Opinion
Decided December 5th, 1901.
Negligence — Master Not Liable for Injury Caused by Servant Acting Outside of Scope of His Authority.
Defendants, finding that the electric bell in their elevator was out of order, asked a firm of electricians to have the same repaired. Plaintiff was sent by the firm to do the work, and after an examination determined that it was necessary to repair a battery which was in the cellar of defendants' building under the elevator. Plaintiff told the boy who was operating the elevator not to bring it down below the first floor until notified that the repairs were made, and the boy agreed not to do so. While plaintiff was at work in the cellar the elevator descended and struck him, causing the injury, to recover damages for which this action was brought. The boy was employed by the defendants solely for the purpose of running the elevator and the defendants had no knowledge of the presence of the plaintiff in the cellar or of his agreement with the elevator boy. Held, that the boy operating the elevator was not authorized under the terms of his employment to permit plaintiff to occupy the dangerous position under the elevator while it was still being run; that the defendants, not knowing of plaintiff's position, are not liable for the boy's negligent act in lowering the elevator below the first floor while plaintiff was at work in the cellar, and that since there is no conflict of evidence as to the scope of the boy's employment, the jury should have been instructed that there is no legally sufficient evidence to entitle the plaintiff to recover.
Appeal from the Superior Court of Baltimore City (DOBLER, J.), where there was a verdict for the plaintiff for $1,000.
The cause was argued before McSHERRY, C.J., FOWLER, BOYD, and SCHMUCKER, JJ.
Carroll T. Bond (with whom were Wm. L. Marbury and Geo. Weems Williams on the brief), for the appellants.
Wm. J. O'Brien, Jr., and Tatlow Jackson, for the appellees.
Edwin L. Poole, the plaintiff below, sued Hall, Headington Company in the Superior Court of Baltimore City to recover damages for injuries sustained by him while repairing the electrical appliances used in connection with the signal bell in their elevator.
The plaintiff recovered a judgment and the defendants have appealed.
During the trial several exceptions were taken to the admission of testimony, and at the conclusion of the evidence the plaintiff offered eight and the defendant fourteen prayers.
A statement of facts will be necessary to present the one question which we think controls the case.
The defendants having learned that the bell in their elevator was out of order, sent a message to the firm of J. Frank Eline Company, who were engaged in the business of general electrical installation and repairs, to send some one to repair the bells. In compliance with the request the plaintiff was sent by Eline Co. He had been in their employ for a number of years and was paid by them for the work he did. It appears from his testimony that he was sent to make the repairs for the defendants, and for that purpose entered the building occupied by them, and went directly to the elevator. When he arrived there he proceeded to make the necessary investigation to ascertain where the trouble was located. Having examined the wires, he concluded that it would be necessary also to examine the batteries which were placed in the cellar. He says: "I told him (the elevator boy) to carry me to the cellar, which he did, and I got out and I told him, you go up; I am going underneath the elevator to do some repair work, but don't you come down until I call you. And I went underneath the elevator and renewed the batteries. * * * * After renewing the batteries I pressed the button and I could hear the bell ring, but not so strong as it should be." He concluded after the experiment that he needed some new material to make the batteries stronger. He therefore told the elevator boy that he would go to the place of Eline Co. to get what was necessary. When he returned he entered the defendants' place of business from Fayette street through a side door. He rang the elevator bell and the boy came down with the car and both descended in the elevator to the cellar. The plaintiff then said to the boy. "I have the stuff now to finish the work, and I got off the elevator and I told him you go up now, but mind you don't come down until I call you. I am going under to finish this work; then he turned around to me and says, can I use the elevator as far as the first floor, I says, yes, but mind don't you come below the first floor; don't you come below that; and he said all right." After this conversation the plaintiff started to work on the batteries. While he was working the elevator was running to one or more of the upper floors. While the plaintiff was engaged in this work in the shaft directly under the elevator it struck him. The witness Brown, the elevator boy, testified that he was employed by the defendants to run the freight and passenger elevator in the rear of the building. This is the only testimony in reference to the duties he was charged with. He further testified as follows: "I took him (the plaintiff) to the basement and he looked at the batteries, and I told him there I had some work to do, and he told me not to come down below the first floor until he notified me, and I made a trip or two and did not go down stairs until he notified me. He came up on the first floor and told me that he was going out to get some material for the batteries and he said he would notify me when he came back; to run the elevator all the way down to the cellar; I made three trips while he was out. * * The next call I had was on the top floor, and came down on the elevator and that is the first information I had that Mr. Poole (the plaintiff) had returned when I heard him holler." "I had no notice he had returned to the building at all." It appears by the uncontradicted evidence in the case that the plaintiff made with the elevator boy alone the arrangement to use the bottom of the shaft as a place to work. The defendants had no notice of it.
The defendants' case rests upon three propositions; first, that the plaintiff and the elevator boy were co-employees or fellow servants of the defendants; second, that if this be not so, yet the elevator boy was acting outside the scope of his employment and authority when he undertook to run the elevator so as to protect the plaintiff from danger in the perilous position in which he placed himself; and thirdly that the plaintiff was the author of the arrangement by which the accident was made possible and is himself responsible for his misfortune. The plaintiff contends that there is no such clear and uncontradicted evidence of contributory negligence on his part as would justify the Court in taking the case from the jury; second, that if there was such proof, the defendant was aware of the perilous position in which the plaintiff had placed himself; and fourth that the doctrine of fellow servants has no application to the facts of this case. But, as we have said, we think there is one controlling question which will render it unnecessary to consider any other involved in this appeal, and that is whether the defendants can be legally held liable for the alleged negligent act of the elevator boy.
As we have seen, this boy was employed by the defendants to run their elevator in carrying freight and passengers from and to the cellar and the several floors of their building. The evidence in regard to the scope of his employment is uncontradicted. If, therefore, the plaintiff without any notice whatever to the defendants assumed the risk of making an arrangement with the elevator conductor to run the elevator in a way different from the manner he was employed to run it, it would seem but reasonable that they should not be held liable for an injury resulting from his own act together with the negligent act of their servant, if such act of the latter was not authorized by them directly or indirectly.
It may well be that the defendants if they had been informed of the arrangement made by the plaintiff with their servant would have refused to sanction it. They employed him to run the elevator in the usual way from the top to the bottom of the shaft, carrying passengers and freight in the car, and while they may have considered him entirely fit for that work, they might have refused and justly so, to allow him to put himself in a position involving risk of accident outside the regular course of his work. It appears from the evidence of several witnesses on the part of defendant that it was not at all necessary for the plaintiff to stand in the shaft directly under the elevator to repair the batteries, although this is denied by the plaintiff. But in spite of this conflict of testimony, it is clear from the evidence that in the judgment of the employee of the defendants, they were of opinion that there was ample room for the plaintiff to do the work without placing himself in what must be conceded to be a very hazardous position. Hence in order to avoid danger, if they had been consulted in regard to the plaintiff going into the shaft, the defendants could have insisted upon the work being done in the safer way. But in addition to this it seems too clear for discussion that if it be conceded, as it must be in this case, for the evidence is uncontradicted, that the elevator boy was employed to run the elevator and carry freight and passengers, it was not within the scope of his employment to allow the plaintiff to use the shaft for a purpose for which it was not constructed. It certainly was no more within the scope of his authority to permit the plaintiff to use the shaft for repairing the batteries than it would have been to permit him to use the car as a scaffold to repair the shaft. As was said in the case of Hasty v. Sears, 157 Mass. 125, "The plaintiff must have known that there was danger that the elevator boy would be careless and forget his orders not to lower the car below the second story, and that while he was himself at work in the well below he would be liable to injury from such negligence." So that he was guilty of the double folly of contributory negligence and of trusting his life to the care of the elevator conductor. In the case of Jossaers v. Walker, 14 Appellate Div. Rep. 305, it was held that "a servant who is running an elevator in a hotel is not acting within the scope of his employment in permitting the workman of an independent contractor who is working in the elevator shaft, to stand upon the top of the elevator in order to use it as a species of scaffold, and that the proprietor of the hotel (who was the defendant) was not liable to such workman because of injuries sustained by him by reason of the failure of the elevator conductor, under such circumstances, to notify the workman that he was about to start the elevator." In disposing of the case the Court said "There was, in fact, no proof that the defendant ever assented * * to that use. The question then is, was that use within the scope of Paxter's authority? We think not. Paxter was the defendant's servant to operate the elevator for the service of the hotel and its guests. Whatever was necessary or proper for that service was within his authority. But there his authority ceased. It was limited to the appropriate use. He was not authorized to depart from his defined function, nor to operate the elevator in a direction foreign to its proper purpose." In the case just cited as in the case at bar, the plaintiff made the arrangement with the elevator conductor, and the accident happened because the former neglected or forgot to comply with his promise. But the Court held that the negligence was to be attributed solely to the servant and not to the master. And so in the case of Morris v. Brown, 111 N.Y. 318, where the defendants were making a tunnel in pursuance of a contract with the Commissioners of New York City, by which they agreed to furnish "all facilities for the purpose of inspection." The City Engineer used the dump cars operated by defendants' servants for going into and out of the tunnel and was thrown from the car and killed; it was held "that defendants' servants were acting outside the scope of their employment, that the engineer took the risk upon himself and that the defendants owed him no duty in regard to his arrangement for transportation." There are many other authorities that might be cited upon this question, but we are of opinion that without regard to authority and looking to the facts in proof as to the terms of the employment of the elevator boy, he was not authorized to bind the defendants in the manner here attempted, nor are they responsible for his alleged negligence under the facts of this case.
By their first prayer the defendants asked the Court to instruct the jury that there was no legally sufficient evidence in the case to entitle the plaintiff to recover. If there had been any conflict of testimony as to the scope of the elevator boy's employment, the question whether his alleged negligent act was beyond the scope of his employment would have been a question of fact to be determined by the jury. But, as we have seen, there is here no such conflict. In the case of Yates v. McCulloh Iron Co., 69 Md. 382, this Court said that "whether under a given state of facts a party is a fellow servant * * * * is undoubtedly a question of law to be decided by the Court." And for the same reason the Court and not the jury is the proper tribunal in this case to decide whether the servant was acting by authority of the defendants.
It follows from what we have already said that in our opinion the alleged negligent acts of the elevator boy are not within the scope of his employment, and that the defendants' first prayer taking the case from the jury should have been granted. If this view be correct it is not necessary to consider whether the doctrine of fellow servants had any application to this case, nor any of the other questions so ably presented for our consideration.
The judgment appealed from must be reversed without a new trial.
Judgment reversed without a new trial.
(Decided December 5th, 1901.)