Opinion
31935.
DECIDED MARCH 19, 1948. REHEARING DENIED APRIL 1, 1948.
Damages; from Fulton Superior Court — Judge Hendrix. December 15, 1947.
Smith, Kilpatrick, Cody, Rogers McClatchey, E. D. Smith Jr., Hoke Smith, for plaintiffs in error.
Augustine Sams, contra.
1. A witness may be impeached by contradictory statements previously made by him as to matters relevant to his testimony and to the case. See Code, § 38-1803. When testimony has been submitted for the purpose of impeaching a witness in this manner, the weight and credit to be given the testimony of such witness, if any, is for the determination of the jury. See Huff v. State, 104 Ga. 521 (2) ( 30 S.E. 808).
2. Where a servant has been instructed by the master to go to a designated place in furtherance of the master's business, said instructions not specifying which of two or more feasible routes for him to take, the servant may, in his discretion without deviation from the master's business, himself make the selection of routes.
DECIDED MARCH 19, 1948. REHEARING DENIED APRIL 1, 1948.
Mrs. Frank Hoch brought an action in the Superior Court of Fulton County against W. C. Henry and F. J. Henry, trading as Henry Motor Company, and James Barnett. The petition alleges that the defendants damaged the plaintiff in the sum of $25,000 by reason of facts as follows: On or about April 5, 1945, the plaintiff was crossing Conley Drive near her home and within the city limits of East Point, when the defendant James Barnett, drove an automobile into and against her, knocking her down, dragging her some distance, and causing several serious personal injuries detailed in the petition. The defendants, W. C. and F. J. Henry, operate Henry Motor Company, which engages among other things in the business of repairing automobiles. The automobile that struck the plaintiff had just been repaired by said defendants and was being delivered to the owner by the defendant, James Barnett, who at the time was an employee of the defendants, W. C. and F. J. Henry, and the delivery of said automobile was in accordance with their instructions to their employee and in the due course of his employment. The defendants were negligent, in that James Barnett was driving at a fast and reckless rate of speed in excess of 40 miles per hour; in driving and causing said automobile to be driven in such a way as to fail to turn and thereby avoid striking plaintiff; in violating certain ordinances of the City of East Point and certain State statutes; and in being otherwise negligent as alleged with particularity in the petition. The defendant filed a joint answer denying, or for want of sufficient information neither admitting nor denying but demanding strict proof of, the material allegations of the petition.
Without detailing the testimony of each witness, and construing the evidence in the light most favorable to sustain the verdict, the jury was authorized to have found facts as follows: The automobile being driven by the defendant, James Barnett, at about 4:30 p. m., April 5, 1945, had just been repaired in the place of business of W. C. and F. J. Henry. The defendant Barnett had been instructed to return the same to the owner, who worked at John Deere Plow Company, which is on Nelson Street in the City of Atlanta. The defendant, James Barnett, was driving said automobile at a rate of speed in excess of the speed limits fixed by the ordinances of the City of East Point, and in excess of the speed limits fixed by the laws of the State of Georgia. When some distance away from the plaintiff, he observed her crossing the street and then looked off, and before seeing her again was either driving the automobile into her or was so near on her that he was unable to avoid striking her. She was injured in a number of ways, in accordance with her allegations: was rendered unconscious and taken to a hospital in an ambulance, and suffered much pain from her injuries and certain partial permanent disability. The evidence on the issue as to whether or not the defendant, James Barnett, was at the time on the business of the defendants, W. C. and F. J. Henry, will be more fully discussed in connection with the amended motion for new trial later in this decision.
On the trial the jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff for $4000 and a judgment was entered accordingly. All the defendants filed a motion for new trial on the general grounds, which were later amended by adding special grounds numbers 5 and 6. In special ground 5, the defendants contend that at the time the plaintiff was injured the defendant, James Barnett, was not acting within the scope of his employment by the defendants, W. C. and F. J. Henry, but was engaged upon a mission of his own, completely disassociated with his employment. To this ground the defendants attach as Exhibit A, and make a part thereof, all the evidence in the record having any bearing on the subject. In special ground 6, the defendants contend that the court erred in submitting to the jury in its charge the principles of law by which their verdict would be controlled in the event they found from the evidence that the defendant, James Barnett, was, at the time plaintiff was injured, acting within the scope of his employment; they contending that there is no evidence in the record that would authorize the jury so to find, and further that it was harmful and prejudicial error for the court to leave this question to the jury, because there is no evidence in the record to support such a finding. The defendants attach as Exhibit A, and make a part thereof, all the testimony in the record having any bearing on this subject. The same evidence is attached as Exhibit A to both grounds 5 and 6 of the amended motion for new trial.
The trial court overruled the motion for new trial as amended, and on this judgment error is assigned by the defendants, W. C. and F. J. Henry.
Counsel for the plaintiffs in error make the following statement in their brief; "The sole question presented in this appeal is whether Barnett was acting within the scope of his authority at the time of the accident in which Mrs. Hoch was injured, so as to render the defendant, Henry Motor Company, liable to Mrs. Hoch under the doctrine of respondent superior." In view of this statement and since no argument is advanced in their brief in support of the general grounds of the motion for new trial, the same are treated as abandoned.
The question hereinbefore quoted from the brief of counsel for the plaintiffs in error is presented by special grounds 5 and 6 of the amended motion for new trial, the same constituting the only grounds thereof. Since special ground 5 complains that the evidence is insufficient to establish agency, and special ground 6 complains that the judge therefore erred in his charge wherein he submitted the question of agency, the two grounds are so closely related that they will be discussed together in this decision. The contention of the plaintiffs in error is that Barnett was a servant of the plaintiffs in error; that he was instructed to deliver an automobile, which had been repaired in their shop located on Main Street in the City of East Point, to the owner of the automobile at the John Deere Plow Company, located on Nelson Street, in the City of Atlanta; that in performing this duty Barnett should have driven the automobile out of the shop, on to Main Street and turned north, the same being the most direct route to his destination, but instead he turned south to Conley Drive and then west on Conley Drive to the point where the plaintiff was struck and injured. It is contended that the undisputed evidence shows and demands the finding that, at the time the plaintiff was injured, the said Barnett was engaged in the act of going to a small store, located on Campbellton Road, to procure a can of Pet milk for his sister's baby; and that therefore, at the time he injured the plaintiff on Conley Drive, he was not on the business of the master, or acting within the scope of his employment.
1. James Barnett, a party defendant and a witness in his own behalf and in behalf of the other defendants, testified on the trial of the case, in substance: that he was an employee of the defendants, W. C. and F. J. Henry; that Mr. McNeil's car had been repaired in the shop of the Henry's; that Paul Johnson, shop foreman and service manager of Henry Motor Company, gave him instructions to deliver Mr. McNeil's car at the John Deere Plow Company on Nelson Street, in Atlanta; that, instead of driving out of the shop and turning north on Main Street, he turned south to Conley Drive; that, at the time he drove the car into and injured the plaintiff, he was on his way west along Conley Drive to another street that leads north to Campbellton Road; that there is a small store located at the corner of this street and Campbellton Road, where he was going to purchase a can of milk for his sister's baby; that he had not been working on Mr. McNeil's car; that he had not repaired it himself; that he had not just finished work on it; that he was not out on Conley Drive testing it to see if it was in good mechanical condition; that he was not testing the brakes or otherwise trying it out. A number of witnesses were introduced for the plaintiff; who testified that this witness stated before Judge Harclerode on July 23, 1945, at the recorder's courtroom at East Point, that he had been working on this car; that he had just finished working on it; that he was driving it down Conley Drive to see if it was in good mechanical condition; that he was testing the brakes; that he was driving it there to test it to see if it was all right mechanically. While the testimony as to the prior contradictory statements is not itself probative evidence which will tend to prove the facts therein contained, it is nevertheless admissible to impeach the testimony of the witness Barnett. See Progressive Life Ins. Co. v. Archer, 73 Ga. App. 639 ( 37 S.E.2d 713). The contradictory statements introduced in evidence as to his testimony are as to matters relevant to his testimony and to the case. Whether or not they have the effect of impeaching the witness, is for the determination of the jury. See Huff v. State, 104 Ga. 521 (2) (supra); Williams v. State, 69 Ga. 14 (28); Gordon v. State, 10 Ga. App. 35 (2) ( 72 S.E. 544). If the jury considered the impeachment successful, his credibility was for its determination, and if it saw fit to do so, his entire testimony might be disregarded. See Blumberg v. Grant, 34 Ga. App. 252 (2) ( 129 S.E. 144). The presumption being in favor of the verdict of the jury (see Scribner's Sons v. Mutual Bldg. Co., 1 Ga. App. 527 (1), 58 S.E. 240), it is our duty to construe the evidence in the light most favorable to uphold the verdict. In this connection let us assume that the jury disbelieved all the testimony of the witness Barnett, which they had the right to do under the record in this case. Without his testimony, there is no evidence that he was going to the little store on Campbellton Road and another street to get a can of milk for his sister's baby. The evidence of Mr. Johnson discloses that he was sent to deliver Mr. McNeil's car. Other evidence in the record independent of his shows that he was driving the car at the time the plaintiff was injured on Conley Drive. Other evidence shows the speed at which he was driving at the time, the manner in which the plaintiff was struck, the manner in which she was injured, and other facts essential to support the jury's verdict, provided the place where the collision occurred on Conley Drive is not such a deviation from the place to which he was instructed to take the car as would require the inference that he was not on the master's business, that is, delivering the car in accordance with his instructions, at the time and place of the collision. We deal with this question in the next division of this opinion.
2. Although the evidence of the defendants, which includes a plat purporting to show accurate measurements tending to establish the distance from the Henry Motor Company in East Point to the John Deere Plow Company in Atlanta, to be 1.95 miles further by way of the route selected by Barnett than it is by turning north on Main Street, and although the evidence of the plaintiff tends to show this route to be 1.7 miles further, yet there is evidence in the record from which the jury was authorized to find that, notwithstanding the greater distance, the route selected by Barnett is the more feasible because of certain congested traffic areas on the other route. The jury was authorized to find that the route selected by Barnett could be negotiated in the same period of time and with less traffic hazards. In Causey v. Swift Co., 57 Ga. App. 609 ( 196 S.E. 228), there appears a quotation from the American Law Institute's Restatement of the Law of Agency, § 234, as follows: "One may be a servant, although a bad servant, in performing his master's business at a forbidden place, if the place is within the general territory in which the servant is employed. One engaged to drive an automobile in New York City would not be in the service while driving in Albany; but a servant directed to drive from New York to Albany on the west side of the Hudson would not cease to be acting within the scope of the employment while driving on the east side." From direct testimony the jury was authorized to find that the route selected by Barnett and the route the plaintiffs in error insist he should have taken are in the same general area.
In view of the authorities cited and many others on the same subject, it seems to us that the principle of law is unassailable that, where a servant has been instructed by the master to go to a designated place in furtherance of the master's business, said instructions not specifying which of two or more feasible routes for him to take, the servant may in his discretion, without deviation from the master's business, himself make the selection of routes.
The evidence authorized the jury to find that the defendant, James Barnett, was acting within the scope of his employment by the defendants, W. C. and F. J. Henry, at the time the plaintiff was injured. This question was properly submitted to the jury by the trial court.
The judgment overruling the motion for new trial as amended is without error.
Judgment affirmed. MacIntyre, P. J., and Gardner, J., concur.