Summary
In Hermann v Haney, 98 Mich. App. 445, 449; 296 N.W.2d 278 (1980), aff'd 415 Mich. 483; 330 N.W.2d 22 (1982), this Court stated "that, in order to meet the threshold of serious impairment, either the initial injury must be severe or the effects must be continuing — either permanent or long-term".
Summary of this case from Farquhar v. OwensOpinion
Docket No. 43683.
Decided July 1, 1980. Leave to appeal applied for.
Posner, Posner Posner, for plaintiffs.
Mitchell Leon (by Robert I. Morrison), for defendant Hackney.
Collins Einhorn, P.C. (by Dale J. McLellan), for defendant Haney.
Before: R.M. MAHER, P.J., and M.F. CAVANAGH and CYNAR, JJ.
This appeal is from an order granting summary judgment for defendants. The question before this Court is whether it can be said with certainty that no reasonable jury could view Mrs. Hermann's alleged impairment of body function as "serious" under MCL 500.3135; MSA 24.13135. See McKendrick v Petrucci, 71 Mich. App. 200; 247 N.W.2d 349 (1976).
The motion for summary judgment in this case was incorrectly brought pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(1) and (3). However, a review of the record indicates that the parties and trial court proceeded as if the motion was brought only under GCR 1963, 117.2(3). No party was misled and the motion was understood. See Harris v McVickers, 88 Mich. App. 508, 510, fn 1; 276 N.W.2d 629 (1979).
Not every question of whether a particular impairment falls within the act must be submitted to the trier of fact. Cassidy v McGovern, 86 Mich. App. 321; 272 N.W.2d 644 (1978). There are cases in which the trial court may properly rule that, as a matter of law, a plaintiff's injury fails to reach the threshold of a serious impairment. Brooks v Reed, 93 Mich. App. 166; 286 N.W.2d 81 (1979), Harris v McVickers, 88 Mich. App. 508; 276 N.W.2d 629 (1979), Vitale v Danylak, 74 Mich. App. 615; 254 N.W.2d 593 (1977).
In Brooks v Reed, supra, summary judgment in favor of defendants was affirmed where injuries to plaintiff's arms and wrists allegedly required four visits to a chiropractor at three to four week intervals for heat treatment and medication. In Harris v McVickers, supra, one plaintiff alleged headaches and the other claimed a stiff neck, knee pains and headaches. Although there was no doubt that plaintiffs suffered discomfort, this Court affirmed an order of summary judgment in favor of defendant on the threshold question. In Vitale v Danylak, supra, complaints of a stiff neck for one week following the accident and two or three visits to a doctor who presumably prescribed pain killers and/or muscle relaxants was appropriately decided by summary judgment in favor of defendant.
On the other hand, summary judgment was not deemed appropriate in McKendrick v Petrucci, supra, where plaintiff alleged that tendonitis of the biceps tendon of his right arm caused him persistent pain which could not be corrected surgically. In Cassidy v McGovern, supra, plaintiff sustained complete breaks in both bones of his lower right leg as well as other contusions and abrasions. The trial court was instructed to recognize on remand that, if the nature of plaintiff's injury is such as to meet the threshold of serious impairment as a matter of law, a directed verdict for plaintiff should be granted.
Finally, in Pohl v Gilbert, 89 Mich. App. 176; 280 N.W.2d 831 (1979), judgment for defendant on the issue of serious impairment following a bench trial was reversed. There plaintiff incurred cuts, bruises, headaches and pain in her shoulders, neck and back when thrown from the car in which she was riding. Although treated with ultrasound, muscle relaxants, anti-inflammatory agents, pain killers and manipulation, plaintiff's condition had worsened in the four years since the accident. In all, plaintiff suffered a spine sprain, with pain radiating into her arms and legs. Muscle spasms steadily increased the pain and plaintiff lost sensation and suffered reduction of grip and intermittent loss of use of her right arm. She had scoliosis and the pain forced her to take to bed intermittently, seek frequent medical attention and reduce substantially her physical and social activities. She suffered occasional depression and spoke of suicide because of construction of blood flow to the brain.
The above cases demonstrate that, in order to meet the threshold of serious impairment, either the initial injury must be severe or the effects must be continuing — either permanent or long-term. Among the factors to be considered are the extent of the injury, treatment required, duration of disability, extent of residual impairment and prognosis for eventual recovery. Additional relevant factors may be considered as well. Conversely, not all the factors mentioned need be present to find serious impairment in a given case.
For example, a severely injured person who eventually makes a total recovery with little or no residual impairment may be found to suffer serious impairment. Cassidy, supra. In other words, the more extensive or severe the injuries, the less need for residual impairment. Thus, one who suffers life-endangering injuries but experiences complete recovery within a relatively short time may nonetheless meet the threshold requirement. By the same token, a relatively less disabling condition which is permanent (or of significantly long duration) or recurring may constitute serious impairment by virtue of its longevity. E.g., tendonitis in McKendrick, supra; nerve damage in Pohl, supra. The more likely that the impairment will be recurring or of a permanent nature, the less severe the condition must be. Where neither severe nor long-term, e.g., Vitale, supra, an impairment is not to be considered serious within the meaning of MCL 500.3135(1); MSA 24.1315(1).
In the instant case, Mrs. Hermann testified at her deposition that, as a result of an automobile accident, she suffered bruises on her legs and knees and a bump on her head. Immediately following the accident, she was given a pain killer and discharged from the hospital. The bruises did not prevent her from sitting or standing and disappeared after two months. The bump went away within one month.
Approximately two days following the accident, she experienced neck and back pains. She was referred to a doctor by her attorney. This doctor saw her nine times, prescribed no medication and treated her only with heating pads. Approximately one month following the accident, she was working a full shift and performing her regular household duties.
The injuries were neither severe nor long-term. Treatment of the injuries was minimal and there is no residual impairment following a brief period of limited disability. Summary judgment was proper.
Affirmed. Costs to defendants.
CYNAR, J., concurs in the result only.
I am in agreement with my brother that this case involves the type of injury which the Legislature intended to keep out of court by enacting the threshold requirements of the no-fault act. However, until the uncertain phrase "serious impairment of body function" is more clearly defined, either by our Supreme Court or preferably our Legislature, I am persuaded that the threshold determination should be left to the trier of fact, except in those cases referred to in Watkins v City Cab Corp, 97 Mich. App. 723; 296 N.W.2d 162 (1980), at the outermost limits of the spectrum. The injuries in this case fall in between, and accordingly, I would reverse.