Summary
In Hawkins v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 83 Mich. App. 225; 268 N.W.2d 534 (1978), Chief Judge DANHOF, distinguishing Mathis, held that an employee was entitled to recover personal protection benefits from his employer's no-fault insurance carrier, on grounds that MCL 418.131 barred recovery only from the employer, not from the employer's insurer.
Summary of this case from Lewis v. Yellow FreightOpinion
Docket No. 77-2780.
Decided May 9, 1978. Leave to appeal applied for.
McCroskey, Libner, VanLeuven, Feldman, Kortering, Cochrane Brock (by Robert O. Chessman), for plaintiff.
Linsey, Strain Worsfold, P.C., for defendant.
Before: DANHOF, C.J., and T.M. BURNS and M.J. KELLY, JJ.
Plaintiff alleges that on June 7, 1976, he was injured in the course of his employment while driving his employer's truck which was covered under a no-fault motor vehicle insurance policy issued by the defendant to the plaintiff's employer. As a result of the injury, plaintiff received workers' disability compensation benefits paid by the employer's workers' compensation insurance carrier (not the defendant). On May 9, 1977, plaintiff filed suit against defendant seeking to recover no-fault personal protection insurance benefits, MCL 500.3114(3); MSA 24.13114(3). Based on the contention that § 131 of the Worker's Disability Compensation Act (MCL 418.131; MSA 17.237[131]), provided that plaintiff's exclusive remedy was through that act, defendant moved for and was granted accelerated judgment. GCR 1963, 116.1(2).
Section 131 of the Worker's Disability Compensation Act reads:
"The right to the recovery of benefits as provided in this act shall be the employee's exclusive remedy against the employer. As used in this section and section 827 `employee' includes the person injured, his personal representatives and any other person to whom a claim accrues by reason of the injury to or death of the employee, and `employer' includes his insurer, a service agent to a self-insured employer, and the accident fund insofar as they furnish, or fail to furnish, safety inspections or safety advisory services incident to providing workmen's compensation insurance or incident to a self-insured employer's liability servicing contract."
The defendant in the instant case, unlike the defendant in Mathis v Interstate Motor Freight System, 73 Mich. App. 602; 252 N.W.2d 842 (1977), is not plaintiff's employer as defined in § 131. Consequently, that exclusive remedy provision does not operate to bar the instant circuit court action. Therefore, accelerated judgment, based on § 131, was improper and must be reversed.
The statutory schemes of workers' disability compensation and no-fault motor vehicle insurance provide an employee, such as the plaintiff, who is injured in the course of employment while occupying an employer-owned motor vehicle covered by a no-fault policy issued by an insurance company, at least two potential avenues of recovering compensation. The employee may obtain workers' disability compensation benefits and also may obtain no-fault benefits. During oral arguments before this Court, plaintiff's attorney stated in part: "There is an offset proviso within the statute * * * that offset permits the no-fault carrier to not have to double pay * * * We're certainly not intending to double dip." This author thoroughly agrees with the view that the plaintiff should not obtain a double recovery. Both of these potential sources of recovery are creatures of the Michigan Legislature and both are paid for by the employer. The Legislature was aware of the possibility of duplicative recovery when it enacted the no-fault motor vehicle insurance act. The problem was addressed in § 3109(1) (MCL 500.3109; MSA 24.13109[1]) which reads:
"(1) Benefits provided or required to be provided under the laws of any state or the federal government shall be subtracted from the personal protection insurance benefits otherwise payable for the injury."
In Pollock v Frankenmuth Mutual Ins Co, 79 Mich. App. 218; 261 N.W.2d 554 (1977), § 3109(1) was held to be void where it operated to reduce, by the amount of workers' disability compensation benefits received, the no-fault benefits payable under a no-fault insurance policy purchased by the employee. The opinion reads in part at 224-225:
"If the subtraction rule functions as intended, it denies recovery on no-fault policies for the purpose of lowering premiums. * * * [W]orker motorists are forced to purchase insurance on which the law denies them a right of recovery, so that other insureds may enjoy lower premiums for insurance on which they can recover.
"We perceive no way in which this allocation increases premium savings. Forcing a given class to purchase insurance upon which they cannot recover will tend to reallocate wealth, but will do so in a manner unrelated to any identifiable legislative policy. We do not regard the random redistribution of wealth as a legitimate legislative objective, sufficient to justify the discriminatory effect of § 3109(1)."
The holding and rationale of Pollock do not apply to the situation in the instant case where an employee seeks recovery of benefits provided by a no-fault policy purchased by the employer.
In O'Donnell v State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins Co, 70 Mich. App. 487; 245 N.W.2d 801 (1976), lv granted 397 Mich. 848 (1976), § 3109(1) of the no-fault act was declared unconstitutional where its application resulted in deduction of Federal Social Security benefits from no-fault personal injury protection benefits otherwise payable. O'Donnell reads in part at 496:
"Section 3109(1) is very broad — it covers any collateral governmental source. No-fault systems in other states include collateral source set-off provisions, but in Illinois and Florida, for example, the set-off provisions apply only to workmen's compensation benefits. It might be argued that the latter type of set-off provision is reasonable because the workmen's compensation benefits are provided without cost to the beneficiary, while private collateral source benefits are not.[1] Cf. Grace v Howlett, supra, [ 51 Ill.2d 478; 283 N.E.2d 474 (1972)], Chief Justice Underwood, dissenting. The argument is persuasive.
"[1] This type of no-fault set-off provision (reducing no-fault benefits by workmen's compensation benefits received) has been upheld by the Florida Supreme Court. Lasky v State Farm Insurance Co, 296 So.2d 9, 21 (Fla, 1974)."
This analysis applies to the facts of the instant case. Application of § 3109(1) in the instant case would be valid. Therefore, if on remand plaintiff succeeds in establishing an entitlement to no-fault personal protection benefits, in my view an off set for worker's disability compensation benefits recovered should be made as provided for in § 3109(1).
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings. Costs to plaintiff.
This opinion is written subsequent to those of my colleagues.
Both of my brothers agree that the case must be reversed for error in granting accelerated judgment based upon the exclusive remedy provision of the Worker's Disability Compensation Act, MCL 418.131; MSA 17.237(131). Since I join in that ruling but am unwilling to go further I believe the law of this case is that the circuit court is reversed, the matter is remanded for further proceedings and there is little doubt that the court on remand will be greatly aided by the continuing flow of decisions coming out of this Court on the constitutionality issues and probably by Supreme Court decision in O'Donnell v State Farm Ins Co, 70 Mich. App. 487; 245 N.W.2d 801 (1976), lv granted, 397 Mich. 848 (1976), Shavers v Attorney General, 65 Mich. App. 355; 237 N.W.2d 325 (1975), lv granted 396 Mich. 869 (1976).
I agree with the conclusion reached in Judge DANHOF'S opinion, that the circuit court erred in granting accelerated judgment based on the exclusive remedy provision of the Worker's Disability Compensation Act, MCL 418.131; MSA 17.237(131), but for the reason stated below I cannot join in his opinion.
MCL 418.131; MSA 17.237(131) provides in relevant part:
"The right to the recovery of benefits as provided in this act shall be the employee's exclusive remedy against the employer. As used in this section * * * `employer' includes his insurer, a service agent to a self-insured employer, and the accident fund insofar as they furnish, or fail to furnish, safety inspections or safety advisory services incident to providing workmen's compensation insurance * * *."
Defendant Auto-Owners is being sued to collect benefits under a policy of insurance issued to provide coverage required by the "no fault" chapter of the insurance code. MCL 500.3101- 500.3179; MSA 24.13101-24.13179. It is not being sued for furnishing or failing to furnish "safety inspections or safety advisory services incident to providing workmen's compensation insurance". Auto-Owners cannot claim the exclusive remedy protection from suit under § 131 of the Worker's Disability Compensation Act on these facts.
Whether the exclusive remedy provision of worker's compensation is a bar to recovery of no-fault benefits was the only question briefed and argued in this case. The constitutionality of the set off provisions of MCL 500.3109; MSA 24.13109 was not raised and I would not reach it in this case, especially since plaintiff has expressed his willingness to abide by the statute as written. However, since Judge DANHOF has gratuitously reached this question, I will express my view.
Section 3109(1) requires that "Benefits provided or required to be provided under the laws of any state or the federal government" be deducted from personal injury protection benefits before payment by the insurer. There is no question that worker's compensation is a "benefit * * * required to be provided" under the laws of this state.
See MCL 418.111; MSA 17.237(111) and MCL 418.301; MSA 17.237(301).
Although there has been some disagreement on the method of analysis and the degree of acceptance of the reasonableness of the distinctions made by the Legislature under this provision, no panel has found § 3109(1) constitutional in its application. O'Donnell v State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins Co, 70 Mich. App. 487; 245 N.W.2d 801 (1976), lv granted, 397 Mich. 848 (1976) (set off for Social Security benefits), Wysocki v Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange, 77 Mich. App. 565; 258 N.W.2d 561 (1977) (set off for Social Security benefits), Pollock v Frankenmuth Mutual Ins Co, 79 Mich. App. 218; 261 N.W.2d 554 (1977) (deduction of worker's compensation benefits from no-fault policy purchased by the employee).
I would reach the same result here, where both the worker's compensation and no-fault policies are provided by the employer. The problem is that the legislative scheme is essentially arbitrary. Why the distinction between private collateral sources which are required to be provided by law, and those which are not required to be provided? I would suggest that there is no valid reason and find the statute unconstitutional as applied to these facts. O'Donnell v State Farm, supra, at 497-498, Bowser v Jacobs, 36 Mich. App. 320; 194 N.W.2d 110 (1971).
I disagree with the statement in Pollock, 79 Mich App at 223, that this distinction is reasonable if the legislative purpose was to reduce insurance premiums. When some are allowed duplicative recovery while it is denied to others solely on the basis that their supplemental benefits are required to be provided by law an essentially arbitrary classification has been made.