Summary
concluding that it was harmless error for the jury panel to view the defendant in handcuffs and without shoes because the district court ensured that the jury had not been influenced by the error
Summary of this case from Aquino v. NevenOpinion
No. 11580
February 6, 1980
Appeal from judgment of conviction, Fourth Judicial District Court, Elko County; Joseph O. McDaniel, Judge.
Norman Y. Herring, State Public Defender, and J. Gregory Damm, Deputy Public Defender, Carson City, for Appellant.
Richard H. Bryan, Attorney General, Carson City; and Thomas L. Stringfield, District Attorney, Elko County, for Respondent.
OPINION
Antonio Francisco Grooms appeals from his conviction for burglary on the ground that his constitutional rights were violated when the jury panel viewed him in handcuffs and without shoes. See Chandler v. State, 92 Nev. 299, 550 P.2d 159 (1976); Sefton v. State, 72 Nev. 106, 295 P.2d 385 (1956); State v. McKay, 63 Nev. 118, 165 P.2d 389 (1946). The state concedes that error occurred but contends that, on the facts of this case, the error was harmless.
NRS 205.060 provides in part:
"1. Every person who, either by day or night, enters any house, room, apartment, tenement, shop, warehouse, store, mill, barn, stable, outhouse or other building, tent, vessel, vehicle, vehicle trailer, semitrailer or housetrailer, or railroad car, with intent to commit grand or petit larceny, or any felony, is guilty of burglary."
A criminal defendant clearly has the right, barring exceptional circumstances not here relevant, see Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337 (1970), Sefton v. State, supra, State v. McKay, supra, to appear before his jurors clad in the apparel of an innocent person. See Estelle v. Williams, 425 U.S. 501 (1976); Chandler v. State, supra. The presumption of innocence is incompatible with the garb of guilt. When such error has occurred, it is our duty to reverse a conviction unless it is clear that the defendant was not prejudiced thereby. See Chandler v. State, supra; People v. Reingold, 353 N.Y.S.2d 978 (Sup.Ct. App. Div. 1974). Having conducted our own independent examination of the record, we have concluded that, on the facts of this case, no prejudice resulted.
We note that the viewing of appellant occurred while he was being transported to the courtroom; the district judge ordered the handcuffs removed shortly thereafter. While the procedures that permitted this incident to occur are to be condemned, clearly we are not faced with the far more egregious situation where a criminal defendant has been forced to attend his trial in restraints. Compare State v. George, 403 P.2d 932 (Ariz. 1965), Starr v. State, 71 S.E.2d 654 (Ga. 1952), Scott v. State, 88 Nev. 682, 504 P.2d 10 (1972), and Commonwealth v. Carter, 281 A.2d 75 (Pa.Super. 1971) with State v. Roberts, 206 A.2d 200 (N.J.App. 1965). Voir dire disclosed that only three of the jury panelists had witnessed the incident; and none of those panelists who served on the jury formed any opinion as to appellant's guilt or innocence or dangerous character. All the jurors testified that they would be able to put the incident out of their minds and judge appellant solely on the evidence adduced at trial. See State v. Purcell, 572 P.2d 439 (Ariz. 1977). They also stated that if, during the course of the trial, they found themselves unable to ignore the incident, they would inform the judge of that inability. None of the jurors was challenged for cause; nor did appellant exhaust his peremptory challenges. In addition, the district judge specifically instructed the jury that the incident was not to be considered in their deliberations. See State v. Purcell, supra, State v. Sawyer, 371 P.2d 932 (Wash. 1962), cert. denied, 372 U.S. 919 (1963).
Thus, on the record before us, we believe that any prejudice that resulted from the viewing was cured by the scrupulous conduct of the district judge in ensuring that jurors were not influenced by the error.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of conviction.