Summary
In Hammond v. Monmouth County, 117 N.J.L. 11, 186 A. 452, 453, the New Jersey Supreme Court, speaking through Justice Perskie, said: 'In reason and logic, it is difficult to understand why there should be any distinction between passive and active wrongdoing, for, in either event, resultant consequences to the injured party are, of course, the same.
Summary of this case from Murphy v. City of Asbury ParkOpinion
Submitted May 15, 1936 —
Decided July 24, 1936.
1. It is well settled that the exemption from liability of a municipality for its failure to exercise an imperative governmental function or for negligence of its officers or agents in the performance of a public duty, imposed upon it by law, does not extend to private injury resulting from active wrongdoing chargeable to the municipal corporation.
2. Plaintiff below, a milkman, while driving a truck along a public highway, came suddenly upon an excavation in the center thereof made by the defendant county in order to repair a culvert. Plaintiff saw the hole, but too late to stop his truck, and the rear wheels thereof dropped into the excavation overturning the truck, and for the injuries resulting therefrom this action was brought. The accident occurred in the early hours of the morning, and it was open to the jury to find that there were neither proper or sufficient lights nor barriers around the excavation to warn oncoming vehicles. Under these circumstances, there was no error in the failure to grant a nonsuit or direct a verdict in favor of defendant.
3. A discharge of a rule to show cause including as a reason that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence, operates to estop the defendant from arguing the questions of nonsuit or direction of a verdict, even though the same be reserved.
4. The repairing of a culvert in a highway is an obligatory act under the provisions of Pamph. L. 1918, p. 607, but failure to guard an excavation in a public highway in the course of such work was something more than the mere doing of an authorized act.
5. The failure of a municipal corporation to guard motorists upon a public highway from an excavation made by it therein exceeds the bounds of mere passive negligence and is a positive misfeasance on its part.
6. The provisions of chapter 460 of the laws of 1935, that no county shall be liable for injury to the person from the use of any public grounds, buildings or structures, obviously does not apply to the repairing by the county of culverts in or adjoining public highways.
7. Contributory negligence is not available as a defense where the wrong complained of amounts to a public nuisance, but if the facts proved show that plaintiff knew of the danger, i.e., the nuisance, and voluntarily assumed the risk thereof, he would be barred from recovery under the doctrine of assumption of risk.
On appeal from the Monmouth County Court of Common Pleas.
Before BROGAN, CHIEF JUSTICE, and Justices CASE and PERSKIE.
For the appellant, Applegate, Stevens, Foster Reussille.
For the respondents, Quinn, Parsons Doremus.
This appeal involves the tort liability of a municipal corporation. The law on this subject is clear. The principles of law which govern have been stated and restated many times. Thus it is now well settled that "a municipality is not liable to an individual for its failure to exercise an imperative governmental function, or for negligence of its officers or agents in the performance of a public duty, imposed upon it by law." Allas v. Borough of Rumson, 115 N.J.L. 593 , 594; 181 Atl. Rep. 175. It is now also equally well settled that "this exemption from liability does not extend to private injury resulting from active wrongdoing chargeable to the municipal corporation." Allas v. Borough of Rumson, supra. The application of these principles to various factual situations frequently gives rise to hardships and difficulties. In reason and logic, it is difficult to understand why there should be any distinction between passive and active wrongdoing. For, in either event resultant consequences to the injured party are, of course, the same. Thus many legal authors contend with force and conviction that there appears to be no justifiable reason why a municipality should be any the less or more culpable for the negligent doing of an act than for the negligent failure to do the act. Nevertheless, this distinction does exist. And until the legislature decrees otherwise, it must and shall be respected and followed.
To determine, therefore, the applicability of these principles to the case at bar we recur to the facts.
In the early hours of the morning of September 8th, 1934, while driving a truck in the course of his employment as a milkman, plaintiff met with an accident giving rise to the injuries for which he now seeks to recover. It appears that the defendant, county of Monmouth, had made an excavation in the center of the highway in order to repair bricks in a culvert. The plaintiff saw the hole, but too late to avoid the accident. The rear wheels of the truck he was driving dropped into the excavation and the truck overturned. At the time of the accident there seem to have been no lights to warn oncoming motorists, and there were no guards or barriers surrounding the work. During the course of the trial defendant's motion for a nonsuit and a directed verdict were denied. The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff in the sum of $2,500 and $100.91 costs, and rule to show cause why a new trial should not be granted on the grounds of excessive damages and the verdict being contrary to the weight of the evidence was argued and discharged. Defendant then instituted this appeal.
First: Defendant contends that the trial court fell into reversible error in refusing to grant a nonsuit or direct a verdict in its favor. Since this contention is founded on the premise that at the time the injuries were sustained by the plaintiff the defendant was engaged in a governmental duty imposed on it by the legislature, we approach a consideration of the basic question involved. Was there active wrongdoing chargeable to the county in the case at bar? We think so. Concededly, in repairing this culvert, the county was doing an obligatory act under legislative mandate. Pamph. L. 1918, p. 607. In State v. Erie Railroad Co., 84 N.J.L. 661 , 663; 87 Atl. Rep. 141, this court held:
"Briefly stated, the doctrine of our cases is that where the doing of a thing that would otherwise be a public nuisance is authorized by the legislature, the doing of that thing by the person authorized, in the manner and for the purpose authorized, cannot constitute a public nuisance in the absence of negligence, and such negligence must consist of something more than the mere doing of the authorized act."
We think that in the instant case there was "something more than the mere doing of an authorized act." Under the proofs it was open to the jury to find, on the disputed facts, if it so chose, that there were neither proper or sufficient lights nor barriers around the excavation. Thus, notwithstanding that the legislature authorized the repair to this culvert, and that the only way the culvert could be repaired was by an excavation in the highway, nevertheless the failure of the county to provide adequate protection constituted active wrongdoing on its part. Such failure to protect motorists transcends the bounds of mere passive negligence. The wrongdoing herein alleged is positive misfeasance within the holdings of our cases. In the case of Florio v. Jersey City, 101 N.J.L. 535 , 537; 129 Atl. Rep. 470; 40 A.L.R. 1353, this court held: "The active wrongdoing must be chargeable to the municipality in order to render it liable, e.g., where a municipality directs its employes to dig a hole in a public highway and leaves it unguarded, or participates in some other act of misfeasance of its employes through which a person suffers injury." See, also, Jersey City v. Kiernan, 50 N.J.L. 246; 13 Atl. Rep. 170; Hart v. Freeholders of Union, 57 N.J.L. 90; 29 Atl. Rep. 490; Kehoe v. Borough of Rutherford, 74 N.J.L. 659; 65 Atl. Rep. 1046; Garrison v. Fort Lee, 92 N.J.L. 566; 106 Atl. Rep. 381; Ennever v. Borough of Bergenfield, 105 N.J.L. 419; 144 Atl. Rep. 809; Olesiewicz v. Camden, 100 N.J.L. 336; 126 Atl. Rep. 317.
We desire, moreover, to point out, although no point was made or argued on that score for plaintiff, that the discharge of the rule to show cause including as a reason that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence, operates to estop the defendant from arguing the questions of nonsuit or direction of a verdict, even though the same be reserved. Molnar v. Hildebrecht Ice Cream Co., 110 N.J.L. 246 ; 164 Atl. Rep. 300. It is res adjudicata. Robins v. Mack International Motor Truck Corp., 113 N.J.L. 377 ; 174 Atl. Rep. 551, and cases therein cited.
Second: Defendant contends that Pamph. L. 1935, ch. 460, completely absolves it from liability. This is not so. The act provides: "(1) No county * * * shall be liable for injury to the person from the use of any public grounds, buildings or structures, any law to the contrary notwithstanding * * *." Obviously culverts do not come within the purview or scope of that act.
Third: Defendant's final contention is that the trial court committed reversible error in charging the jury to the effect that "the defense of contributory negligence is not available to the defendant in this case." We do not think so.
In the case of McFarlane v. Niagara Falls, 247 N.Y. 340; 160 N.E. 391; 57 A.L.R. 1 (1928), the New York Court of Appeals (opinion by Chief Justice Cardozo), fully discussed the effect of contributory negligence in an action for damages caused by a nuisance. In a comprehensive annotation to that opinion ( 57 A.L.R. 7), the editor thereof says, among other things:
"The question as to the applicability of the doctrine of contributory negligence in cases of nuisance is somewhat obscured, not only by the distinction which the McFarlane case draws between nuisances absolute and nuisances having their origin in negligence which is the substance of the wrong, but also by the distinction between conduct on the part of the person complaining of the nuisance which contributes to the creation or maintenance thereof, and conduct which bears on his duty to minimize, or not add to, the injurious consequences of a nuisance for the creation or maintenance of which he is not responsible.
"While the cases are not as numerous or as satisfactory in their discussion as might be expected from the fundamental nature of the question, those that have directly considered the point are in substantial agreement that the ordinary rule of contributory negligence, which defeats recovery altogether in actions based on negligence as distinguished from nuisance, does not apply in case of an absolute nuisance. In other words, one is not precluded from recovering the damages which are the proximate result of an absolute nuisance (that is, a nuisance, the substance of the wrong in respect of which is not negligence) by the fact that by the exercise of ordinary care on his own part he could have avoided the injury or damage altogether, or by the fact that, acting independently, and not in concert with the other party, he may have been guilty of acts of omission or commission similar to those upon which the nuisance complained of is predicated."
In Hill v. Way (1933), 168 Atl. Rep. 1, the Supreme Court of Connecticut held that an action for damages caused by absolute nuisance is not controlled by rules governing actions for negligence, and that the defense of contributory negligence is unavailable. (Italics supplied.) But that the plaintiff knowingly and voluntarily assumed danger is a good defense. The court says this:
"Nuisance as a legal concept has more than one meaning. Where it does not have its origin in negligence, it is sometimes characterized as an `absolute' nuisance, in which case a plaintiff's recovery is not barred, save by `fault so extreme as to be equivalent to invitation of injury or, at least, indifference to consequences.' McFarlane v. Niagara Falls, 247 N.Y. 340, 347, 348; 160 N.E. Rep. 391, 394; 57 A.L.R. 1; Hoffman v. Bristol, 113 Conn. 386, 393; 155 Atl. Rep. 499; 75 A.L.R. 1191. An action for damages caused by an absolute nuisance is not controlled by the rules which govern an action for negligence, and the defense of contributory negligence which we apply in the latter is not available to a defendant. It is a competent and permissible defense, however, that the plaintiff, with knowledge of the danger, voluntarily assumed it. While the distinction between this assumption of risk and the defense of contributory negligence is narrow in fact and not always an easy one to draw in varying circumstances, it often has a vital bearing on the rights of the parties to the action. Bohlen, Studies in the Law of Torts 514, 515; McFarlane v. Niagara Falls, supra, at page 393 of 160 N.E. Rep.; 247 N.Y. 340. On the other hand, where the nuisance is not an absolute one, but is one grounded in and the result of negligence, the plaintiff cannot recover unless he can establish reasonable care on his own part in the situation confronting him. `At least where the substance of the wrong [nuisance] is negligence, a plaintiff, though pleading nuisance, is under a duty to show care proportioned to the danger. Reasonable care is merely care so proportioned. The danger may be seen or unseen. If seen, there must be an effort to avoid it. If unseen, the inquiry will be whether one using a street as travelers commonly do, would perceive the danger and escape it.' McFarlane v. Niagara Falls, supra, at page 347 of 247 N.Y.; 160 N.E. Rep. 391, 393. Illustrative comments bearing more or less directly upon the distinction between the two classes of nuisance may be found in the following cases, among others; Muller v. McKesson, 73 N.Y. 195; 29 Am.Rep. 123; Lynch v. McNally, 73 N.Y. 347; Worth v. Dunn, 98 Conn. 51, 62; 118 Atl. Rep. 467; Southern New England Ice Co. v. West Hartford, 114 Conn. 496; 159 Atl. Rep. 470." (Italics supplied.)
"As a general rule, contributory negligence in its ordinary meaning is not applicable to an action sounding in nuisance." Section 29, 2, 46 C.J. 665. See, also, section 107, 20 R.C.L. 493.
In Thompson v. Petrozello, 5 N.J. Mis. R. 645, 648; 137 Atl. Rep. 835 (1927), this court (Kalisch, Katzenbach and Lloyd), said:
"We are not to be understood as intimating that contributory negligence can be successfully set up as a defense where the tort consists of a public nuisance. In such a case, as that of a nuisance, where a person knows of the danger and voluntarily assumes the risk thereof and sustains an injury, it is well settled by the cases, under the doctrine of assumption of risk, he is debarred of a recovery."
A fair construction of that holding simply means that contributory negligence is not available as a defense where the wrong complained of amounts to a public nuisance, but if the facts proved were to show that claimant knew of the danger, i.e., the nuisance, and voluntarily assumed the risk thereof, he would be barred from recovery, under the doctrine of assumption of risk.
Judgment is affirmed, with costs.