Opinion
No. 01-07-A0006-CV.
May 8, 2008.
Appeal from the 127th District Court, Harris County, Sharolyn P. Wood, J.
Gary F. DeShazo, Gary F. DeShazo Associates, Austin, TX, for Appellant.
Jeffery B. Kaiser, Kaiser Conrad, L.L.P., Bruce B. Kemp, Donald B. McFall, McFall, Sherwood Breitbeil, P.C., George F. May, The Law Office of George F. May, Mark Douglas Goranson, Goranson King, P.L.L.C., Houston, TX, for Appellees.
Panel consists of Justices TAFT, NUCHIA, and HANKS.
OPINION
Rebecca Dunn Grider sued Mike O'Brien, P.C., O'Quinn Laminack, and its successor in interest, the O'Quinn Firm, John M. O'Quinn and Kaiser May, L.L.P. (collectively "the law firms") for legal malpractice. After all parties filed motions for summary judgment, the trial court denied Grider's motion and granted the motions filed by the law firms. In one issue, Grider appeals the trial court's granting of summary judgment.
We affirm.
Background
Grider sued her physician, Adam Naaman, M.D., for medical malpractice, and the jury rendered a unanimous verdict for the defendant doctor. The trial court signed a final judgment on May 3, 2000, and Grider filed her notice of appeal on August 25. The case was transferred from Houston to Corpus Christi, and the Corpus Christi Court of Appeals reversed and rendered for Grider on Naaman's liability and remanded for a "separate new trial solely on unliquidated damages as liability is not contested." Grider v. Naaman, 83 S.W.3d 241, 246 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2002). Naaman filed a petition for review, and the Texas Supreme Court reversed the court of appeals' judgment and, because her notice of appeal was untimely filed, dismissed Grider's appeal for want of jurisdiction. Naaman v. Grider, 126 S.W.3d 73 (Tex. 2003).
The trial court signed Naaman's motion for judgment on June 1, 2000, almost one month after the final judgment was signed. The Texas Supreme Court held that "An order that merely grants a motion for judgment is in no sense a judgment itself. It adjudicates nothing. The only judgment in this case was signed on May 3." Naaman v. Grider, 126 S.W.3d 73, 74 (Tex. 2003).
Grider sued the law firms for negligence in connection with their appellate representation in her medical malpractice suit. Specifically, Grider asserted that the law firms negligently represented her
A. By advising Grider that her notice of appeal was due on August 29, 2000 instead of its actual due date in early August.
B. By advising Grider not to appeal the adverse verdict and judgment.
C. By failing to properly calculate the due date for Grider's notice of appeal.
D. By delaying notification until July 18, 2000 it [sic] notification to Grider that she had lost her motion for new trial and that they would not represent her on appeal.
E. By delaying the filing of the notice of appeal or by conduct which delayed the filing of Grider's notice of appeal.
F. By failing to timely file Grider's notice of appeal, resulting in the dismissal of her appeal.
G. In general, by failing to promptly and competently prosecute Grider's claims and appeals.
Grider moved for summary judgment or alternatively, partial summary judgment because the law firms were negligent in their handling of the Naaman appeal by failing to timely file the notice of appeal, and their negligence proximately caused $3 million in actual damages and entitled her to $6 million in punitive damages.
In the O'Quinn defendants' cross-motion for summary judgment, which was joined by the remaining defendants, they argued that, because both legally and factually sufficient evidence supported the jury's unanimous verdict in favor of Naaman, Grider, as a matter of law, could not prove that the law firms' alleged failure to timely perfect an appeal proximately caused her any damages. The trial court ruled as follows:
Considering all the summary judgment evidence and the authorities presented by counsel, the Court rules that there are no contested issues of material fact and rules that, in an appeal to the Supreme Court in the underlying case, the opinion of the Thirteenth Court of Appeals should be reversed and the judgment of the 80th District Court of Harris County in the underlying case should be affirmed.
The trial court further ordered that Grider's summary judgment "as to the outcome on appeal of her adverse jury verdict is denied," and the law firms' summary judgment is granted "that, on appeal, the trial court's judgment should be affirmed." Grider appeals the granting of summary judgment in favor of the law firms.
Summary Judgment
We review the trial court's ruling on a motion for summary judgment de novo. Provident Life Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2003). We view the evidence in a light most favorable to the non-movant, making all reasonable inferences and resolving all doubts in the non-movant's favor. Rhone-Poulenc, Inc. v. Steel, 997 S.W.2d 217, 223 (Tex. 1999); Hoover v. Larkin, 196 S.W.3d 227, 230 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). When, as here, both sides move for summary judgment and the trial court grants one motion and denies the other, the appellate court should review both parties' summary judgment evidence and determine all questions presented. FM Props. Operating Co. v. City of Austin, 22 S.W.3d 868, 872 (Tex. 2000). The appellate court should render the judgment that the trial court should have rendered. Id. In order to prove appellate legal malpractice, Grider was required to bring to the trial court the same evidence she would have presented to the court of appeals, such as the clerk's record, the reporter's record, proposed points of error, and the law in support thereof. See Maxey v. Morrison, 843 S.W.2d 768, 770-71 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1992, writ denied).
Legal Malpractice
To prevail on a legal malpractice claim, a plaintiff must show that "(1) the attorney owed the plaintiff a duty, (2) the attorney breached that duty, (3) the breach proximately caused the plaintiff's injuries, and (4) damages occurred." Alexander v. Turtur Assocs., Inc., 146 S.W.3d 113, 117 (Tex. 2004); Greathouse v. McConnell, 982 S.W.2d 165, 172 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. denied). If a legal malpractice case arises from prior litigation, a plaintiff must prove that, but for the attorney's breach of his duty, the plaintiff would have prevailed in the underlying case. Greathouse, 982 S.W.2d at 172. Cases often refer to this causation aspect of the plaintiffs burden as the "suit-within-a-suit" requirement. See id. at 173. In general, one proves causation in a legal malpractice suit by expert testimony. See Alexander, 146 S.W.3d at 119-20.
The determination of proximate cause is usually a question of fact. See El Chico Corp. v. Poole, 732 S.W.2d 306, 313-14 (Tex. 1987). This is true in legal malpractice actions as well. In cases of appellate legal malpractice, however, the determination of causation requires determining whether the appeal in the underlying action would have been successful. Id. The plaintiff must show that but for the attorney's negligence the client would have prevailed on appeal. See Jackson v. Urban, Coolidge, Pennington Scott, 516 S.W.2d 948, 949 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1974, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The rationale for requiring this determination is that, if the appeal would not have succeeded and the trial court judgment would have been affirmed, the attorney's negligence could not have caused the plaintiff any damage. Id. On the other hand, if the appeal would have succeeded in reversing the trial court's judgment and obtaining a more favorable result, then the plaintiff sustained damage because of the attorney's negligence. Millhouse v. Wiesenthal, 775 S.W.2d 626, 627 (Tex. 1989). In cases involving appellate legal malpractice, the question of whether an appeal would have been successful depends on an analysis of the law and the procedural rules. As the Millhouse court noted, because this requires a review of the trial record and the briefs in order to determine whether the trial court committed reversible error, "a judge is clearly in a better position" to do this than is a jury. Id. at 628. Therefore, where the issue of causation hinges on the possible outcome of an appeal, the question of causation is to be resolved by the court as a question of law. Id.; Klein v. Reynolds, Cunningham, Peterson Cordell, 923 S.W.2d 45, 47 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, no writ).
Grider contends that the Corpus Christi Court of Appeals' opinion shows what the outcome of the appeal at the intermediate level would have been-reverse and render in part and remand in part. The law firms argue, however, that, because the Corpus Christi Court of Appeals lacked jurisdiction to hear the appeal, its opinion is void and "should be regarded as if it never existed." We agree with the law firms. See Cleveland v. Ward, 116 Tex. 1, 285 S.W. 1063, 1071 (1926) (judgment that is later reversed by higher court is null and void); Hudson v. Winn, 859 S.W.2d 504, 506 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied) (when court lacks jurisdiction, any action taken by court is void and should be regarded as if it never existed). The law firms further contend that the trial court in the appellate legal malpractice case was required to review the entire record in the underlying case "in order broadly to determine whether the trial court [in the medical malpractice case] committed reversible error." They assert that the trial court in the appellate legal malpractice case can, as the "sole and final arbiter of all appellate issues, decide the issue of causation as a matter of law." Again, we agree.
Medical Malpractice
Grider presented one issue to the Corpus Christi Court of Appeals claiming that, in view of the admitted violations of the standard of care by Naaman and the absence of probative evidence to support the sole defensive theory, there was no legally and/or factually sufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict.
Sufficiency Standard of Review
We review legal conclusions de novo. See City of Pasadena v. Gennedy, 125 S.W.3d 687, 691 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. denied). "When the complaining party challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence underlying an adverse finding on which it had the burden of proof, the party must demonstrate on appeal that the evidence conclusively established all vital facts in support of the issue." Id. at 692. "We employ a two-part test in reviewing such a challenge." Id. "We first look for evidence supporting the finding, ignoring all evidence to the contrary." Id. "If there is no evidence supporting the finding, we then examine the entire record to see if the contrary proposition is established as a matter of law." Id. We apply this standard of review to Grider's legal-sufficiency challenges to the court's fact findings on the elements of their claims.
To determine whether there is some evidence to support a fact finding, we must view the evidence in a light that tends to support the finding of disputed fact and disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Miller, 102 S.W.3d 706, 709 (Tex. 2003). If more than a scintilla of evidence supports the fact finding, we must uphold it. See id. More than a scintilla of evidence exists if the evidence "rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions." Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 601 (Tex. 2004) (quoting Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997)). Conversely, evidence that is "so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise" is no more than a scintilla and, thus, no evidence. Id. (quoting Kindred v. Con/Chem., Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex. 1983)). "The final test for legal sufficiency must always be whether the evidence at trial would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under review. . . . [L]egal-sufficiency review in the proper light must credit favorable evidence if reasonable [fact finders] could, and disregard contrary evidence unless reasonable [fact finders] could not." City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 827; accord Chubb Lloyds Ins. Co. of Tex. v. H.C.B. Meek, Inc., 190 S.W.3d 89, 92 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.). The jury's failure to find a particular fact need not be supported by any evidence, because the jury acts as the ultimate decision maker on the credibility of the proponent's case and is free to disbelieve the evidence presented by the party with the burden of proof. Yap v. ANR Freight Sys., 789 S.W.2d 424, 425 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, no writ).
When conducting a factual sufficiency review, we must consider all of the evidence, including any evidence contrary to the verdict. Plas-Tex., Inc. v. U.S. Steel Corp., 772 S.W.2d 442, 445 (Tex. 1989). Furthermore, we must reverse on the basis of factual insufficiency if the court's finding is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust. Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex. 1986). When a party challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting an adverse finding on which it bore the burden of proof, it must demonstrate the adverse finding is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 242 (Tex. 2001). Only if we determine, after considering all the evidence, the finding is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust will we set aside the verdict for factual insufficiency. Id.
The jury is the sole judge of the witnesses' credibility and the weight to be given their testimony. Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757, 761 (Tex. 2003). Moreover, the jury is to assess the weight and credibility of an expert's proffered testimony. E.I. du Pont de Nemours Co., Inc. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 558 (Tex. 1995); Olympic Arms, Inc. v. Green, 176 S.W.3d 567, 585 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.). The jury may believe one witness and disbelieve another and resolve inconsistencies in any testimony. We cannot substitute our opinion for that of the jury or determine that we would have weighed the evidence differently or reached a different conclusion. Hollander v. Capon, 853 S.W.2d 723, 726 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied).
The Law
To prevail at trial on her claim of medical malpractice, Grider's burden would have been to establish a "reasonable medical probability" that Naaman's acts or omissions proximately caused her alleged injuries. See Park Place Hosp. v. Estate of Milo, 909 S.W.2d 508, 511 (Tex. 1995); Duff v. Yelin, 751 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1988). Meeting that burden requires proof of the following elements: (1) that Naaman had a duty to comply with a specific standard of care; (2) that Naaman breached that standard of care; (3) that Grider was injured; and (4) that there was a causal connection between the breach of the standard of care and the injury. See former TEX.REV.CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 4590i, § 1.03(a)(4) (current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 74.001(13) (Vernon 2005)) (including a cause of action against a physician within definition of "health care liability claim"); Price v. Divita, 224 S.W.3d 331, 336 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. denied); Day v. Harkins Munoz, 961 S.W.2d 278, 280 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no writ); see also IHS Cedars Treatment Ctr. v. Mason, 143 S.W.3d 794, 798 (Tex. 2004) (generally stating elements of negligence claim).
The causation element of a negligence claim comprises the two following components: the cause in fact, or "substantial factor," component and the foreseeability component. IHS Cedars Treatment Ctr., 143 S.W.3d at 798; Leitch v. Hornsby, 935 S.W.2d 114, 118-19 (Tex. 1996); Travis v. City of Mesquite, 830 S.W.2d 94, 98 (Tex. 1992). Foreseeability requires that a person of ordinary intelligence would have anticipated the danger caused by the negligent act or omission. Doe v. Boys Clubs of Greater Dallas, Inc., 907 S.W.2d 472, 478 (Tex. 1995). Because both elements are required, a party who establishes only that an injury was foreseeable cannot prevail.
Merely showing that Grider's claimed injuries would not have occurred but for Naaman's alleged negligence is not sufficient. Naaman's alleged negligence must have been a substantial factor in bringing about Grider's claimed harm. See IHS Cedars Treatment Ctr., 143 S.W.3d at 799 ( citing Lear Siegler, 819 S.W.2d at 472); see also Boys Clubs, 907 S.W.2d at 477 (explaining that defendant's conduct may be too attenuated to constitute legal cause of alleged injury "even if the injury would not have happened but for the defendant's conduct") ( citing Union Pump Co. v. Allbritton, 898 S.W.2d 773, 776 (Tex. 1995); Lear Siegler, 819 S.W.2d at 472). Accordingly, evidence that shows only that the defendant's alleged negligence did no more than furnish a condition that made the alleged injuries possible will not suffice to establish the substantial-factor, or cause-in-fact, component of proximate cause. See IHS Cedars Treatment Ctr., 143 S.W.3d at 799 ( citing Boys Clubs, 907 S.W.2d at 477; Union Pump, 898 S.W.2d at 776; Lear Siegler, 819 S.W.2d at 472).
Analysis
The underlying medical malpractice suit arose from a biopsy procedure performed to diagnose whether Grider had a recurrence of Hodgkin's disease. Grider alleged that Naaman negligently cut her brachial plexus nerve roots, which control the ability to grip, hold, or move the hand, leaving her with a permanent claw left hand. The jury was asked "Do you find from a preponderance of the evidence that the negligence, if any, of Dr. Adam Naaman proximately caused the injury to Plaintiff?" A unanimous jury answered "no," and the remaining jury issues, which were predicated on an affirmative answer, were not answered. Grider presented one issue to the Corpus Christi Court of Appeals claiming that, in view of the admitted violations of the standard of care by Naaman and the absence of probative evidence to support the sole defensive theory, there was no legally and/or factually sufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict.
This "suit within a suit" requires us to review the trial record and the briefs to determine if Grider's appeal, had the notice of appeal been timely filed, would have succeeded in reversing the trial court's judgment and obtaining a more favorable result. See Millhouse, 775 S.W.2d at 627, 628. The summary judgment evidence includes Naaman's petition for review and Grider's brief on the merits that were filed in the Texas Supreme Court in the medical malpractice case after the Corpus Christi Court of Appeals entered judgment in Grider's favor reversing the trial court's take-nothing judgment. Grider challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict, and states "the vital fact is whether Grider's anatomy was normal, i.e. whether her brachial plexus nerve roots were in the correct location."
Our appellate record does not include the briefs filed in the Corpus Christi appeal.
The parties did not dispute that a doctor breaches the standard of care if he cuts the brachial plexus nerve believing that he is in the stellate ganglion region of someone with normal anatomy. They also did not dispute at trial that Naaman had in fact cut Grider's brachial plexus nerves. They did, however, dispute at trial whether Grider's brachial plexus nerves were in a normal location. Naaman contended that Grider had an unusual anatomical variation in which these nerves were not in their "normal" location, whereas Grider, in contrast, contended that Naaman became "lost" during an operation and cut something in one part of Grider's body when he thought he was in another part. The evidence presented must establish (1) the normal location of the brachial plexus nerves and (2) the location where Naaman was operating at the time the injury occurred.
It was undisputed at trial that the brachial plexus nerves are normally located above the first rib. Naaman agreed with the statement that "Now under any normal anatomy, I think your position is now clear that the brachial plexus nerves at C8 and T1 would never go below the first rib." Robert Feldtman, M.D., Naaman's expert, also agreed that, ". . . in normal anatomical location that the brachial plexus nerves that were cut in this case are above the first rib." Thomas Winston, M.D., Glider's expert, also agreed.
Naaman testified that, during Grider's operation, his instruments never went above the first rib, and he could see the outline of the first rib against the pleura. He further testified that he had no reason to think that cutting the pleura to sample the enlarged tissue would have endangered the brachial plexus nerves because he was "on the underneath side of the first rib." When asked if he believed that the position that he made the cut was not one that would normally endanger the brachial plexus, Naaman summed up his actions as follows:
I believe that where I made the cut was below the first rib, on the inside of the chest. That's where I was. That's what I saw. That was an area where the brachial plexus never courses. And I felt, since I've operated on first ribs before and I knew that the first rib is between the brachial plexus and the chest, I knew that as long as I have the first rib between me and it, I'm in an area where the brachial plexus never is.
We hold that this testimony constitutes legally sufficient evidence to support the jury's finding.
Grider asserts that Naaman's "anatomical abnormality" theory is flawed because Naaman testified that he did not notice any abnormality during the surgery and did not reference an abnormality in his post-operative report. She also contends that David Kline, M.D., who attempted to repair Grider's injury, testified that the suspected lymph node was not pressing on Grider's nerve, and Dr. Winston said the enlarged lymph node would not have pushed the brachial plexus nerve down. Furthermore, Arthur Bell, M.D., who had more than 40 years of surgical expertise in thoracic surgery, testified that he had never read, seen, or heard of a lymph node moving the brachial plexus nerve into the stellate ganglion region.
The jury heard conflicting evidence as to Naaman's alleged negligence. The jury was free to believe one witness, disbelieve another, and resolve inconsistencies in the testimony. See Dal-Chrome Co., 183 S.W.3d at 141. Considering all of the evidence, we conclude the jury's finding on negligence is not so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.
Having reviewed the "case-within-the-case" and concluded that the record contains legally and factually sufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict, we hold that the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of the law firms. Our review of the merits of Grider's underlying medical malpractice case reveals that she would not have prevailed at the appellate level. Grider thus cannot prevail on her legal malpractice claim against the law firms because the law firms' negligence did not proximately cause her damage.
Conclusion
We affirm the trial court's judgment.