Summary
In Heritage Mut. Ins. Co. v. Thoma, 45 Wis.2d 580, 584, 173 N.W.2d 717 (1970), this court said sec. 269.44 was to be liberally construed to permit the presentation of the entire controversy providing such amendment did not unfairly deprive the opposing party of an opportunity to meet the new issue.
Summary of this case from Gustavson v. O'BrienOpinion
No. 52.
Argued January 7, 1970. —
Decided February 3, 1970.
APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Fond du Lac county: JEROLD E. MURPHY, Circuit Judge. Appeal dismissed with costs.
For the appellants there were briefs and oral argument by Raymond R. Colwin of Fond du Lac.
For the respondent there was a brief and oral argument by John P. McGalloway of Fond du Lac.
Facts.
On December 28, 1963, automobiles driven by Lester Eichstedt and Anthony Thoma were involved in an accident in Fond du Lac county. Clifford Mielke, a passenger in the Thoma car, was injured in the collision. Eichstedt was insured by Heritage Mutual Insurance Company, Thoma by American Family Mutual Insurance Company. Heritage Mutual made a settlement with passenger Mielke in the amount of $6,000.
On January 4, 1967, driver Eichstedt instituted an action for personal injuries and property damages against driver Thoma and his insurer, American Family Mutual. On November 12, 1968, Heritage Mutual instituted this action against Thoma and American Family Mutual for contribution, alleging no negligence by driver Eichstedt, causal negligence on the part of driver Thoma, its settlement with passenger Mielke and its demand upon insurer American Family Mutual. The two actions were consolidated for trial.
On January 27, 1969, trial of the consolidated actions began. Following presentation of plaintiff's case, defendants moved for dismissal on the merits on the ground that the failure to plead or prove negligence of the plaintiff's insured required dismissal. Plaintiff Heritage Mutual moved to amend its pleadings or, alternatively, to reopen its case. The motion to amend or reopen was denied. The motion to dismiss was treated as a motion for nonsuit and, as such, granted. Defendants appeal.
Three questions will be answered in this decision, even though only one is asked on this appeal, with the reasons for so doing noted in the opinion.
Motion to amend
.Could or should the trial court have granted plaintiff's motion to amend its pleadings?
While no issue is raised as to the trial court's denying the motion to amend, appellant appears to find something wrong with allowing the plaintiff to plead over, initially attempting to recover subrogation without proving joint liability, and, if that attempt fails, to recover contribution by proving joint liability. We do not. It is permissible for a party to alternatively plead causes of action for subrogation and contribution. Allowing alternative allegations of contribution and subrogation in a single complaint permits a full determination of all the issues in one suit. It is no longer necessary to first attempt to recover on an indemnity theory, and, failing in such attempt, to commence a second action on the contribution theory. Both causes of action may be joined in a single lawsuit.The reasons given by the trial court for denying the motion to amend the pleadings were that such motion was not timely "and not based upon the evidence now in the record." However, it is statutorily provided that the court may permit amendments to pleadings at any stage of the proceedings. Where the trial court found that the evidence did not establish any negligence on the part of plaintiff's insured, an amendment to add a cause of action for subrogation did have support in the evidence. Since it was the defendant that raised the objection to the lack of proof as to plaintiff's insured's negligence, they could not be said to be surprised by an amendment of the complaint to allege that such insured was not negligent. Since appellate court decisions serve as guidelines to what may occur in the future as well as rulings on what did occur in a particular case, we make it clear that the trial court certainly could and very probably should have here granted plaintiff's motion to amend its pleadings. The general rule for such situations remains:
"The court may, at any stage of any action . . . before or after judgment, in furtherance of justice and upon such terms as may be just, amend any . . . pleading . . .; provided, the amended pleading states a cause of action arising out of the contract, transaction or occurrence or is connected with the subject of the action upon which the original pleading is based." Sec. 269.44, Stats.
". . . we conclude the rule to be that sec. 269.44, Stats., should be liberally construed to permit the amendment of the pleadings so as to present the entire controversy providing the amendment does not unfairly deprive the opposing party of timely opportunity to meet the issue created by the amendment." Motion to dismiss
Wipfli v. Martin (1967), 34 Wis.2d 169, 174, 148 N.W.2d 674. See also Vande Hei v. Vande Hei (1968), 40 Wis.2d 57, 60, 161 N.W.2d 379; McCraw v. Witynski (1969), 43 Wis.2d 313, 320, 168 N.W.2d 537.
Did the trial court correctly hold defendant's motion to dismiss to be a motion for nonsuit?
It is this question or issue that brings this case to this court. Its answer begins with an analysis of the plaintiff's complaint. As the trial court correctly pointed out, the complaint here, by failing to make an allegation as to the negligence of driver Eichstedt and thus failing to allege common liability, did not state a cause of action in contribution. The defendants chose not to demur to the complaint nor to make a motion for judgment on the pleadings. They elected to allow the case to go to trial, and, at the conclusion of the presentation of the plaintiff's case, they moved to dismiss on the merits. Their motion then is directed to the evidence presented as well as to the original complaint. The motion in effect claims that, assuming all of the evidence presented to be true and to be accepted as true by the trier of fact, a cause of action in contribution has not been proved. In moving for dismissal, defendant's attorney stated:"It is submitted that in the absence of a failure to plead negligence on the part of one of the joint tort-feasors, and a failure to prove any negligence on the part of its insured, Lester Eichstedt, the action for contribution must fail."
The motion to dismiss, made at such time under such circumstances on such grounds, was properly held by the trial court to be in essence a motion for a nonsuit. It is the basic nature and essential character of the motion made, not the label attached to it, that determines what it is. The motion could as well have been held to be a demurrer to the evidence, but in this state a demurrer to the evidence is the equivalent of a motion for nonsuit, so such holding would not in any material way have altered the judge's ruling nor the consequences of it. The motion made by defendants was a claim that neither complaint nor evidence established a cause of action in contribution. It was properly held to be a motion for nonsuit.
". . . We have held that a motion for nonsuit is equivalent to a demurrer to the evidence. . . ." Styczinski v. Styczinski (1967), 36 Wis.2d 36, 40, 152 N.W.2d 865.
It follows that the trial court correctly granted to plaintiff the right to plead over. A motion for nonsuit does not warrant a dismissal upon the merits. To appellant's contention that a motion for nonsuit does not exist in equity actions, it is enough to state that an action for contribution, while equitable in its origin, is now enforced in a suit at law. There is no existing barrier to a motion for nonsuit in an action for contribution, at least not in an action tried before a jury. Appealability
Klapinski v. Polewski (1963), 19 Wis.2d 124, 128, 119 N.W.2d 424. See also Krueger v. Winters (1967), 37 Wis.2d 204, 211, 155 N.W.2d 1.
See Spuhr v. Kolb (1901), 111 Wis. 119, 121, 86 N.W. 562, cited with approval in Seraphine v. Hardiman (1969), 44 Wis.2d 60, 65, 66, 170 N.W.2d 739.
"Contribution between joint tort-feasors though of equitable origin is now enforced in an action at law." United States Fidelity Guaranty Co. v. Milwaukee Suburban Transport Corp. (1962), 18 Wis.2d 1, 21, 117 N.W.2d 708.
"There is grave doubt that a motion for a nonsuit is a proper motion in a case tried before the court without a jury." Newton v. Newton (1967), fn. 1, 33 Wis.2d 182, 187, 147 N.W.2d 328.
Is this judgment appealable by the party whose motion was granted?
Neither party has asked any question or raised any issue as to the appealability of the judgment in the instant case. However, appealability is jurisdictional. It goes to the right of the appellate court to hear the appeal. The issue of appealability is not avoided by a failure to raise the issue. In fact, even consent of the parties involved cannot confer jurisdiction where none exists.A somewhat similar situation, particularly so when the motion for nonsuit is viewed as essentially a demurrer to the evidence and complaint, has come before this court, involving cases where trial courts have sustained demurrers to complaints and granted the plaintiff leave to plead over. This court has held that the defendant, whose demurrer to the complaint has been sustained, cannot appeal to this court from the order sustaining the demurrer solely on the ground that the plaintiff has been granted leave to plead over. The reason for the rule is that the order granting the demurrer with leave to plead over leaves the merits of the action still to be tried. The reasoning of the rule applies to a motion for nonsuit which likewise leaves the merits of the action still to be tried.
". . . An order, or portion thereof, which sustains a demurrer and grants the right to plead over is nonappealable by the successful demurring party." Pavalon v. Thomas Holmes Corp. (1964), 25 Wis.2d 540, 549, 131 N.W.2d 331. See also Travelers Ins. Co. v. Fidelity Casualty Co. (1964), 24 Wis.2d 38, 128 Barry Laboratories, Inc. v. State Board of Pharmacy (1965), 26 Wis.2d 505, 132 N.W.2d 833.
Now that we have held that the motion to dismiss made by the defendants was in fact a motion for nonsuit equivalent to a demurrer to the evidence, and since we have held that the trial court properly dealt with such motion as a motion for nonsuit, we are compelled to conclude that a litigant successfully demurring or prevailing on a motion for nonsuit may not appeal the judgment based on such nonsuit motion solely on the ground that the action was not dismissed on its merits. Properly placed in the role of a defendant making a motion for nonsuit, the defendant cannot appeal from the judgment which grants the nonsuit he sought and secured.
By the Court. — Appeal dismissed with costs.