Opinion
6 Div. 528.
February 4, 1919. On Rehearing, March 18, 1919. Further Rehearing Denied April 15, 1919.
Appeal from Circuit Court, Jefferson County; J.C.B. Gwin, Judge.
Bob Hardaman was convicted of manslaughter in the first degree, and he appeals. Reversed and remanded.
Pinkney Scott, of Bessemer, for appellant.
F. Loyd Tate, Atty. Gen., and David W.W. Fuller, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State.
This is the third appeal in this case. Hardaman v. State, 14 Ala. App. 27, 70 So. 961; s. c., 78 So. 324. Some of the questions now presented were treated on the last appeal, and we shall not treat them again.
The original subpœna docket kept by the clerk of the court in the discharge of his official duties, or by the sheriff in the discharge of his official duties, was competent evidence, and admissible to show the issuance and return of subpœnas without accounting for the original subpoena. Stevenson v. Moody, 85 Ala. 33, 4 So. 595; Steed v. Knowles, 97 Ala. 573, 12 So. 75; Code 1907, § 3983.
It was competent to prove the declarations of the witness Echols as he was leaving the community, to the effect that he was going to enlist in the army. Such a declaration was of the res gestæ of his leaving, and tended to explain and give character thereto. Harris v. State, 96 Ala. 24, 11 So. 255; Kilgore v. Stanley, 90 Ala. 523, 8 So. 130; Maddox v. State, 159 Ala. 53, 48 So. 689; Central of Ga. R. R. Co. v. Bell, 187 Ala. 541, 65 So. 835.
The sufficiency of the predicate to authorize the introduction or proof of the testimony of the witness Echols on the former trial was primarily for the trial court, and if there was any doubt as to its sufficiency at the time the testimony was given, this doubt is entirely removed by the testimony of the witness Herring, showing that the last time he saw him he was dressed in the uniform of the army, and that he had since read a letter from him to his sister, mailed in France. Under the authorities in this state, the predicate authorized the introduction of the testimony of the witness Echols on the former trial. Hardaman v. State, 16 Ala. App. 408, 78 So. 324, and authorities there cited.
It was permissible for the prosecution to prove the statement of the defendant's daughter Zuma, made to the defendant in response to the defendant's declaration that he had killed Dickson, to the effect that defendant had killed Dickson for nothing, as a predicate for showing the defendant's silence in the face of this accusation (Rowlan v. State, 14 Ala. App. 17, 70 So. 953) and the fact that the prosecution failed to prove that defendant made no reply to this accusation did not render this testimony subject to the objection that it was "illegal, irrelevant, immaterial, and hearsay testimony," or "a declaration of a person without authority to make it," the ground assigned in the motion to exclude. The predicate being a proper one, the court could not assume that the missing link would not be supplied by some other witness to be examined. If the motion to exclude had been rested upon the specific ground that the state had not shown that the defendant was silent, in the absence of a statement from the solicitor that he would offer further proof showing silence, the court no doubt would have granted the motion. Cain v. State, 16 Ala. App. 303, 77 So. 453; Johnson v. State, 16 Ala. App. 4, 74 So. 972.
In the showing made for the absent witness, Zuma Hardaman, no predicate was laid to impeach her testimony by contradictory statements, and in the absence of such predicate, the declaration of this witness to the defendant, to the effect that defendant had killed Dickson for nothing, was not admissible as impeaching testimony. Gafford v. State, 125 Ala. 1, 28 So. 406.
In the light of the evidence tending to show that deceased was in the act of assaulting the defendant's daughter, and when discovered in the act made hostile demonstrations against the defendant with a deadly weapon, the evidence of the relation of the deceased and his associates with the defendant's daughters was admissible as tending to shed light on the controverted question as to who was the aggressor in the fatal rencontra (Gafford v. State, 122 Ala. 54, 25 So. 10), and was admissible on the question of motive (Hardaman v. State, supra).
The court committed reversible error in denying to the defendant the right to show by the witness Dr. Williams that deceased, on the afternoon before the killing that night, and as he was in the act of starting to Hardaman's said that he was going there for the purpose of seeing this girl, and in connection with his declarations exhibiting his pistol and saying that he was going to take that along for the purpose of protecting himself. These were "verbal acts indicating a present purpose and intention," and tended to illustrate and give character to the deceased's conduct on the night he was killed. Burton v. State, 115 Ala. 1, 22 So. 585; Rogers v. State, 16 Ala. App. 58, 75 So. 264.
The solicitor sought to show by the witness Hickman, on cross-examination and over the objection of the defendant, that Mrs. Hardaman, the wife of the defendant, "Come to John's to get a warrant against the defendant for pulling a pistol or gun or rifle or something on her, and making her throw out that stuff out of the crib," but the witness denied having any knowledge of any such fact, and, notwithstanding this, in the closing argument to the jury, the solicitor made this statement:
"Talk about a man like Bob Hardaman, who took his gun and forced his wife to pour out whisky he had brought there, and converted his house into a blind tiger, and warehouse, and then his poor old wife had to resort to the officers of the law to keep him from killing her; say then you would turn a man loose like that?"
The testimony sought to be brought out by the solicitor's question to the witness Hickman was wholly irrelevant to any issue in the case, and the statement of the solicitor was not justified by any evidence in the case, or by any remark or argument set out in this record as being made by the defendant's counsel in his behalf. The statement of the solicitor was the statement of a fact outside of the evidence and the court committed reversible error in overruling defendant's objection thereto, and in refusing to exclude it on the defendant's motion. Cross v. State, 68 Ala. 476; B. R. L. P. Co. v. Drennen, 175 Ala. 349, 57 So. 876. Ann. Cas. 19140, 1037; Wilhite v. Fricke, 169 Ala. 76, 53 So. 157; Jones v. State, 170 Ala. 76, 54 So. 500; City of Tuscaloosa v. Hill, 14 Ala. App. 541, 69 So. 486.
Both the judgment of conviction and sentence shown by the minute entry of the trial court, incorporated in the record here, are insufficient to warrant the defendant's incarceration; and, if there was no other error in the record, the judgment would have to be reversed for this reason. Roberson v. State, 123 Ala. 55, 26 So. 645.
For the errors pointed out, the judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded.
Reversed and remanded.
On Rehearing.
In the application made by the Attorney General, we are urged to set aside the Judgment of reversal and to enter an order dismissing the appeal on the ground that the judgment entry incorporated in the record is not sufficient to support an appeal. There are two reasons why this should not be done in this case.
The case was submitted on briefs on the motion of the Attorney General, without any suggestion that the judgment would not support an appeal, and the parties, having thus invoked the court's jurisdiction, are in no position now to question it. Tygh v. Dolan, 95 Ala. 271, 10 So. 837. This view was thus expressed by the writer in Trent v. State, 15 Ala. App. 490, 73 So. 837:
"In the application for rehearing the insistence is made that the question [considered by the court in that case] was not raised by the demurrers. This is clearly inconsistent with the position taken in brief and argument on submission, and the court will decline to re-examine the question on this theory" — citing as sustaining this view Tygh v. Dolan, supra; L. N. R. R. Co. v. Holland, 173 Ala. 675, 55 So. 1001; Travis v. Sloss-Sheffield Steel Iron Co., 162 Ala. 605, 50 So. 108; and the principle has been reaffirmed in Vaughn v. State, ante, p. 35, 81 So. 417.
Such a course would encourage parties to trifle with the power of the court and speculate on the result with a view, if they lost, of having the case reopened on some question of jurisdiction. To reopen this case and dismiss the appeal on the ground that the judgment is void would necessitate either the discharge of the defendant on habeas corpus, or an amendment of the judgment nunc pro tunc, resulting on the one hand in embarrassing the state in the enforcement of the criminal law, and, on the other, of denying to the defendant the right to have the judgment and proceedings of the trial court reviewed on the merits; the time for the appeal from such judgment having expired. The opinion now prevails that the views expressed by the writer in Trent v. State, supra, are sound, and that case, on this point, is overruled.
The judgment entry is in the following words:
"Minutes on Trial.
"On this, the 24th day of June, 1918, came Ben G. Perry, solicitor, who prosecutes for the state of Alabama, and came also the defendant in his own proper person and by his attorney, and this cause being reached upon the docket and called for trial, the court orders instanter attachment issue for Cleve Clements.
"On this, the 25th day of June, the defendant, being duly arraigned in open court, for his plea thereto, says he is not guilty, and pleads self-defense and justification.
"Whereupon came a jury of good and lawful men, to wit, A. Davidson and 11 others, who, being duly sworn and impaneled according to law, upon their oaths do say: 'We, the jury, find the defendant guilty of manslaughter in the first degree as charged, and fix the punishment at three years in the state penitentiary."
While this judgment entry is lacking in recitals evincing a solemn adjudication of the court on the verdict of the jury, and a pronouncement of the sentence of the law as a punishment for the offense, and is therefore erroneous (Gray v. State, 55 Ala. 86; Wright v. State, 103 Ala. 95, 15 So. 506), still it clearly appears that this entry was intended to record such adjudication, and is sufficient to support an appeal. Ex parte Roberson, 123 Ala. 103, 26 So. 645, 82 Am. St. Rep. 107; Gray v. State, supra.
The state's witness Clements, offered in rebuttal, on his redirect examination testified:
"Bob Hardaman knew that I was selling whisky when I was at his house. Hardaman did not tell me that he got mad and threw the whisky out of the crib, but his wife told me, and she swore out a warrant for him the next day for assaulting her."
And the witness Herring, offered in rebuttal, testified:
"I went to Bob's house the first time, not expecting to see any whisky, but went there to arrest Bob for drawing a gun or assault and battery on his wife about this whisky, and at that time I found some case whisky sitting outside of the crib."
In view of this testimony, we are urged to strike from the opinion the holding that the argument of the solicitor, to which objection was made, was not justified by the evidence. There is nothing in these statements to show that "Bob Hardaman took his gun and forced his wife to pour out whisky he had brought there," nor does this evidence justify the statement that "his poor old wife had to resort to the officers of the law to keep him from killing her." We adhere to the holding that the court should have excluded the argument objected to, and that the failure to do so was reversible error.
Application overruled.