Summary
In Hale, unlike here, there was no evidence that the suspect was made aware of at least several of the key rights that Miranda requires be included in the advisement, including the right to consult with an attorney, to have the attorney present during questioning, and to have an attorney appointed by the court if he was indigent.
Summary of this case from Gonzalez v. StateOpinion
No. 40, September Term, 1968.
Decided November 7, 1968.
CONFESSIONS — Statement Improperly Admitted — Error Not Cured By Accused's Trial Testimony — Miranda Rights Not Waived. Appellant's statement was improperly admitted into evidence over his objection, where he had not been told that he had a right to consult with a lawyer and to have the lawyer with him during the interrogation and was not told that if he were indigent a lawyer would be appointed to represent him. [ Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 Sup. Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966)]. p. 330
The error in admitting such statement was not harmless, nor was it cured when appellant, testifying on his own behalf, admitted that the police advised him of all of his rights. p. 330
Appellant could not be deemed to have knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda rights where the record did not show that he was ever properly advised of them. p. 330
CONFESSIONS — Reading Miranda Warnings To Accused From "Miranda Card" Is Sound Police Practice — Officers Need Not Memorize Warnings — "Miranda Card" Need Not Be Introduced Into Evidence — Record Must Show That Requisite Warnings Were Given. Reading the four-fold Miranda warnings to an accused from a so-called " Miranda card" is a sound police practice so long as the data on the card are in full compliance with Miranda standards. p. 330
There is no requirement that a police officer memorize the Miranda warnings and testify from his memory at the trial precisely as to what he actually told the accused prior to interrogating him; it is sufficient if, at trial, the officer is able to testify that he read the warnings to the accused from the " Miranda card," followed by a reading into evidence of what was read from the card. p. 330
There is no requirement that the " Miranda card" itself be introduced into evidence. p. 330
However, it is not sufficient for the police officer to simply state that he advised the accused of his Miranda rights or that he read the " Miranda card" to him; there must be a clear-cut showing in the record that the requisite warnings were in fact given. p. 330
CONFESSIONS — Voluntariness — Malloy Test. In addition to proving voluntariness under the principles enunciated in Miranda, the State must show that the statement sought to be introduced, whether it be a confession or a significantly incriminating admission, was voluntarily given within the constitutional test articulated in Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, 84 Sup. Ct. 1489, 12 L.Ed.2d 653 (1964): that the statement was not extracted by any sort of threats or violence, nor obtained by any direct or implied promises, however slight, nor by the exertion of any improper influence. pp. 330-331
Whether appellant's statement was classified as a confession or a significantly incriminating admission, the record did not show proof of voluntariness under the Malloy test, despite appellant's general objection to its admissibility. p. 331
LARCENY OF USE — Possibility That Requisite Criminal Intent Could Not Be Demonstrated If Bailee Permitted Use Of Vehicle. Where appellant contended that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction because the vehicle had been taken from the possession of a bailee (parking lot) and there was no testimony offered at the trial to show that the bailee did not give permission to take the vehicle, and where there was no admission by appellant properly in evidence that he knew the vehicle was stolen, the State had the burden of showing that appellant possessed the requisite intent under the statute — an intent which possibly could not be demonstrated if the bailee, lawfully in possession of the vehicle, permitted its use. Code (1957), Art. 27, § 349. p. 331
Decided November 7, 1968.
Appeal from the Criminal Court of Baltimore (KENNEY, J.).
Calvin E. Hale was convicted in a non-jury trial of the unauthorized use of a motor vehicle, and, from the judgment entered thereon, he appeals.
Reversed and remanded for new trial.
The cause was argued before MURPHY, C.J., and ANDERSON, ORTH, and THOMPSON, JJ.
R. Roland Brockmeyer for appellant.
Henry J. Frankel, Assistant Attorney General, with whom were Francis B. Burch, Attorney General, Charles E. Moylan, Jr., State's Attorney for Baltimore City, and Charles A. Herndon, Jr., Assistant State's Attorney for Baltimore City, on the brief, for appellee.
Appellant was convicted by the court sitting without a jury of the unauthorized use of a motor vehicle and sentenced to three years under the jurisdiction of the Department of Correction. He contends on this appeal that certain incriminatory statements made by him during a custodial interrogation by the police were admitted in evidence over his objection in violation of the principles of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436.
The record discloses that appellant was arrested by the police after having been apprehended in a motor vehicle reported stolen by its owner. He was taken to police headquarters, interrogated by the investigating officers, and an oral statement taken from him.
Officer Ronald Mikles testified that before appellant was interrogated he was "advised of his rights;" that "the warning card" which was kept in the interrogation room was read and explained to appellant and appellant stated that he understood; and that the warning card was actually shown to appellant and he read it himself. The court inquired of Officer Mikles: "Do you have the card there?" The officer stated that he did not, but that appellant "was advised of his rights to counsel; he didn't have to say anything and anything that he did say could be used against him in court." In response to further inquiry by the State's Attorney, Officer Mikles stated that he couldn't remember if anything else was on the card. The card was neither offered nor received in evidence. On this foundation, the appellant objected to the introduction of his oral statement, but the court nevertheless admitted it into evidence. By his statement, appellant admitted that he knew the car was stolen.
In Robinson v. State, 1 Md. App. 522, we held that where the State undertakes over objection to introduce a statement taken by police during a period of custodial interrogation, it must show that the accused had been advised prior to such interrogation of his rights under Miranda, viz., (1) that he had a right to remain silent; (2) that anything he said may be used against him in court; (3) that he had a right to have a lawyer with him during the questioning and to consult with him at that time, and (4) that if the accused was indigent, a lawyer would be appointed to represent him. In Robinson v. State, 3 Md. App. 666, 671, we again held that in post- Miranda trials where the State seeks over objection to enter a statement taken from an accused during custodial interrogation, it must, as part of its proof of voluntariness, " affirmatively show that all warnings required to be given to an accused by that case prior to such interrogation were so given * * * and that the accused, in giving the statement, understood his rights and knowingly and intelligently waived them * * *."
The law could hardly be clearer since the Miranda decision itself states at page 479 that "unless and until such warnings and waiver are demonstrated by the prosecution at trial, no evidence obtained as a result of interrogation can be used against him."
In Wiggins v. State, 4 Md. App. 95, 107 (footnote 7), we flatly held that a mere statement that the accused was "advised of his rights" would not be sufficient proof under Miranda.
At most, the record before us discloses that appellant was advised that he had a right to remain silent, a right to counsel, and that anything he said could be used against him. Insofar as the record shows, he was not told that he had a right to consult with a lawyer and to have the lawyer with him during the interrogation, as required by Miranda. See Duckett v. State, 3 Md. App. 563. Nor was he told that if indigent a lawyer would be appointed to represent him, as required by Miranda. See Robinson v. State, 1 Md. App. 522. There being no showing in the record that these warnings were actually given to the accused, we hold that his statement was improperly admitted in evidence over his objection. In so concluding we have considered, but do not find, that the error was harmless under Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, nor do we find that the error was cured when appellant, testifying on his own behalf, admitted that the police "advised me of all my rights." See Hunt v. State, 2 Md. App. 443. And we point out that in no event could appellant be deemed to have knowingly and intelligently waived his right to counsel under Miranda since the record does not show that he was ever properly advised of these rights. See Brown v. State, 3 Md. App. 313; Duckett v. State, supra.
We think that reading the four-fold Miranda warnings to the accused from a so-called " Miranda card" is a sound police practice so long as the data on the card is in full compliance with Miranda standards. There is, of course, no requirement that a police officer memorize the Miranda warnings and testify from his memory at the trial precisely as to what he actually told the accused prior to interrogating him. It is sufficient if, at trial, the officer is able to testify that he read the warnings to the accused from the " Miranda card," followed by a reading into evidence of what was read from the card. There is no requirement that the card itself be introduced into evidence. But as heretofore indicated, it is not sufficient for the police officer to simply state that he advised the accused of his Miranda rights or that he read the Miranda card to him. There must be a clear-cut showing in the record that the requisite warnings were in fact given.
In addition to proving voluntariness under the principles enunciated in Miranda, the State must show that the statement sought to be introduced, whether it be a confession or a significantly incriminating admission, was voluntarily given within the constitutional test articulated in Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, namely, that the statement was not extracted by any sort of threats or violence, nor obtained by any direct or implied promises, however slight, nor by the exertion of any improper influence. Whether appellant's statement be classified as a confession or a significantly incriminating admission, the record before us does not show proof of voluntariness under the Malloy test, despite appellant's general objection to its admissibility. Judgment reversed; case remanded for a new trial.
See Stewart v. State, 232 Md. 318; Plumley v. State, 4 Md. App. 671.
Appellant additionally contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction because the vehicle had been taken from the possession of a bailee (parking lot) and there was no testimony offered at the trial to show that the bailee did not give permission to take the car. While the State characterizes this contention as "bizarre," we think it is the State's burden to show that the accused possessed the requisite criminal intent under Section 349 of Article 27 — an intent which possibly could not be demonstrated if the bailee, lawfully in possession of the vehicle, permitted its use, and there was no admission by the accused properly in evidence that he knew the car was stolen. See Thompson v. State, 4 Md. App. 31; Johnson v. State, 2 Md. App. 486.