendment standing to contest the search, he waived the right to challenge the trial court's ruling.Waiver
The State contends appellant has waived review of the trial court's denial of the motion to suppress because he failed to object to testimony about the physical evidence prior to its admission. To preserve a complaint for appellate review, the record must show the complaint was made to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion stating the grounds for the ruling sought with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint and that the court ruled on the request, objection, or motion. See Tex.R.App.P. 33.1(a); Aguilar v. State, 26 S.W.3d 901, 905 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). To be timely, an objection must be made as soon as the ground for complaint is apparent or should be apparent. See Aguilar, 26 S.W.3d at 905. Indeed, it is fundamental that a specific objection to inadmissible evidence be urged at the first opportunity in order to be considered timely. Id. at 905-06. An objection or motion to suppress is not timely if it is made after the evidence or testimony relating to it is admitted without objection. See Marini v. State, 593 S.W.2d 709, 714 (Tex.Crim.App. [Panel Op.] 1980); Thomas v. State, 884 S.W.2d 215, 216 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1994, pet. ref'd); Turner v. State, 642 S.W.2d 216, 217 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1982, no pet.); DeJesus Martinez v. State, No. 01-01-00260-CR, 2002 WL 1764938, at *2 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] July 31, 2002, pet. ref'd) (not designated for publication). Appellant did not obtain a hearing or ruling on his motion to suppress before trial, and the motion was carried with the bench trial. Under these circumstances, the mere filing of the motion to suppress did not preserve error. Thomas, 884 S.W.2d at 216. Accordingly, we must determine whether appellant properly preserved error for our review. Although the State did not offer the seized items as evidence during McClinton's direct examination, the prosecutor did give the pre-marked exhibits to him and asked if he could identify them. During McClinton's direct examination, the following exchange took place with regard to the seized items:Q. What did you observe after you went over to the vehicle where Officer Condon was?
A. I observed an Uzi type machine pistol seated behind the glove compartment [sic] of the dash.
. . .
Q. I'm showing you what's been marked as State's Exhibit No. 2. Can you identify that?
A. Yes.
Q. What is it?
A. This is what we call —
MS. LE: Objection. At this time, I object, Your Honor.
(Pause.)
MS. LE: Withdraw the objection, Your Honor.
THE COURT: All right.
Q. (By Mr. Stein) Can you identify it, please.
A. Yes, this is an Uzi type of machine pistol. Some people call them "street sweepers."
Q. Where did you see State's Exhibit No. 2 the first time?
A. I saw it in the glove compartment — behind the glove compartment of the dash of that vehicle that Mr. Herrera was driving.McClinton also discussed other items discovered in the vehicle, including magazines of ammunition that were found in the glove compartment and a number of bullets which were found both in the magazines and in the glove compartment. Aside from the initial objection that was immediately withdrawn, appellant did not object to McClinton's testimony. By failing to object and secure an adverse ruling on McClinton's testimony regarding the evidence, appellant waived his challenge. See Marini, 593 S.W.2d at 714; Thomas, 884 S.W.2d at 216; Turner, 642 S.W.2d at 217. It was not until Condon testified on direct examination that the State offered the weapon, the magazines, and the ammunition into evidence. Thereupon, the following exchange took place:
Q: On January 11th of 2002, when you searched the defendant's car, what did you discover behind the panel of the glove compartment box?
A. It was an Uzi type handgun with two magazines.The State then laid its predicate and offered the exhibits into evidence. Appellant, through his counsel, then objected as follows:
MS. LE: At this point and time, Your Honor, I'm going to object to the admissibility of this exhibit because of the illegal search and seizure and there was no probable cause to stop Mr. Herrera in the first place. And the search exceeded the procedure, the exculpatory —
THE COURT: Aren't we doing the motion to suppress along with the court trial?
MS. LE: Yes.
THE COURT: Overruled. Be admitted.Even here, appellant's objection is untimely, as grounds for objection became apparent when the State asked its question. However, appellant did not object until Condon testified regarding the challenged evidence. Appellant has waived his challenge to the search. See Tex.R.App.P. 33.1(a). Moreover, even if we assume that appellant did preserve his complaints, we conclude they are without merit.
Initial Detention
In his first point of error, appellant contends that there was no reasonable suspicion to initially detain appellant in the vehicle. Traffic stops by roving patrols are considered Fourth Amendment seizures. Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 653 (1979). The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section nine of the Texas Constitution exist to safeguard an individual's legitimate expectation of privacy from unreasonable governmental intrusions. See Villareal v. State, 935 S.W.2d 134, 138 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). No evidence obtained by an officer in violation of any provisions of the Constitution or laws of the State of Texas, or of the Constitution or laws of the United States of America, shall be admitted in evidence against the accused on the trial of any criminal case. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.23. An officer is permitted to make a temporary investigative detention of an individual if the officer has reasonable suspicion that some activity out of the ordinary is or has occurred, some suggestion to connect the detainee with the unusual activity, and some indication that the activity is related to a crime. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21 (1968). Investigative detentions must be reasonably related in scope to the circumstances that justified the interference in the first place. State v. Cardenas, 36 S.W.3d 243, 246 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. ref'd). To justify an intrusion, the officer must reasonably surmise, based on specific and articulable facts, that the detained person may be associated with a crime. See Terry, 392 U.S. at 21; Davis v. State, 829 S.W.2d 218, 219 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992). The test for reasonable suspicion is a factual one and is made and reviewed by considering the totality of the circumstances at the time of the detention. See Loesch v. State, 958 S.W.2d 830, 832 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). The level of suspicion necessary to justify a brief, investigatory stop does not rise to the level of probable cause necessary for a stop amounting to an arrest. Crockett v. State, 803 S.W.2d 308, 311 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991). The same standards for reasonable suspicion apply whether the person detained is a pedestrian or occupant of an automobile. See United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 682 (1985); Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 328 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). Thus, we are called upon to determine whether there was reasonable suspicion to detain appellant in his vehicle on the evening in question. See United States v. Alvarado-Ramirez, 975 F. Supp. 906, 911 (W.D.Tex. 1997). We find that the totality of the circumstances demonstrate that McClinton had reasonable suspicion to detain appellant. McClinton testified he noticed that the car appellant was driving was displaying only a paper automobile dealer's tag. The Transportation Code provides that a dealer may issue a temporary cardboard tag for use on an unregistered vehicle by the dealer or the dealer's employees only to:(1) demonstrate or cause to be demonstrated to a prospective buyer the vehicle for sale purposes only;
(2) convey or cause to be conveyed the vehicle:
(A) from one of the dealer's places of business in this state to another of the dealer's places of business in this state;
(B) from the dealer's place of business to a place the vehicle is to be repaired, reconditioned, or serviced;
(C) from the state line or a location in this state where the vehicle is unloaded to the dealer's place of business;
(D) from the dealer's place of business to a place of business of another dealer;
(E) from the point of purchase by the dealer to the dealer's place of business; or
(F) to road test the vehicle; or
(3) use the vehicle for or allow its use by a charitable organization.See Texas Transp. Code § 503.062. Considering the surrounding facts and circumstances, McClinton suspected that appellant might be in violation of section 503.062. McClinton testified "we were in the hours of dusk and he had made a stop in a neighborhood which you're not supposed to do if you're in demonstration or in transportation [from one car lot to another] using this tag." Indeed, McClinton stated the vehicle was not traveling in any direction as if on a test drive or errand but stopped on a street near a residential neighborhood. He further testified"[t]his tag is for that purpose not to joyride in the neighborhood or anything." He also noticed that the vehicle was stopped and that appellant, inside the vehicle, was engaged in conversation with an individual outside of the vehicle, in an area in which McClinton had previously made many arrests. When the individual noticed McClinton in his marked police vehicle, he quickly retreated into a nearby residence. We addressed a similar set of facts in Vela v. State, 871 S.W.2d 815 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, no pet.). There, the officer had stopped a vehicle at approximately 8:20 p.m. after noticing that the vehicle displayed a dealer's temporary cardboard tag issued to a Houston dealership located at least fifteen miles away. Id. at 816-17. When the officer observed the vehicle, the time was several hours after a Friday workday had ended and the temporary tag was placed on the vehicle in a manner inconsistent with the officer's experience. Id. We found that "a car, 15 miles from its home dealership, displaying the dealer's temporary cardboard tag, late on a Friday evening, are sufficient circumstances to arouse a reasonable suspicion" of a violation of the statute governing the display of temporary dealer's tags. See id. at 818. We are mindful that reasonable suspicion does not rise to the level of probable cause such as is required to justify a warrantless arrest or search. See Gajewski v. State, 944 S.W.2d 450, 452 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no pet.). If the officer has a reasonable basis for suspecting that a person has committed a traffic offense, the officer may legally initiate a traffic stop. See Powell v. State, 5 S.W.3d 369, 376 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1999, pet. ref'd). Proof that a statute was violated is not required. See Drago v. State, 553 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Tex.Crim.App. 1977). A traffic stop is justified, therefore, if the officer reasonably thought an infraction was in progress. Zervos v. State, 15 S.W.3d 146, 152 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2000, pet. ref'd); Powell, 5 S.W.3d at 376-77. Here, the fact that the vehicle displayed an old tag and was stopped in a residential neighborhood in the early evening and apparently not engaged in any transportation, provided McClinton with reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle and detain appellant.