Summary
In Hayworth, the court found that former supreme court rule 1-8A providing for waiver if a jury trial was not requested within 10 days after closure of the issues did not impair the constitutional right.
Summary of this case from Whittaker v. DailOpinion
No. 29,766.
Filed May 15, 1959.
1. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — Trials in State Courts — Federal Constitution — Amendment Seven. — Amendment 7 of the Constitution of the United States does not apply to trials in state courts. p. 434.
2. TRIAL — Trial by Jury — Substantive Law — Rules of Supreme Court. — The right to a trial by jury is substantive law which the Supreme Court cannot change. p. 434.
3. TRIAL — Constitutional Law — Trial by Jury — Rules of Supreme Court — Waiver of Jury Trial. — Rule 1-8A, Rules of Supreme Court, does not take away the right to a jury trial but only provides the method of waiving such right. p. 434.
4. TRIAL — Jury Trial — Waiver — Courts. — It is well settled that the right to a jury trial may be waived and courts may prescribe the form of the waiver. p. 434.
5. TRIAL — Jury Trial — Method of Waiver — Substantive or Procedural Matters. — While the right to a jury trial is a substantive matter, the method or manner in which it may be waived or exercised is clearly a procedural question. p. 435.
6. PROCEDURE — Rules and Regulations — Courts — Waiver of Rights. — The time, place and mode of doing an act in court is, generally speaking, a proper subject of regulation by rules and litigants may be required to comply with rules upon these subjects and in default of such compliance may be deemed to have waived their rights. p. 435.
7. TRIAL — Jury Trial — Method of Procedure — Constitutional Law. — It is the right to a trial by jury, rather than the method of procedure, which is guaranteed by our constitution. p. 435.
8. WORDS AND PHRASES — Constitutional Law — "Shall Remain Inviolate" — Common Law. — The phrase "shall remain inviolate" as used in Art. 1, § 20, means "continue as it was at common law." p. 435.
9. TRIAL — Jury Trial — Constitutional Law — Reasonable Regulation — Impairment of Right. — The word "inviolate" as used in the constitutional guarantee of trial by jury has been held to mean "freedom from substantial impairment" but not from reasonable regulations which do not affect the substance of the right. p. 435.
10. TRIAL — Jury Trial — Constitutional Law — Reasonable Regulation — Impairment of Right. — The making of a reasonable regulation of the method of enjoyment of the right of trial by jury is not a denial or impairment of the right. p. 436.
11. TRIAL — Jury Trial — Demand For Trial — Reasonable Regulation — Statutes. — The legislature may enact a law providing that in civil actions a party shall not be entitled to a trial by jury unless he files, within the time fixed, a notice that he desires it, or a demand for such trial, such being only a reasonable regulation. p. 436.
12. TRIAL — Jury Trial — Rules of Supreme Court — Waiver of Jury Trial. — The legislature has provided ways in which a jury trial may be waived and it would seem to follow logically that the Supreme Court, under the authority delegated to it, sec. 2-4718, Burns' 1946 Replacement, can provide additional methods or ways of waiving such right, provided they tend to expedite the decision of cases or remedy abuses which exist in the practice and do not impair the substance of the right to a trial by jury. p. 437.
13. TRIAL — Jury Trial — Constitutional Law — Common Law. — The provision of the Indiana Constitution that the right to a trial by jury in all civil cases shall remain inviolate means that the substantial elements and incidents, which pertained to a trial by jury at common law, shall not be altered or changed by the legislature or the courts and are preserved in substance as they existed at common law. p. 437.
14. TRIAL — Jury Trial — Rules of Supreme Court — Constitutional Law — Substantive Rights — Procedural Regulation. — Rule 1-8A, Rules of Supreme Court, which fixes the time within which a request for trial by jury in civil cases shall be made, is a reasonable procedural regulation designed to prevent delays and it does not affect the substantive elements of a trial by jury as it existed at common law and is not in violation of appellant's right to a trial by jury as guaranteed by Art. 1, § 20, Indiana Constitution. p. 438.
15. APPEAL — Sufficiency of Evidence — Negative Decision — Burden of Proof Upon Appellant. — Where the burden of proof was upon appellant, a decision against him cannot be attacked by him upon the ground that there is insufficient evidence to sustain the decision. p. 438.
From the Ripley Circuit Court, Curtis W. Thompson, Judge.
Hadley Hayworth, appellant, sought to recover damages for the death of his daughter as the result of an automobile collision. Judgment was entered favorable to appellee, Bryan Bromwell, and appellant appeals.
Transferred from the Appellate Court pursuant to sec. 4-217, Burns' 1946 Replacement.
Affirmed.
Hartell F. Denmure, of Aurora, Paul Schnaitter, of Madison and Ewing Wright, of Osgood, for appellant.
Hugh D. Wickens, Hubert E. Wickens, of Greensburg, and Amos Jackson, of Versailles, for appellee.
Plaintiff-appellant sought to recover damages because of the death of his daughter, as the result of a collision between an automobile in which she was riding as a guest and one driven by defendant-appellee.
Venue of the case was changed to Ripley County on April 14, 1955. The issues were closed on May 26, 1955, by the filing of defendant-appellee's answer, and on December 8, 1955, plaintiff filed his "motion" for a trial by jury. This motion was overruled, and the case tried by the court without the intervention of a jury. Judgment was for the defendant-appellee.
Two questions are presented by appellant's brief.
1. Did the court err in overruling appellant's motion for a jury trial?
2. Is the decision of the trial court sustained by sufficient evidence?
We shall consider these questions in the order named.
First: Appellant asserts that it was error to overrule his motion for a jury trial because Rule 1-8A of this court, 1958 Edition, violates the provisions of Amendment 7 of the Constitution of the United States and Art. 1, § 20, of the Constitution of Indiana.
Amendment 7 of the Constitution of the United States does not apply to trials in State Courts. Edwards v. Elliott (1874), 21 Wall. 88 U.S. 532, 22 L.Ed. 487, 1. 492; Pearson v. Yewdall (1877), 95 U.S. 294, 24 L.Ed. 436, 437; Ex Parte: Spies (1887), 123 U.S. 131, 31 L.Ed. 80, 86, 8 S.Ct. 21; Eilenbecker v. District Court of Plymouth County, Iowa (1890), 134 U.S. 31, 33 L.Ed. 801, 803, 10 S.Ct. 424.
Article 1, § 20, of the Constitution of Indiana provides:
"In all civil cases, the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate."
We agree with appellant that the right to a trial by jury is substantive law which this court cannot change. Rule 1-8A, supra, which fixes the time within which a request for 2, 3. a trial by jury must be made, does not take away the right to a jury trial. It only provides the method of waiving such right.
It is well settled that the right to a jury trial may be waived: Madison and Indianapolis Railroad Company v. Whiteneck (1856), 8 Ind. 217, 218; Blair v. Curry et 4. al. (1898), 150 Ind. 99, 101, 46 N.E. 672; Indianapolis, etc., Traction Co. v. Brennan (1910), 174 Ind. 1, 44, 87 N.E. 215, 90 N.E. 65, 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 85; Kelso v. Cook (1916), 184 Ind. 173, 192, 110 N.E. 987, 1918E Ann. Cas. 68; Haas v. Olson (1940), 217 Ind. 50, 53, 26 N.E.2d 35; Clodfelder v. Walker (1955), 234 Ind. 219, 223, 125 N.E.2d 799; Thayer v. Shorey (1934), 287 Mass. 76, 191 N.E. 435, 437, 94 A.L.R. 307; Campbell v. Sutliff (1927), 193 Wis. 370, 214 N.W. 374, 377, 53 A.L.R. 771; Farmer v. Loofbourrow (1954), 75 Idaho 88, 267 P.2d 113, 116, 41 A.L.R.2d 774; and courts may prescribe the form of the waiver. Ten Eyck v. Farlee, Admr. c. (1838), 16 N.J.L. 348; Raphael v. Lane (1893), 56 N.J.L. 108, 111, 28 A. 421.
While the right itself is a substantive matter, the method 5. or manner in which it may be waived or exercised is clearly a procedural question.
"The time, place, and mode of doing an act in court is, generally speaking, a proper subject of regulation by rules, and litigants may be 6. required to comply with rules upon these subjects, and in default of such compliance may be deemed to have waived their rights." 7 R.C.L., Courts, § 52, p. 1025. See also: State ex rel. Blood et al. v. Gibson Circuit Ct. (1959), 239 Ind. 394, 157 N.E.2d 475.
It is the right to a trial by jury, rather than the method 7. of procedure, which is guaranteed by our Constitution.
"It is well settled that the object of a constitutional provision guaranteeing the right of a trial by jury is to preserve the substance of the right rather than to prescribe the details of the methods by which it shall be exercised and enjoyed." People v. Kelly (1931), 347 Ill. 221, 179 N.E. 898, 899, 80 A.L.R. 890, 892.
Also, it is the substance of the right which "shall remain 8. inviolate," not the manner in which it is exercised or waived.
The phrase "shall remain inviolate" as used in Art. 1, § 20, means "continue as it was at common law." Coca-Cola Bottling Works v. Harvey (1935), 209 Ind. 262, 263, 198 N.E. 782.
The word "inviolate" as used in the constitutional guarantee of trial by jury has also been held to mean "freedom from . . . substantial impairment," but not from reasonable 9. regulations which do not affect the substance of the right. Humphrey v. Eakley (1905), 72 N.J.L. 424, 60 A. 1097, 1098; Commonwealth v. Fugmann (1938), 330 Pa. 4, 198 A. 99, 111; People v. Peete (1921), 54 Cal.App. 333, 202 P. 51, 66; State v. Mercier (1925), 98 Vt. 368, 127 A. 715, 716; State v. Furth (1940), 5 Wn.2d 1, 104 P.2d 925, 933; Fisch v. Manger (1957), 24 N.J. 66, 130 A.2d 815, 820.
The making of a reasonable regulation of the method of enjoyment of the right of trial by jury is not a denial or 10. impairment of the right. Conneau v. Geis (1887), 73 Cal. 176, 14 P. 580, 581.
The Legislature may properly enact a law providing that in civil actions a party shall not be entitled to a trial by jury unless he files, within the time fixed, a notice that he 11. desires it, or a demand for such trial, such being only a reasonable regulation. Indianapolis, etc., Traction Co. v. Brennan, supra (1910), 174 Ind. 1, 44, 87 N.E. 215, 90 N.E. 65, 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 85; 16 R.C.L., Jury, § 17, p. 198.
This court has held that failure to demand a jury at the time the trial begins is a waiver thereof. Blair v. Curry et al., supra (1898), 150 Ind. 99, 101, 46 N.E. 672.
The rule in Indiana prior to the adoption of Rule 1-8A, supra, was as follows:
"A demand for a jury trial must be made at the time of trial. A demand made on a previous day or at a previous term is not sufficient, unless the rules of court require it." (Our italics.) Works' Practice and Forms, Watson's Rev., Vol. II, § 1528, p. 198.
Rule 1-8A, supra, does not prohibit a jury trial, nor does it affect the substance of the right thereto. It merely regulates the method of enforcing the right by providing that a jury trial shall be waived unless requested within the time fixed by the rule.
The Legislature has very properly provided ways in which a jury trial may be waived. Acts 1881 (Spec. Sess.), ch. 38, § 393, p. 240, being § 2-1904, Burns' 1946 Replacement. It then 12. would seem to follow logically that this court, under the authority delegated to it by Acts 1937, ch. 91, § 1, p. 459, being § 2-4718, Burns' 1946 Replacement, can provide additional methods or ways of waiving such right, provided they tend to expedite the decision of cases or remedy abuses which exist in the practice, and do not impair the substance of the right to a trial by jury.
See: Indianapolis, etc., Traction Co. v. Brennan (1910), 174 Ind. 1, 87 N.E. 215, 90 N.E. 65, 30 L.R.A. (N.S.) 85.
Under the rule prevailing prior to the adoption of Rule 1-8A, supra, a jury trial could be demanded on the morning the trial was to begin. This resulted in many delays and added to the cost of litigation. The effects of such action are so generally known that it seems unnecessary to burden this opinion by elaborating on them.
The adoption of Rule 1-8A, supra, was simply an act by this court designed to expedite the decision of cases and remedy an abuse in the practice. See: State ex rel. Janelle v. Lake Sup. Ct. (1957), 237 Ind. 3, 4, 143 N.E.2d 288.
The provision of the Constitution of Indiana that the right to a trial by jury in all civil cases shall remain inviolate means that the substantial elements and incidents, which 13. pertained to a trial by jury at common law, shall not be altered or changed by the Legislature or the courts and are preserved in substance as they existed at common law.
Rule 1-8A, supra, which fixes the time within which a request for trial by jury in civil cases shall be made, is a reasonable procedural regulation designed to prevent delays, to 14. expedite the decision of cases, and to remedy a common abuse in the practice. It does not in any way affect the substantive or essential elements of a trial by jury as it existed at common law and is not in violation of appellant's right to a trial by jury as guaranteed by Art. 1, § 20, of the Constitution of Indiana.
Second: An allegation by appellant that the decision of the court is not sustained by sufficient evidence presents no question to this court because the burden was upon him to 15. establish the allegations of his complaint, and a decision against him cannot be attacked upon the ground that there is insufficient evidence to sustain it. Pokraka v. Lummus Co. (1952), 230 Ind. 523, 528, 529, 104 N.E.2d 669.
For the reasons above stated the judgment of the trial court must be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
Landis, C.J., Achor and Arterburn, JJ., concur.
Jackson, J., not participating.
NOTE. — Reported in 158 N.E.2d 285.