Opinion
February 6, 1925.
Appeal from New York County.
Joseph H. Hayes [ Henry Ginnane with him on the brief], for the appellants.
Nadal, Jones Mowton [ Edward P. Mowton of counsel], for the respondent.
The defendant attended Mrs. Heartwell at confinement and delivered her of a child. According to the testimony adduced by the plaintiffs, the day following the birth Mrs. Heartwell felt better, but the next day she became very ill, and an offensive odor was noticed, which became worse from day to day, and Mrs. Heartwell's illness so intensified that three days later the defendant, at the mutual desire of the family and himself, called in another physician; that the defendant examined Mrs. Heartwell internally and stated that he found nothing, that she was absolutely clean; that Mrs. Heartwell's condition thereafter became so bad that two days later her husband called in a Dr. Armstrong, who took from within Mrs. Heatwell a large piece of decayed, fibrous substance, somewhat spongy, very dark in color, with a greenish tint and having a very offensive odor, corresponding to the odor that had been emanating from Mrs. Heartwell and which up to that time had permeated the entire apartment.
The plaintiffs contended, and sought to prove, that the substance removed was a part of the placenta, or afterbirth, and claimed that it was negligently left within Mrs. Heartwell, and that the defendant was negligent in not discovering its presence and removing the same.
For the purpose of proving that the substance removed was a part of the placenta, the plaintiffs offered the testimony of certain of Mrs. Heartwell's relatives who were present at the birth, to the effect that the mass removed by Dr. Armstrong was of the same appearance as an afterbirth. One of these witnesses, Mrs. Taylor, testified that at the birth of her own daughter she saw the afterbirth, and also testified that she was present at the birth in the case at bar and saw the defendant take out a piece of the afterbirth with an instrument, look at it and shake his head. Another witness, Mrs. Streets, had been present at the delivery of four children, and each time had seen the afterbirth. Neither of these witnesses, however, was permitted to testify that the substance removed by Dr. Armstrong was of the same appearance as an afterbirth, the court holding that they were not qualified as experts so to testify. This was error, as the witnesses were qualified to testify whether from their observation the one thing resembled the other, having seen both. In Greenfield v. People ( 85 N.Y. 75, 83) the court said: "It is not difficult to perceive that there are many substances which are commonly known, in regard to which a witness may testify, although he is unacquainted with their ingredients or chemical properties. Many of these would be more familiar to those who had occasion to notice them frequently than to others, and hence they could testify more directly and positively in regard to the same. But to hold that no one but an expert or a scientific person should be allowed to speak on such subjects, would be establishing a stricter rule than is authorized by law. While, then, inexperienced persons and those comparatively ignorant may be able to testify in reference to such substances, the weight to be given to their evidence must of course, depend upon the circumstances and their knowledge of the matter." Each of the said witnesses, having recently seen an afterbirth removed from Mrs. Heartwell and having previously seen afterbirths removed from other women, should have been allowed to testify whether the substance removed by Dr. Armstrong as aforesaid resembled an afterbirth, leaving it to the jury to give to their testimony such weight as in their judgment it was entitled to receive.
There also was erroneously excluded testimony concerning the conversation between the defendant and Dr. Armstrong concerning the matter removed by Dr. Armstrong, upon the ground that Dr. Armstrong was dead and could not be cross-examined. The defendant admitted that there was a mass taken from Mrs. Heartwell and that Dr. Armstrong spoke to him concerning it. It is clear that the conversation between the defendant and the deceased Dr. Armstrong is not barred by section 347 of the Civil Practice Act, which forbids a witness being examined "in his own behalf or interest" concerning a personal transaction with the deceased, said section being designed for the protection of the deceased person's estate, and not for the protection of the witness. It is quite possible that what was said between Dr. Armstrong and the defendant might have constituted an admission on the part of the defendant that the matter removed as aforesaid was placenta.
It follows that the judgments should be reversed and new trials granted, with costs to the appellants to abide the event.
CLARKE, P.J., DOWLING, MARTIN and BURR, JJ., concur.
In each case: Judgment reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to appellant to abide the event.