Opinion
No. 41026.
September 12, 1949. Motion for Rehearing or to Transfer to Banc Overruled, October 10, 1949.
Plaintiff bus passenger was injured when the bus in which he was riding was struck by a locomotive operated by the Alton Railroad Company over the tracks of the Kansas City Terminal Railway Company in Kansas City, Kansas. After settling with the bus company, a verdict was obtained against both railroad companies. There were jury issues against the Alton of operating without a headlight, giving no warning signals, violating a speed ordinance and other issues of primary negligence. The ordinance was not void. There was a jury issue against the Terminal of failure to maintain a flagman at a busy crossing. Allegations in plaintiff's petition as to the bus driver's negligence are not conclusive, and such negligence may not be imputed to plaintiff. Under the Kansas rule the railroad companies are liable for concurrent negligence. All instructions are upheld. The verdict of $8,000 was excessive by $3,000.
1. NEGLIGENCE: Railroads: Grade Crossing Collision: No Headlight. There was a submissible case against the Alton Railroad Company of negligence in operating a locomotive without a headlight.
2. NEGLIGENCE: Railroads: Grade Crossing Collision: Failure to Give Warning Signals. There was evidence that warning signals were not given.
3. NEGLIGENCE: Railroads: Constitutional Law: Grade Crossing Collision: Excessive Speed: Ordinance Not Void. There was evidence that the 6 mile per hour ordinance of Kansas City, Kansas was violated by the Alton Railroad Company's locomotive. And the ordinance was not unreasonable and void.
4. NEGLIGENCE: Railroads: Grade Crossing Collision: Instruction Not Erroneous. Plaintiff's instruction submitted several acts of primary negligence of the Alton Railroad Company and was not erroneous.
5. NEGLIGENCE: Railroads: Grade Crossing Collision: Failure to Have Flagman at Crossing. There was a jury issue of negligence of the Terminal Railroad in failure to have a flagman on duty at the crossing, and the instruction on this issue was in proper form.
6. NEGLIGENCE: Evidence: Pleading Not Conclusive. Plaintiff's pleading as to the negligence of a third defendant is not conclusive as an admission against interest.
7. NEGLIGENCE: Railroads: Grade Crossing Collision: Kansas Rule: Concurrent Negligence. Defendant railroad companies are liable for concurrent negligence regardless of the negligence of the driver of the bus in which plaintiff was riding.
8. NEGLIGENCE: Railroads: Grade Crossing Collision: Kansas Rule: Negligence of Bus Driver Not Imputed to Plaintiff. The Kansas decisions do not go so far as to impute the negligence of a public carrier to a passenger.
9. NEGLIGENCE: Railroads: Grade Crossing Collision: Instructions Not Prejudicial. The instructions dealing with concurrent negligence, joint liability and proximate cause were not misleading, conflicting or prejudicial.
10. DAMAGES: Verdict Excessive. A verdict of $8,000 for back injuries was excessive by $3,000.
Appeal from Jackson Circuit Court; Hon. Paul A. Buzard, Judge.
AFFIRMED ( subject to remittitur).
Charles M. Miller for appellant Gardner, Trustee.
(1) The railroad crossing accident out of which this suit arises, occurred in Kansas and is therefore governed by the law of Kansas, and under the law of Kansas, which plaintiff invokes, the plaintiff proved no actionable negligence against the defendant Gardner, Trustee. Richards v. C., R.I. P.R. Co., 157 Kan. 378, 139 P.2d 427; Whitcomb v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co., 128 Kan. 749, 280 P. 900; Ross v. C., R.I. P. Co., 165 Kan. 279; Christy v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co., 154 Kan. 713, 121 P.2d 208; Benton v. Railway Co., 100 Kan. 165, 163 P. 801; Railroad v. Justice, 80 Kan. 10, 101 P. 469; Kennedy v. C., R.I. P. Co., 2 Kan. App. 693, 43 P. 802. (2) The negligence pleaded in plaintiff's petition and proven by plaintiff, with respect to the operator of the bus of the Kansas City Public Service Co., not stopping the bus and looking and listening, and approaching the crossing at a high speed, was the proximate cause of the collision of the bus with the train and bars any recovery against defendant Gardner, whose alleged negligence, if any, was at most remote. Whitcomb v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co. 128 Kan. 749, 280 P. 900; Richards v. C., R.I. P.R. Co., 157 Kan. 378, 139 P.2d 427; Benton v. Railway Co., 100 Kan. 165, 163 P. 80; Railroad v. Justice, 80 Kan. 10, 101 P. 469. (3) The last clear chance doctrine of Kansas is not applicable to the facts of this case. Ross v. C., R.I. P. Co., 165 Kan. 279; Bass v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co., 143 Kan. 740, 57 P.2d 467; Bucklin v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co., 147 Kan. 192, 75 P.2d 280; McBeth v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co., 95 Kan. 364, 148 P. 621. (4) Plaintiff is bound by the allegations of his petition, as to the operator of the bus and is estopped to deny them. Weil v. Posten, 77 Mo. 284; Brice v. Sims, 34 Mo. 246; Knoof v. Kelsey, 102 Mo. 291, 14 S.W. 10; Davis v. Bond, 75 Mo. App. 32; Kelly v. Briggs, 290 S.W. 105; Farm Home Sav. v. Stubbs, 98 S.W.2d 320: Otrich v. Railroad, 154 Mo. App. 420, 134 S.W. 1199. (5) The trial court erred in giving plaintiff's Instruction 1, because the instruction did not properly and correctly declare the law applicable to this case and was erroneous and misleading. See cases cited under Points (1) to (4). (6) The trial court erred in giving plaintiff's Instruction 2, with respect to alleged violation by the train of speed ordinance of six miles per hour of Kansas City, Kansas, enacted in 1901, and permitting recovery against Gardner, because the instruction did not properly declare the law, and was not a proximate cause. Richards v. C., R.I. P. Co., 157 Kan. 378, 139 P.2d 427. (7) The trial court erred in giving plaintiff's Instruction 3, because it did not properly declare the law, and proceeds on the theory of humanitarian negligence as applied in Missouri, which has no application in Kansas. Ross v. C., R.I. P. Co., 165 Kan. 279; Bass v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co., 143 Kan. 740, 57 P.2d 467; Bucklin v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co., 147 Kan. 192, 75 P.2d 280; McBeth v. A., T. S.F. Co., 95 Kan. 364, 148 P. 621. (8) The trial court erred in giving plaintiff's Instructions 5 and 7, and each of them, directing the jury to find against both defendants, if the negligence submitted in other instructions "directly contributed in any degree to cause the collision in question." because the instruction did not properly declare the law and ignored any question of proximate cause and also erroneously directed that any negligence of the bus operator "constituted no defense whatever to plaintiff's action against the present defendants." Whitcomb v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co., 128 Kan. 749, 280 P. 900, and other cases cited under Point (1). (9) The trial court erred in refusing defendant Gardner's requested Instructions 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14, and each of them, which were withdrawing instructions of the different elements of alleged negligence against defendant, Gardner, and properly declared the law, and none of the alleged negligence was the proximate cause, and at most was remote, if supported by any evidence. See cases cited under Points (1) to (4). (10) The trial court erred in refusing defendant Gardner's requested Instructions 15, 16 and 17, and each of them, which properly declared the law of Kansas, and bore upon the duty of the bus operator and whether such was the proximate cause, if such was not established as a matter of law. If the proximate cause was one for a jury, these instructions stated every essential element necessary for submission to the jury. See cases cited under Points (1) to (4). (11) The trial court erred in refusing defendant Gardner's Instructions 19, 20 and 22, and each of them, which properly declared the law of Kansas and bore upon the duty of the bus operator and whether such was the proximate cause, if not established as a matter of law, stating every essential element necessary for submission to the jury, and further requiring the jury to find that Gardner was not guilty of negligence as submitted in plaintiff's Instructions 2 and 3, which submitted to the jury the alleged negligence of Gardner, before directing a verdict for Gardner. See cases cited under Points (1) to (4). (12) The trial court erred in refusing defendant Gardner's Instruction 21, pertaining to the speed ordinance of 6 miles per hour as being unreasonable and void. The damages awarded by the 9 juror verdict of $8,000, are excessive. Harding v. K.C. Public Serv. Co., 188 S.W.2d 67; Kramer v. Lospe, 94 S.W.2d 1090; Faulke v. Lehman, 17 S.W.2d 994.
Samuel W. Sawyer, John H. Lathrop and James F. Walsh for appellant Kansas City Terminal Railway Company.
(1) Terminal's failure to have a flagman on duty, to protect the crossing, was not actionable negligence. Hamilton v. City Light Traction Co., 3 S.W.2d 736; Montgomery v. Mo. Pac. R. Co., 79 S.W. 930; Curlin v. St. L.M.B.T. Ry. Co., 232 S.W. 215; Swigart v. Lusk, 192 S.W. 138; Waitkus v. C. N.W. Ry. Co., 236 N.W. 531. (2) The absence of the flagman was not the proximate cause of the collision. Jones v. K.C. Pub. Serv. Co., 147 P.2d 723; Rowell v. City of Wichita, 176 P.2d 590; Davis v. Schroeder, 291 F. 47. (3) The most that can be said is that the absence of the flagman was a remote cause and therefore not actionable. Railway Co. v. Columbia, 69 P. 338; Stephenson v. Corder, 80 P. 938; Rowell v. City of Wichita, 176 P.2d 590; Davis v. Schroeder, 291 F. 47; Lambel v. City of Florence, 222 P. 64. (4) The flagman, if on duty, could not be convicted of negligence for failing to warn traffic, since he could not under the plaintiff's evidence see or hear the approaching engine. (5) The court erred in giving plaintiff's Instruction 2 because the instruction ignores proximate cause. Griffith v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co., 295 P. 687; Whitcomb v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co., 280 P. 900; Cooper v. Railway Co., 232 P. 1024; Richards v. C., R.I. P. Ry. Co., 139 P.2d 427. (6) The court erred in giving plaintiff's Instruction 3 because it injects primary negligence in a last chance instruction. Mayfield v. K.C.S. Ry. Co., 85 S.W.2d 116; White v. K.C.P.S. Co., 149 S.W.2d 375; Hagerman v. Rogers, 101 S.W.2d 526; Murphy v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co., 197 S.W.2d 632; Buchhein v. U.P. Ry. Co., 75 P.2d 280; Jamison v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co., 252 P. 472; Hinds v. C., B. Q.R. Co., 85 S.W.2d 165; Vowels v. Mo. P.R. Co., 8 S.W.2d 7; White v. Hasburgh, 124 S.W.2d 560. (7) The court erred in giving plaintiff's Instruction 4 because the instruction is not supported by the evidence. Clarke v. Jackson, 116 S.W.2d 122; Gately v. St. L. S.F. Ry. Co., 56 S.W.2d 54; Luft v. Strobel, 19 S.W.2d 721; Freeman v. Berberich, 60 S.W.2d 393; Christner v. C., R.I. P. Ry. Co., 64 S.W.2d 752. (8) The court erred in giving plaintiff's Instruction 5 because the instruction permits a recovery for Terminal's primary negligence and Alton's last chance and primary negligence. (9) The court erred in giving plaintiff's Instruction 6 because it is conflicting, confusing and inconsistent. Nagy v. St. Louis Car Co., 37 S.W.2d 513; State ex rel. Tunget v. Shain, 101 S.W.2d 1; Seithel v. St. Louis Dairy Co., 300 S.W. 280. (10) The court erred in giving plaintiff's Instruction 7 because the instruction conflicts with other instructions and sets up two standards of negligence. DeValpine v. New York L. Co., 105 S.W.2d 977; Dove v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co., 163 S.W.2d 548. (11) Instructions 2, 3, 4 and 5 conflict and are confusing and misleading. Nagy v. St. Louis Car Co., 37 S.W.2d 513; State ex rel. Tunget v. Shain, 101 S.W.2d 1; Seithel v. St. Louis Dairy Co., 300 S.W. 280. (12) The verdict is excessive. Sachse v. Highland Dairy Farms Co., 45 S.W.2d 934; Keener v. Mo. Pac. Ry. Co., 269 S.W. 635.
Claude L. Schenck, E.E. Thompson and Sam Mandell for respondent; Popham, Thompson, Popham, Mandell Trusty of counsel.
(1) Plaintiff made a submissible case against appellant Gardner on failure to have a headlight burning on the locomotive, failure to give warning by whistle or bell, violation of the six-mile speed ordinance, and failure to stop or slow down the train on appearance of danger. Both at common law and under Section 66-234, G.S. Kan., 1935, appellant Gardner was liable for his failure to use ordinary care. St. Jos. D.C.R. Co. v. Grover, 11 Kan. 302; Mo. Pac. R. Co. v. Johnson, 44 Kan. 660, 24 P. 1116; Sec. 66-234, G.S. Kan., 1935. (2) The record shows that the collision occurred at a busy, heavily trafficked and hazardous crossing and under the circumstances it was negligence for appellant Gardner to operate his locomotive without headlight, whistle, bell or other warning. Mo. Pac. Ry. Co. v. Moffatt, 56 Kan. 667, 672, 44 P. 607; Calvin v. Schaff, 118 Kan. 196, 234 P. 1006. (3) Appellant Gardner's violation of the six-mile speed ordinance of Kansas City, Kansas, in the operation of its train constituted actionable negligence. Long v. Mo. Pac. R. Co., 114 Kan. 40, 216 P. 1079; Stamps v. Mo. Pac. Ry. Co., 113 Kan. 644, 218 P. 1115. (4) Appellant Gardner was guilty of primary negligence because of his failure to make any effort to avoid a collision on the approach of danger either by giving alarm or stopping the train. Gilbert v. Railway Co., 92 Kan. 697, 142 P. 270; Atchison, Topeka Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Baker, 79 Kan. 183, 98 P. 804. (5) Plaintiff had abandoned his pleadings against the Kansas City Public Service Company and they were no longer conclusive upon him. Eston State Bank v. Luthy, 155 Mo. App. 363, 137 S.W. 66; Cobb v. Mosher Real Estate Co., 257 S.W. 151; Vanausdol v. Bank of Odessa, 5 S.W.2d 109. (6) Plaintiff's Instruction 1 was properly given. Timmons v. Kurn, 231 Mo. App. 421, 100 S.W.2d 952. (7) Plaintiff's Instruction 2 was properly given. Long v. Mo. Pac. R. Co., supra; Hollister v. A.S. Aloe Co., 348 Mo. 1055, 156 S.W.2d 607; Baker v. Kansas City Pub. Serv. Co., 353 Mo. 625, 183 S.W.2d 873. (8) Plaintiff's Instruction 3 was properly given. Gilbert v. Railway Company, supra; Atchison, Topeka Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Baker, supra; Hollister v. A.S. Aloe Co., supra; Baker v. Kansas City Pub. Serv. Co., supra. (9) Plaintiff's Instructions 5 and 7 were properly given. Hollister v. A.S. Aloe Co., supra; Baker v. Kansas City Pub. Serv. Co., supra. (10) The trial court properly refused appellant Gardner's requested withdrawal Instructions 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14. Gilbert v. Railway Company, supra; Mo. Pac. R. Co. v. Johnson, supra; Calvin v. Schaff, supra; Long v. Mo. Pac. R. Co., supra. (11) The court properly refused defendant Gardner's Instructions 15, 16 and 17. See cases cited under Points (1) to (5). (12) The court properly refused defendant Gardner's Instructions 19, 20, and 22. See cases cited under Points (1) to (5). (13) The trial court properly refused defendant Gardner's requested Instruction 21. Long v. Mo. Pac. R. Co., supra; Stamps v. Mo. Pac. Ry. Co., supra. (14) Plaintiff made a submissible case against defendant Terminal. Johnson v. Union Pac. R. Co., 157 Kan. 633, 143 P.2d 630; Montgomery v. Mo. Pac. R. Co., 181 Mo. 477, 79 S.W. 930; Scott v. Mo. Pac. R. Co., 333 Mo. 374, 62 S.W.2d 834; Dehn v. Thompson, 181 S.W.2d 171. (15) Plaintiff's Instruction 2 was properly given. See cases cited under Point (7), supra. (16) Plaintiff's Instruction 3 was properly given. See cases cited under Point (8), supra. (17) Plaintiff's Instruction 4 was properly given. Johnson v. Union Pac. R. Co., supra; Stamps v. Mo. Pac. Ry. Co., supra. (18) Plaintiff's Instruction 5 was properly given. See cases cited under Point (9), supra. (19) Plaintiff's Instruction 6 was properly given. See cases cited under Points (1) to (5) and (14), supra. (20) Plaintiff's Instruction 7 was properly given. See cases cited under Point (9), supra. (21) Plaintiff's Instructions 2, 3, 4, and 5 were properly given. See cases cited under Points (1) to (5) and (14), supra. (22) The verdict is not excessive. Renfro v. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., 235 Mo. App. 226, 130 S.W.2d 165; Rosenberg v. Terminal R. Assn. of St. Louis, 159 S.W.2d 633; Godsy v. Thompson, 352 Mo. 681; Kennedy v. Hartwig-Dischinger Realty Co., 201 S.W.2d 475.
Houston Harvey was a fare paying passenger on a Kansas City Public Service Company bus when it was involved in a collision with an Alton Railroad engine on the tracks of the Kansas City Terminal Railway Company. Harvey instituted this action against the Kansas City Public Service [430] Company, the Alton Railroad and the Kansas City Terminal Railway Company to recover damages for his personal injuries. He settled with the Kansas City Public Service Company for $850.00 and upon the trial of his cause against the railroad and the terminal company recovered a judgment of $8,000.00. The collision occurred at the intersection of Osage Avenue and the terminal tracks in Kansas City, Kansas, and the action is therefore governed by the laws of Kansas. Upon this appeal by the railroad and the terminal company it is urged that Harvey failed to establish a submissible case against either appellant, that the court erred in giving the seven instructions on behalf of the plaintiff and in refusing fourteen instructions offered by the railroad and that the verdict is excessive.
Harvey was seated on the third or fourth seat back from the bus driver on the south side. It was 6:15 A.M. "daylight savings time" September 28, 1945 and it was dark, and there was a drizzling rain. There are three sets of tracks at the crossing and the inexperienced bus driver did not stop the bus before starting across the tracks. He had stopped about eighty feet east of the crossing while some of his passengers alighted and then proceeded on at a speed of about seven miles an hour and the bus was struck by an engine on the second set of tracks.
The bus driver and passengers on the bus, who were looking to the south, testified that the first time they saw the engine it was but twenty feet from the bus. They testified that there was no headlight on the engine. The train crew claimed that the headlight was turned off after the collision. In this situation the railroad's negligence in operating the engine without a headlight was for the jury's determination. Calvin v. Schaff, 118 Kan. 196, 200-202, 234 P. 1006.
As to warning signals the plaintiff's evidence was negative but passengers on the bus testified that they heard no signals. The bus driver did hear a bell ringing when he first saw the engine twenty feet away. The train crew claimed that the bell was ringing and that signals were given. But again, in this situation, whether the railroad was negligent in failing to give timely and proper signals was for the jury's determination. Missouri Pacific Ry. Co. v. Johnson, 44 Kan. 660, 665, 24 P. 1116; Missouri Pac. Ry. Co. v. Moffatt, 56 Kan. 667, 671, 44 P. 607.
The engineer admitted that the speed of the engine was ten miles an hour. Other witnesses said that its speed was fifteen miles an hour or more. There is an ordinance limiting the speed of locomotives at crossings in Kansas City, Kansas, to six miles an hour. The railroad says that the ordinance is unreasonable and void because it limits the speed of trains to six miles an hour in a city of 140,000 population irrespective of whether the train is moving over a crossing or a fenced right of way. In the first place, that is not this case. The collision was at a much traveled street intersection. In the second place, the ordinance has been before the Supreme Court of Kansas and that court has held that it was passed for the purpose of regulating the railroad's relations to the public. Long v. Missouri Pac. R. Co., 114 Kan. 40, 44-45, 216 P. 1079. In another case it was held that the city had the power to enact the ordinance and that a violation of the ordinance was negligence per se. C., R.I. P.R. Co. v. Kennedy, 2 Kans. A. 693, 43 P. 802. Admittedly the engine was traveling at a speed in excess of that permitted by the ordinance and whether the speed was negligent in all the circumstances was for the jury. There was evidence to support that assignment and it was not error to refuse the railroad's instruction twenty-one declaring the ordinance void. Long v. Missouri Pac. R. Co., supra; C., R.I. P.R. Co. v. Kennedy, supra.
Instruction three submitted, as to the railroad, failure to have a headlight burning and failure to keep a careful lookout ahead and laterally for approaching traffic on Osage Avenue. It also submitted whether the engineer could have seen the bus in time to have stopped or warned by signal after it became apparent that the bus intended to proceed on to the crossing. The railroad not only contends, that there is no evidence to support these specifications but also, as submitted, that it proceeds [431] on the theory of humanitarian negligence as applied in Missouri. On the other hand, the terminal company contends that the submission injects primary negligence into the last chance doctrine of Kansas. In the first place, the instruction submitting these matters is neither a humanitarian nor a last chance instruction or submission and the appellants do not point out how it is. In any event instruction three is a submission of several acts of primary negligence. It was doubtless based upon the following testimony of the railroad's engineer:
"Q. Well, you never saw the bus until it was within 20 feet of your track, did you? A. No, sir.
Q. And the only reason you didn't see the bus when it was all lit up was because you didn't look over there, wasn't it? A. I was looking right ahead.
Q. And I said the only reason you didn't see it —
A. (Interrupting) I am looking right down the track, there are little red lights you know, I have to look down there, and I don't have to be gawking down the street."
* * * *
"Q. . . . I said the only reason you didn't see him was because you didn't look to your right?
A. Well, I may have looked a little. I looked ahead to see where I was going.
Q. I said you didn't look farther than 20 feet?
A. No, sir.
Q. Nothing in the world to stop you from seeing it at 150 feet? A. No, sir."
* * * *
"Q. Now, then, when you saw this bus coming 20 or 25 miles an hour, all lit up, 20 or 25 feet back of your track, if you had applied your brakes then you would have stopped before this collision occurred?
A. I didn't apply the brakes.
Q. I said if you had you would have stopped before the collision?
A. I had the right of way, it wasn't my business to stop.
Q. So you are saying you had the right of way and that is why you didn't stop? A. That's right.
Q. But if you had tried to find a way you could have stopped? A. I could stop any time I wanted to.
Q. Sure, you can keep on bulling on any time you want to, too.
A. I wasn't bulling on, just running 10 miles an hour, a safe speed.
Q. We won't dispute it — if you were back here 15 feet and put the brakes on, you would have stopped before the collision occurred? A. I could have stopped, yes.
Q. But you didn't do it? A. Correct.
Q. And you waited there until this bus was within three or four feet of the track?
A. I waited until I could see if he was going to stop or not.
Q. You waited until he got up within three or four feet of the track toward you? A. That is right.
Q. And you didn't do a blessed thing about stopping until you got up there within three or four feet?
A. Until I saw he was not going to stop.
Q. You didn't do one thing under the sun until he was within three or four feet of the track, did you?
A. That's right."
So there was evidence to support these primary specifications of negligence and it was not error to give instruction three. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co. v. Baker, 79 Kan. 183, 98 P. 804; Missouri Pac. Ry. Co. v. Johnson, 44 Kans. l.c. 664, 24 P. 1116; Gilbert v. Missouri Pac. R. Co., 92 Kan. 697, 142 P. 270. Since there was evidence from which the jury could find that the railroad was negligent in each of these seven particulars it was not error to refuse its withdrawal instructions 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.
As to the Terminal Railroad, the negligence specified and submitted was failure to have a flagman at the crossing. The terminal company admitted that it had maintained a flagman at the crossing from 5:45 A.M. to 8 A.M. for over twenty-five years. Its excuse for the flagman's absence at the time of this collision was that the regular flagman had been injured or was ill. The terminal company, relying on [432] certain Missouri cases (Hamilton v. City Light Tr. Co., 222 Mo. App. 172, 3 S.W.2d 736), contends that its failure to have a flagman on duty was not actionable negligence. The submission and the evidence in support of it was hypothesized upon a finding that this was a heavily traveled crossing with commercial buildings in close proximity which obstructed the view, that there was an unusual amount of noise in the vicinity of the crossing and that ordinary signals were difficult to hear and that by reason of all these factors the crossing was hazardous and the terminal company had assumed the duty of maintaining a flagman to warn approaching traffic. In these circumstances the Terminal's negligence with respect to the flagman was for the jury and it was not error to give the plaintiff's instruction No. 4 on this subject. The evidence and the instruction covered every prerequisite to liability for failure to have a flagman on duty at the time of the collision in question. Johnson v. Union Pac. R. Co., 157 Kan. 633, 143 P. (2) 630; annotations 16 A.L.R. 1273, 1277; 71 A.L.R. 1160, 1175.
Nevertheless, the railroad and the terminal company contend that under the law of Kansas their negligence was not the proximate cause of the collision and the plaintiff's injuries and, therefore, the court erred in submitting their liability and in giving instructions 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 and in refusing the railroad's instructions 15, 16, 17, 19, 20 and 22. The basis of their argument is that the proximate cause of the collision was the negligence of the bus operator in failing to stop before proceeding over the crossing. The railroad says "The most outstanding negligence pleaded by plaintiff and conclusively disclosed by the evidence is the failure of the operator of the bus to bring the bus to a complete stop before attempting to cross over the railroad tracks on the crossing as required by the statutory law of Kansas, and the instructions of his employer . . ." It is in this connection that the appellants contend that the plaintiff is conclusively bound by the allegations of his petition with respect to the negligence of the bus driver. Weil v. Posten, 77 Mo. 284; Bruce v. Pullis, 34 Mo. 246; Otrich v. St. L., I.M. S. Ry. Co., 154 Mo. App. 420, 134 S.W. 665. The railroad's counsel raised the somewhat similar question in Hardwick v. Kansas City Gas Company, 355 Mo. 100, 195 S.W.2d 504 and we pointed out in that case that counsel had failed to distinguish between the use of pleadings containing admissions against interest as evidence and their office and use as pleadings. Annotations 14 A.L.R. 22, 23; 90 A.L.R. 1393. It was also pointed out in that case, as a general rule, that multiple pleas may not be used as admissions upon another issue in the same case because they do not possess the characteristics inherent in admissions against interest. 4 Wigmore, Evidence, Sec. 1048, pp. 2-6. The pleading was admitted in this case, and we assume properly so, but it did not demonstrate that the appellants' negligence was not a proximate concurring cause or so conclude the plaintiff that he may not also recover for the defendants' negligence. "When put in evidence, as it was, its contents became admissions of fact to be considered by the jury along with respondent's testimony and the circumstances attending the accident, but nothing more." Conduitt v. Trenton Gas Electric Co., 326 Mo. 133, 142, 31 S.W.2d 21, 24.
There can be no doubt of the bus driver's negligence and undoubtedly his negligence contributed to cause the collision and plaintiff's injuries but it does not necessarily follow that the appellants are thereby relieved of responsibility for their negligence. There have been many instances in which the railroad's negligence was not the proximate cause of the accident and injuries complained of within the meaning of the law of Kansas. Richards v. C., R.I. P. Ry. Co., 157 Kan. 378, 139 P. (2) 427; Whitcomb v. A.T. S.F. Ry. Co., 128 Kan. 749, 280 P. 900; Bunton v. A.T. S.F. Ry. Co., 100 Kan. 165, 163 P. 801. Missouri Pac. Ry. Co. v. Columbia, 65 Kan. 390, 69 P. 338 is an excellent example of a remote cause relieving the railroad of liability and Lambel v. City of Florence, 115 Kan. 111, 222 P. 64, is an example of a [433] condition and not an act of concurrent negligence. One essential difficulty with the appellants' argument is that it ignores the fact that Kansas has always recognized liability for joint and concurrent negligence. Jones v. Kansas City Pub. Ser. Co., 158 Kan. 367, 147 P. (2) 723. "A particular cause may not be said to be concurrent unless without it the injury would not have occurred. It is a concurrent cause if it was a cause which was operative at the moment of injury and acted contemporaneously with another cause to produce the injury and was an efficient cause in the sense that without it the injury would not have occurred." Rowell v. City of Wichita, 162 Kan. 294, 303, 176 P. (2) 590, 596. In the circumstances detailed whether the appellants' negligence concurred and contributed to proximately cause the collision and injury complained of was for the jury. Taggart v. Yellow Cab Co., 156 Kan. 88, 131 P. (2) 924.
Also in Kansas there are several instances of guests in automobiles being guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law. Buchhein v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co., 147 Kan. 192, 75 P. (2) 280; Christie v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co., 154 Kan. 713, 121 P. (2) 208. However, it does not always follow that the host's negligence is imputable to his guest. Calvin v. Schaff, 118 Kan. 196, 199, 234 P. 1006. There is a further essential difficulty, however, with the appellants' contention in this respect. Harvey was a fare paying passenger upon a public conveyance and the Supreme Court of Kansas has never held that the negligence of a public carrier is imputable to one of its passengers. Becke v. Missouri Pac. R. Co., 102 Mo. 544, 13 S.W. 1053; Little v. Hackett, 116 U.S. 366, 6 S.Ct. 391, 29 L.Ed. 652. Again, in the circumstances, the appellants' concurrent negligence was for the jury's determination. Corley v. A., T. S.F. Ry. Co., 90 Kan. 70, 133 P. 555.
Instruction 1 with reference to concurrent negligence and joint liability was taken from Timmons v. St. L.-S.F. Ry. Co., 231 Mo. App. 421, 429, 100 S.W.2d 952, 958. The subject of proximate cause was sufficiently covered in instructions 5 and 7 (Hollister v. A.S. Aloe Co., 348 Mo. 1055, 156 S.W.2d 606) and neither are these two instructions or instructions 2, 3, 4 and 6 so confusing or misleading or conflicting as to constitute prejudicial error. Mo. R.S.A., Secs. 847.123, 847.140(b). The railroad's instructions 15, 16, 17, 19, 20 and 22 "relate somewhat to the same issue" and for that reason alone were properly refused. In any event, as we have indicated, the subject of proximate cause and the railroad's liability were sufficiently and properly covered by other instructions. If there was any error in any of the given instructions or any error in refusing instructions it was not so prejudicial to the appellants' cause as to require a new trial.
The plaintiff was fifty-seven at the time of his injury and had been employed by the Wilson Packing Company as a paunch trimmer for years. He was at home in bed for two weeks and off work for another two weeks. For about a month after he returned to his employment he was given lighter work. Since then he has resumed his regular job and earns seventy-five cents an hour. When the engine hit the bus the plaintiff was thrown from his seat to the floor. He has a doctor bill of $150.00. His doctor described his injuries as a large bruised area over the right kidney "and he had other bruises, more or less, over his entire body, but they, more or less, were superficial, but the one over the right kidney was large and indicated a very deep and severe bruise." The doctor found some blood in his urine. His back was taped when he received emergency treatment and the doctor again re-taped it after the third or fourth visit. He was given diathermy treatments for "a deep, severe sprain and bruise, muscular injuries." The doctor saw him at his office twenty-eight times. He has no objective symptoms and the doctor gave as his opinion that he had a "lumbar sacro sprain," which the doctor thought was permanent. Another doctor who examined the plaintiff was of the opinion that he had an injured muscle "and that, along with the condition down the thigh, I believe there is a thinning out of the disc that goes between the second and third lumbar vertebrae." [434] He complains of pain in his back and of headaches and says that he does not feel as well as he did before the accident and that he cannot work as well as he did formerly. But, considering the present value of money, it is our view that the verdict of $8,000.00 is nevertheless excessive by $3,000.00. The plaintiff's injuries are fairly comparable to the injuries in Harding v. Kansas City Public Ser. Co., (Mo. A.) 188 S.W.2d 60. Therefore, if the plaintiff enters a remittitur in the sum of $3,000.00, within fifteen days, the judgment is affirmed in the sum of $5,000.00 as of the date of the original verdict, otherwise the judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial. Westhues and Bohling, CC., concur.
The foregoing opinion by BARRETT, C., is adopted as the opinion of the court. All the judges concur.