Summary
In Heisler, the defendant physician performed a laminectomy on the plaintiff patient in March 1972. Heisler, 318 N.W.2d at 504.
Summary of this case from In re NM Holdings Company, LLCOpinion
Docket No. 54480.
Decided January 26, 1982.
Bishop Shelton, P.C. (by Thomas H. Blaske), for plaintiffs.
Kitch, Suhrheinrich, Smith, Saurbier Drutchas, P.C., for defendant.
Before: D.C. RILEY, P.J., and R.M. MAHER and CYNAR, JJ.
On March 22, 1972, defendant performed a laminectomy on Carl Heisler and left a piece of needle which had broken off in plaintiff Carl Heisler's back. On August 16, 1979, plaintiffs commenced this action in Wayne County Circuit Court. Defendant filed a motion for accelerated judgment based on the statute of limitations. The trial court granted the defendant's motion. Plaintiffs appeal from that order as of right.
The statute of limitations for malpractice is two years. MCL 600.5805(4); MSA 27A.5805(4). Accrual of the claim is governed by MCL 600.5838; MSA 27A.5838, which states:
"A claim based on the malpractice of a person who is, or holds himself out to be, a member of a state licensed profession * * * accrues at the time that person discontinues treating or otherwise serving the plaintiff in a professional or pseudoprofessional capacity as to the matters out of which the claim for malpractice arose * * *."
A person must bring suit within two years of the last treatment or the date he discovers or reasonably should have discovered the alleged malpractice, whichever is later. Dyke v Richard, 390 Mich. 739, 747; 213 N.W.2d 185 (1973).
A motion for accelerated judgment is the proper vehicle by which to raise the affirmative defense of the statute of limitations. GCR 1963, 116.1(5). However, a summary dismissal by accelerated judgment is improper if disputed fact issues exist on either the date of last treatment or date of discovery. Kelleher v Mills, 70 Mich. App. 360; 245 N.W.2d 749 (1976).
First, plaintiffs contend that plaintiff Carl Heisler's August, 1978, visit to defendant is the date of last treatment for purposes of the statute of limitations. We cannot agree. The philosophy behind the last treatment rule was explained in Johnson v Caldwell, 371 Mich. 368, 379; 123 N.W.2d 785 (1963):
"The grave inequities which could follow the application of the last treatment rule are well illustrated by the case at bar. Plaintiff testified, as pointed out earlier, `I accepted his [defendant's] word [that] nothing could be done for it.' As phrased in Ayers v Morgan [ 397 Pa. 282; 154 A.2d 788 (1959)], supra, p 285, it would be `illogical and unintelligent' to require a patient to determine on the date he last consults a physician that malpractice has taken place, when he in fact relies upon the advice that constitutes the malpractice. So to hold would punish the patient who relies upon his doctor's advice and places a premium on skepticism and distrust."
The essence of the last treatment rule is that the cessation of the ongoing patient-physician relationship marks the point where the statute of limitations begins to run.
Mr. Heisler's laminectomy was performed in March of 1972 and his last follow-up visit was in September of 1972. He did not visit or seek any treatment from defendant until six years later on the August, 1978 visit. In 1974, on his own initiative, plaintiff went to the Mayo Clinic. Mr. Heisler was hospitalized at the Mayo Clinic for ten days in 1974. After the 1974 visit, Mr. Heisler returned to the Mayo Clinic two more times. He apparently went to a neurosurgeon, Dr. Austin, in August of 1978. Dr. Austin examined Mr. Heisler and recommended further tests. However, Mr. Heisler did not have the tests because he and his wife were getting ready to leave for their winter residence in Arizona. Dr. Austin apparently then suggested that Mr. Heisler see the doctor who performed the operation. Mr. Heisler had also been seeing a neurosurgeon, Dr. Thompson, in Arizona, one or two times a year for a number of years since he began to spend winters in Arizona. During the six-year period, Mr. Heisler consulted two neurosurgeons and the Mayo Clinic about his back on numerous occasions; but, not the defendant.
The facts in the instant case are clearly distinguishable from those in DeGrazia v Johnson, 105 Mich. App. 356; 306 N.W.2d 512 (1981). In DeGrazia, the issue was whether the trial court erred in finding that defendant was "treating or otherwise serving plaintiff" by means of a telephone conversation. This Court held that on the unique facts of the case, the trial judge did not err. This Court stated:
"[T]he statute did not begin to run until after the June, 1976, telephone conversation between defendant and James DeGrazia since it was not until that time that defendant discontinued `treating or otherwise serving the plaintiff'. In reaching this conclusion, we note that James DeGrazia's June, 1976, telephone conversation with defendant occurred approximately one month after his last examination by defendant, referred to his knee which had been operated on by the defendant, and does not appear to have been a device, when it occurred, for prolonging the statute of limitations." Id., 360-361.
This Court concludes that the ongoing doctor-patient relationship and its accompanying air of trustfulness in one's own doctor ended in September of 1972. It is that date which should be used in calculating the statute of limitations by date of last treatment.
This conclusion comports with the underlying policies of the statute of limitations. To allow a single visit after six years to extend or revive the statute of limitations would invite abuse and stale claims. There was no action of defendant in that six years which led Mr. Heisler to believe the situation was different than he now believes.
The second issue raised by plaintiffs is that their claim is not barred by the statute of limitations under the date of discovery rule. The controlling question becomes when, by the exercise of reasonable diligence, plaintiff Carl Heisler should have discovered the existence of a claim.
The general rule is that an accelerated judgment grounded on the statute of limitations is improper when material factual disputes exist regarding discovery of the asserted malpractice. Winfrey v Farhat, 382 Mich. 380; 170 N.W.2d 34 (1969). Numerous cases have relied on the analysis set forth in Leary v Rupp, 89 Mich. App. 145, 148; 280 N.W.2d 466 (1979):
"A person usually visits a doctor because of a physical or mental problem. Therefore, it is easy to assume that subsequent developments are due to the problem which initiated the contact rather than negligence on the part of the doctor. In addition, the doctor himself may allay any suspicions the patient might have. See Kelleher [v Mills, 70 Mich. App. 360; 245 N.W.2d 749 (1976)], supra, Cates v Frederick W Bald Estate, 54 Mich. App. 717; 221 N.W.2d 474 (1974). For these reasons knowledge of the act and resulting injury alone may be insufficient to commence the running of the statute of limitations. On the other hand, it is not necessary that the plaintiff recognize that she has suffered an `invasion of a legal right'. Patterson v Estate of Flick, 69 Mich. App. 101; 244 N.W.2d 371 (1976). We conclude that in order to discover `asserted malpractice' a person must know of the act or omission itself, i.e., prescribing polycillin, and have good reason to believe the act itself was improper or was done in an improper manner.
"Under certain circumstances mere knowledge of the act will be sufficient because it alone gives good reason to believe it was improper. For example, in Patterson, supra, the defendant severed a femoral nerve during an appendectomy resulting in paralysis."
See also Jackson v Vincent, 97 Mich. App. 568; 296 N.W.2d 104 (1980), Leyson v Krause, 92 Mich. App. 759; 285 N.W.2d 451 (1979).
In the instant case, defendant informed plaintiff Mr. Heisler that a part of the needle had been left in him during the surgery. Defendant assured Mr. Heisler that this was not detrimental to him. Therefore, at this point Mr. Heisler would not necessarily have discovered the malpractice. Mr. Heisler does not state when he actually did discover the existence of a claim. As defendant points out, the complaint relied on the last treatment theory.
This Court considers it important that all of the various doctors that Mr. Heisler visited told him that the needle could be the cause of his pain.
As early as 1974, Mr. Heisler knew that despite what the defendant told him, other well-respected physicians believed that the needle could be causing his problem. Even if mere knowledge of the needle was insufficient to trigger discovery of the malpractice, surely when Mr. Heisler received other opinions which suggested the needle as the possible source of the difficulties he then discovered the malpractice. We therefore conclude that under the time of discovery rule plaintiffs' claim is barred.
The third issue raised by plaintiffs is that the statute of limitations has not run on their action since a continuing assault and battery exists because the needle remains in plaintiff's back. The concept of a "continuing wrong" has never been applied to an assault and battery or personal injury case. The Michigan cases cited by the plaintiffs deal with nuisance or trespass to property actions as did the other cases which discussed a continuing wrong.
To allow the plaintiffs to extend the statute of limitations by claiming that the defendant's act of leaving the piece of needle in plaintiff Carl Heisler's back is a continuing wrong, because Mr. Heisler has never had it removed, would be contrary to the purpose of statutes of limitation.
In summary, the trial court properly granted the defendant's motion for accelerated judgment. No material issues of fact existed which would require that the decision be left to the jury.
Affirmed.