Summary
In Gutierrez, a two car collision, the defendant Murdock contended that to avoid collision with an unknown vehicle he crossed over into oncoming traffic and crashed head-on into the vehicle driven by the plaintiff Gutierrez. The special verdict form there asked what percentage did the defendant's negligence bear to the plaintiff's damages.
Summary of this case from Francis v. La PierreOpinion
No. 74-139.
September 10, 1974. Rehearing Denied October 14, 1974.
Appeal from the Circuit Court, Dade County, James Kehoe, J.
Horton, Perse Ginsberg, Rabin, Sassoon Ratiner, Miami, for appellants.
Adams, George, Wood, Lee, Schulte Thompson and David L. Willing, Miami, for appellees.
Before PEARSON and HENDRY, JJ., and RAWLS, JOHN S., Associate Judge.
The case sub judice arose out of an automobile collision wherein the appellee, Orval H. Murdock, allegedly to avoid a collision with an unknown vehicle crossed over into oncoming traffic and crashed head-on into a vehicle driven by the appellant, Aurelio Gutierrez. In crossing into the oncoming lanes, appellee completely crossed one oncoming lane and entered into the second lane before impact. The cause was tried before a jury and, at the conclusion, the trial court [over appellants' objection] submitted the following special interrogatory verdict form to the jury:
"1. Was there negligence on the part of the Defendant, ORVAL H. MURDOCK, which was a legal cause of injury to the Plaintiff, AURELIO GUTIERREZ? Yes ____ No ____ If so, what proportion, expressed in terms of percentage, does the negligence of the Defendant, ORVAL H. MURDOCK, bear to the total damages sustained by the Plaintiff, AURELIO GUTIERREZ? ____% "2. What is the total amount of damages sustained by the Plaintiff, AURELIO GUTIERREZ? $ ____ "3. Multiply the total amount of damages in Question #2 by the percentage in Question #1. The result will be the amount of damages actually awarded to the Plaintiff, AURELIO GUTIERREZ. $ ______________ _______________________________ $ ________________ (Total Damages) (% of Defendant's Negligence) (Damages awarded Plaintiff)" Pursuant thereto, the jury found for the appellants, awarding them 10% of the amount of the damages which the jury determined the appellants' suffered.By this appeal, the appellants contend that this special verdict was erroneous. We agree, and hereby reverse.
The Supreme Court of Florida, in adopting the comparative negligence doctrine as the law of Florida, in Hoffman v. Jones, Fla. 1973, 280 So.2d 431, stated:
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"* * * In other words, the jury should apportion the negligence of the plaintiff and of the defendant; then in reaching the amount due the plaintiff, the jury should give the plaintiff only such an amount proportioned with his negligence and the negligence of the defendant. * * *" [emphasis added]
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Clearly then, in order to properly determine the award of damages, the jury must first determine both the negligence of the plaintiff and the defendant as related to each other. One might say that by inference the negligence of the plaintiff can be ascertained by merely deducting that percentage of negligence attributed by the jury to the defendant from 100%. However, that is not necessarily always true, but is dependent on the facts of each case.
In cases such as the case sub judice, where the existence of an unknown tortfeasor is injected into the proceeding, unless the verdict form submitted to the jury clearly requires an independent finding of negligence [if any] on the part of the plaintiff and on the part of the defendant to be apportioned between them, there exists the possibility that the jury might erroneously attempt to apportion the negligence between the defendant tortfeasor and the unknown tortfeasor, contrary to the holding in Issen v. Lincenberg, Fla. App. 1974, 293 So.2d 777. Therefore, a verdict form submitted to a jury should provide for a finding of the percentage of the negligence of both the plaintiff and the defendant as to each other to permit apportionment of damages.
In light of the foregoing, the judgment appealed is reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent herewith.
Reversed and remanded, with directions.