Summary
In Grede Foundries, the court considered the rationale of Ryan Co. v. Pan-Atlantic Corp., supra. Although finding the principles set forth in Ryan to be persuasive, it declined to accept the interpretation of a federal statute as controlling its own interpretation of a Wisconsin statute.
Summary of this case from Bagrowski v. American Export Isbrandtsen LinesOpinion
February 28, 1968. —
April 9, 1968.
APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Milwaukee county: WILLIAM R. MOSER, Circuit Judge. Affirmed.
The cause was submitted for the appellant on the briefs of James R. Mattison and Becker, Kinnel, Doucette Mattison, all of Milwaukee, and for the respondent on the brief of Ames, Riordan, Crivello Sullivan, attorneys, and John H. Ames of counsel, all of Milwaukee.
This action is based upon contract. The complaint alleges breach of contract and action is brought by appellant, Grede Foundries, Inc., on the theory of implied indemnity for reimbursement for damages paid by the latter to Elvin Berger, an employee of the respondent Price Erecting Company.
Berger recovered workmen's compensation from his employer, Price Erecting Company, and he thereafter commenced a third-party negligence action for damages against Grede Foundries, Inc., as a result of serious injuries he received when he fell from a superstructure in one of appellant's foundries and while in the employ of the respondent.
The appellant and respondent had entered into an agreement whereby respondent was to disassemble, relocate and reinstall a part of a monorail system located in appellant's Spring City division plant. The monorail system was an overhead structure used to transport "hopper cars" containing foundry sand to various places in the plant. Berger was the foreman of respondent's crew and he had been walking on this monorail structure making some measurements. In the process of getting down from the monorail structure, Berger broke an air line made of three-quarter inch cast-iron pipe, which had previously been disconnected by appellant's employees, and fell to the floor of the plant, thereby sustaining the injuries that produce this litigation.
The appellant contends that its agreement with respondent to perform this work included an agreement that respondent would follow the safety procedures promulgated by the safety orders of the industrial commission. Appellant further contends that respondent violated this agreement in that it failed to furnish necessary safety equipment and in fact directed its men to disregard safety regulations as promulgated by the industrial commission and as a result thereof Berger was injured. The specific safety orders involved will be identified in the opinion.
In the third-party action commenced by Berger against Grede Foundries, Inc., the jury determined Grede to be 100 percent negligent in causing the injury and damage to Berger, and judgment was entered on that verdict. The jury's determination was founded upon Grede's allowing the air line to remain loose and disconnected, thereby rendering the premises unsafe.
The case now before us, wherein Grede Foundries, Inc., seeks reimbursement from Price Erecting Company for the damages Grede sustained as a result of the third-party action by Berger, was submitted to the trial court upon a stipulation of facts, together with the record in the case of Berger v. Grede Foundries, Inc. The trial court entered judgment for Price, dismissing the action on its merits. It is from this judgment that Grede Foundries, Inc., now appeals.
The issue in this case is whether the legislative policy which limits an employer's liability to that provided under workmen's compensation, extends to actions for implied indemnification by third parties based on employer's breach of contract.
It is well established that the sole liability of an employer because of the injury of an employee in the course of his employment, either to the employee or to anyone else, is under workmen's compensation law. Larsen v. J. I. Case Co. (1968), 37 Wis.2d 516, 155 N.W.2d 666; Algrem v. Nowlan (1967), 37 Wis.2d 70, 75, 154 N.W.2d 217; Engel v. Bindel (1965), 27 Wis.2d 456, 460, 134 N.W.2d 404; A. O. Smith Corp. v. Associated Sales Bag Co. (1962), 16 Wis.2d 145, 149, 113 N.W.2d 562.
Such rule does not, however, apply to cases involving express agreements for indemnification. Engel v. Bindel, supra, at 460; Hintz v. Darling Freight, Inc. (1962), 17 Wis.2d 376, 117 N.W.2d 271.
In the case at bar there is no express indemnification agreement. Appellant contends that its right to indemnification from Price Erecting Company is predicated upon Price's breach of contract which caused Berger's injuries. Appellant admits that Price's sole liability, in tort, is governed by workmen's compensation; however, it is argued that this is not a tort action but rather one for breach of contract.
It is stipulated that Price would not allow its employees to work off ladders in direct violation of safety orders promulgated by the industrial commission. (3 Wis. Adm. Code, Jan. 1956.)
"Ind 35.01 Responsibility for provision and maintenance of safeguards. The responsibility for the provision and maintenance of the protection for a workman required under this code rests with his immediate employer, unless this responsibility is otherwise definitely assigned in the specifications or contract, and properly executed by the assignee."
"Ind 35.10 Scaffolds required. Scaffolds which comply with the requirements of this code shall be provided to furnish reasonably safe working places for workmen in exposed or elevated places except that ladders may be used where work can be safely done for short periods."
Failure to comply with a general safety order applying to places of employment promulgated by the industrial commission constitutes a violation of the safe-place statutes. Paluch v. Baldwin Plywood Veneer Co. (1957), 1 Wis.2d 427, 434, 85 N.W.2d 373.
It is this violation which appellant contends breached the contract between Price and Grede. It is also this violation which appellant contends caused Berger's injuries since, had ladders been used, Berger would not have walked along the monorail.
We consider the rule enunciated in Engel v. Bindel, supra, 460, to be controlling in the case presently under consideration:
"We are urged to extend the common-law obligation to indemnify to implied contracts as well as express agreements upon the ground that no sound reason appears to distinguish them. After considering the arguments and authorities cited by the Antczaks, we are not persuaded to do so for the reason that we have concluded the legislature intended to limit the liability of the employer in exchange for his absolute liability under the Workmen's Compensation Act. If the liability of the employer is to be extended beyond the limits intended by the legislature it should not be by a legally implied agreement to indemnify.
"The rule as announced is not unduly harsh to the third party. He can, as a prerequisite, insist upon an express indemnity agreement or refrain from doing a prohibited act or an act which he knows or should know might subject him to liability." (Emphasis added.)
The determination made in Engel, as above set forth, was recently confirmed in the case of Algrem v. Nowlan, supra, page 78:
". . . If the owner incurs liability as a result of an accident caused by the negligence of the lessee, there is a common-law right to indemnification which would be applicable even in the absence of a written indemnity agreement. Hartford Accident Indemnity Co. v. Worden-Allen Co., supra; Zulkee v. Wing, supra. See 50 Marquette L. Rev (1966), 77 80
"It is only by this court's determination that the legislature intended to limit the employer's liability to that provided under the Workmen's Compensation Act that it, in Engel v. Bindel, supra, would not apply the common law and imply a contract of indemnity. Had it been clear in that case that the alleged indemnitor was solely at fault for the damages it would have been more difficult refuse to imply indemnification, although it would have still been required to do so . . . ." (Emphasis added.)
the appellant urges us to adopt the rationale of Ryan Co. v. Pan-Atlantic (1956), 350 U.S. 124, 76 Sup. Ct. 232, 100 L. Ed. 133. In Ryan, there was no express indemnity agreement and the case involved the interpretation of the Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (a federal act), which contained an exclusive remedy provision similar to that contained in sec. 102.03(2), Stats. The court, in effect, found an implied agreement to indemnify the shipowner for damages sustained by the shipowner as a result of the nonperformance of the implied duty to perform the work safely.
" 102.03 Conditions of liability.
". . .
"(2) Where such conditions exist the right to the recovery of compensation pursuant to this chapter shall be the exclusive remedy against the employer and the workmen's carrier."
The exposition of the principles set forth in Ryan are persuasive. However, the case concerned itself with the interpretation of a federal act and therefore is not controlling in the interpretation of the Wisconsin statutes. Also, Ryan and this case are factually distinguishable. In Ryan, the stevedoring contractor's breach of his warranty of workmanlike service was the sole factor causing the injury to its employee. In this case, it is quite probable the appellant would experience difficulty in proving itself entirely without fault. In the litigation between Berger and Grede Foundries, Inc., the jury found Grede 100 percent negligent due to the loose, disconnected air line, and an examination of the record reveals there is credible evidence to support the verdict.
Therefore, we conclude that the trial court was correct in entering judgment for the respondent.
Larson, in his treatise on workmen's compensation, when considering a third-party's action against a negligent employer concludes with the following appropriate observation:
"A situation like this ought to be dealt with legislatively. It is rather inconsiderate to force courts to speculate about legislative intention on the strength of statutory language in framing which the draftsmen had not the remotest trace of the present question in their minds. The legislature should face squarely the question whether the third party who happens to be so unfortunate as to get tangled up with a compensable injury should, so to speak, individually subsidize the compensation system by bearing alone a burden which normally he could shift to the employer." 2 Larson, Law of Workmen's Compensation, p. 243, sec. 76.53.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.