Summary
determining that while there is no absolute due process right of prisoners to appear in court in civil cases, fundamental fairness may require trial court to allow plaintiff opportunity to do so in certain situations, and indicating that these factors should form basis of court's decision
Summary of this case from Richard B. v. StateOpinion
Docket No. 65798.
Decided September 14, 1983.
Robert N. Hall, in propria persona.
Plaintiff is an inmate at the Huron Valley Men's Facility in Ypsilanti. On April 27, 1982, he filed a complaint for divorce in the Ingham County Circuit Court. On May 6, 1982, plaintiff served defendant by certified mail inasmuch as she was a resident of Virginia. A month later, plaintiff sought to enter a default and petitioned the court for a writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum, GCR 1963, 713. By letter, the court denied the writ. Subsequently, the plaintiff moved for leave to testify by deposition. GCR 1963, 302.2(2). The court denied that motion. Plaintiff now appeals to this Court.
The sole issue on appeal is whether the trial court's refusal to issue a writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum and its denial of plaintiff's motion for leave to testify by deposition denied plaintiff his constitutional right of access to the courts for the purpose of securing a divorce.
It is well settled that a prisoner has a due process right of reasonable access to the courts. Johnson v Avery, 393 U.S. 483; 89 S Ct 747; 21 L Ed 2d 718 (1969); Bounds v Smith, 430 U.S. 817; 97 S Ct 1491; 52 L Ed 2d 72 (1977). The right extends to actions related to incarceration. Thompson v Bond, 421 F. Supp. 878 (D Mo, 1976); Andrade v Hauck, 452 F.2d 1071 (CA 5, 1971). Many courts have recognized that an inmate's right of reasonable access to the courts also includes access for general civil legal matters. Corpus v Estelle, 551 F.2d 68 (CA 5, 1977); Gomes v Travisono, 353 F. Supp. 457 (D RI, 1973), modified 490 F.2d 1209 (CA 1, 1973), cert den 418 U.S. 910; 94 S Ct 3202; 41 L Ed 2d 1156 (1974); Cross v Powers, 328 F. Supp. 899 (WD Wis, 1971); Souza v Travisono, 368 F. Supp. 959 (D RI, 1973), aff'd 498 F.2d 1120 (CA 1, 1974); Thompson v Bond, supra. Courts have recognized a prisoner's right to bring a workers' compensation action, Delorme v Pierce Freightlines Co, 353 F. Supp. 258 (D Or, 1973), a libel action, Cardillo v Doubleday Co, Inc, 518 F.2d 638 (CA 2, 1975); Urgano v News Syndicate Co, 358 F.2d 145 (CA 2, 1966), cert den 385 U.S. 831; 87 S Ct 68; 17 L Ed 2d 66 (1966), and, more relevant to the present case, an action for divorce, Thompson v Bond, supra; Corpus v Estelle, supra.
We agree with those courts that have acknowledged that a prisoner's right of access to the courts includes the right to bring an action for divorce. In Boddie v Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371, 382; 91 S Ct 780; 28 L Ed 2d 113 (1971), the indigent plaintiffs claimed that a state statute requiring the payment of court fees and other costs as a condition for bringing an action denied them their constitutional right of access to the courts for the purpose of obtaining a divorce. The United States Supreme Court found that the marriage relationship has a "basic position * * * in this society's hierarchy of values". 401 U.S. 374. The state, moreover, has monopolized "the means for legally dissolving this relationship". 401 U.S. 374. Consequently, the Court held:
"[A] State may not, consistent with the obligations imposed on it by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, pre-empt the right to dissolve this legal relationship without affording all citizens access to the means it has prescribed for doing so." 401 U.S. 383.
By its own terms, the holding of Boddie applies to "all citizens". Thus, we hold that a prisoner, including the plaintiff, has a due process right of reasonable access to the courts for the purpose of obtaining a divorce.
The plaintiff contends that his right of access to the courts includes a right to testify in person or by deposition. We disagree. In Wolff v McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 576; 94 S Ct 2963; 41 L Ed 2d 935 (1974), the Supreme Court remarked:
"Finally, the Fourteenth Amendment due process claim based on access to the court, Ex Parte Hull, 312 U.S. 546 [ 61 S Ct 640; 85 L Ed 1034] (1941); Johnson v Avery, 393 U.S. 483 [ 89 S Ct 747; 21 L Ed 2d 718] (1969); Younger v Gilmore, 404 U.S. 15 [ 92 S Ct 250; 30 L Ed 2d 142] (1971), has not been extended by this Court to apply further than protecting the ability of an inmate to prepare a petition or complaint."
Indeed, many courts have held that a plaintiff in a civil suit who is confined in prison has no right to appear personally. See, e.g., McKinney v Boyle, 447 F.2d 1091 (CA 9, 1971); Conway v Dunbar, 448 F.2d 765 (CA 9, 1971).
While a prisoner has no right to testify personally or by deposition, fundamental fairness may require that he be given some opportunity to present his testimony. Whether fairness requires the court to allow the plaintiff such an opportunity depends on the particular facts of the case. The issue is essentially whether the plaintiff's interests in presenting his testimony outweigh the state's relevant interests in withholding from him the means necessary for such a presentation. That decision, we believe, rests in the sound discretion of the trial court. See In the Matter of Warden of Wisconsin State Prison, 541 F.2d 177 (CA 7, 1976).
The trial court's discretion, however, is not without limitations. When deciding whether it should issue a writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum the court should consider such factors as
"whether the prisoner's presence will substantially further the resolution of the case, the security risks presented by the prisoner's presence, the expense of the prisoner's transportation and safekeeping, and whether the suit can be stayed until the prisoner is released without prejudice to the cause asserted." Ballard v Spradley, 557 F.2d 476, 480 (CA 5, 1977).
See, also, Stone v Morris, 546 F.2d 730 (CA 7, 1976); Matter of Warden of Wisconsin State Prison, supra. If the court decides to deny the writ, it should consider other possibilities for presenting the testimony. See Heidelberg v Hammer, 577 F.2d 429 (CA 7, 1978). It may be satisfactory to grant the plaintiff leave to testify by deposition. In that case, the court should consider whether it is possible to fashion a deposition procedure so as to avoid prejudicing the well-being of the plaintiff and the security of the prison. See the Committee Comments to Rule 302.2 found in 2 Honigman Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), p 41.
In the present case, the record fails to disclose that the trial court considered the factors identified above in its deliberations on plaintiff's motions.
The court refused to issue the ad testificandum writ because the plaintiff's suit was not related to his incarceration. That is not a sufficient reason for denying the writ.
The court's order denying plaintiff's motion for leave to testify by deposition offers no reason for its ruling and the record does not indicate that the court was unable to develop a satisfactory deposition procedure. In addition, the record does not indicate that the court considered the impact that a denial of leave to testify by deposition would have on the plaintiff's ability to present his case. In Michigan, a judgment of divorce may not be entered unless evidence has been presented in open court establishing the statutory grounds for divorce. MCL 552.6(3); MSA 25.86(3) provides:
"The court shall enter a judgment dissolving the bonds of matrimony if evidence is presented in open court that there has been a breakdown in the marriage relationship to the extent that the objects of matrimony have been destroyed and there remains no reasonable likelihood that the marriage can be preserved."
See, also, GCR 1963, 728.3. The requirement also applies to default judgments of divorce. GCR 1963, 728.2(2) provides:
"No judgment of divorce, separate maintenance, or annulment may be entered of course by the default of the defendant, in consequence of any neglect to appear at the hearing of the cause, or by consent. Every such cause shall be heard in open court, on proofs taken except as otherwise provided by statute or court rule." (Emphasis added.)
We are aware of no statute nor court rule allowing the entry of a default judgment of divorce in the absence of evidence presented in open court. The only evidence that plaintiff could have presented that would have established the statutory grounds for divorce was his own testimony. Plaintiff's wife, a nonresident, was beyond the subpoena power of the court. See People v Nieto, 33 Mich. App. 535, 538, fn 7; 190 N.W.2d 579 (1971), lv den 385 Mich. 771 (1971). Because the plaintiff could effectively present his own testimony only in person or by deposition, once the court refused to issue the ad testificandum writ, its denial of leave to testify by deposition foreclosed the plaintiff from presenting his case. The record is bereft of evidence that the court considered that result when it reviewed plaintiff's motion for leave. Such a result weighs very heavily in favor of granting leave to testify by deposition, and the court should have accorded it that significance.
For the foregoing reasons, the orders of the trial court are reversed and the case is remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
We note, but do not hold, that the complaint in the present case probably should have been filed in Washtenaw County rather than Ingham County. See MCL 552.9; MSA 25.89. On remand, the trial court may wish to consider whether Ingham County is the proper county for venue and, if not, the court may transfer the case sua sponte to the proper county pursuant to GCR 1963, 404.